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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jop-10.1177_02698811231161583 for Co-use of cannabis and alcohol before and after Canada legalized nonmedical cannabis: A repeat cross-sectional study by Erin Hobin, Ashini Weerasinghe, Sadie Boniface, Amir Englund, Elle Wadsworth and David Hammond in Journal of Psychopharmacology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jop-10.1177_02698811231161583 for Co-use of cannabis and alcohol before and after Canada legalized nonmedical cannabis: A repeat cross-sectional study by Erin Hobin, Ashini Weerasinghe, Sadie Boniface, Amir Englund, Elle Wadsworth and David Hammond in Journal of Psychopharmacology

Biomarkers of exposure (BoE) serve as indicators of exposure to nicotine and harmful constituents of tobacco products. To date, few studies have examined BoE among youth including comparisons between youth that vape, smoke, and ‘dual use’, and the impact of product characteristics, such as the nicotine profile of e-liquids. We will examine BoE among youth in Canada, England, and the United States. The current study was conducted as an addition to the ITC Youth Tobacco and Vaping Surveys. After completing online surveys, participants aged 16-19 were recruited from commercial panels in each country. Data collection for the current biomarker study was conducted between Sept 2019 – Jan 2022. Parental consent was received for participants younger than 18 years of age and all participants received $50 remuneration. Participants were sent a urine collection kit and one-page survey, to be returned by mail/courier. Urine samples were tested for tobacco-related toxicants, including metabolites of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Participants self-reported last use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and characteristics of the last e-cigarette product used (e.g., nicotine profile).

Few studies have compared the effects of different front-of-package label (FOPL) systems in the 'real world'. This study assessed adults' awareness, use and understanding of nutrition facts labels (NFLs) and nationally implemented FOPLs such as Health Star Ratings (HSR), Traffic lights, and Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) in five countries, including before and after implementation of Mexico's warning FOPLs in 2020. Data were from the International Food Policy Study, an annual repeat cross-sectional study conducted in 2018-2020 among adults (N=64,032) in Australia, Canada, Mexico, the UK and the US. Self-reported awareness, use, and understanding of NFLs (in all five countries) and FOPLs (in Australia, Mexico, and UK) were assessed over time, between countries, and between NFLs and FOPLs. Most respondents in all countries reported seeing their country's NFLs (awareness) 'often' or 'all the time' across all three years, with one third to half of respondents using NFLs 'often' or 'all the time' (Australia: 43-45%; Canada: 47-50%; Mexico: 36-39%; UK: 32-34%; US: 47-49%), and approximately one half to two thirds finding NFLs 'easy' or 'very easy to understand' (56-57%; 67-69%; 51-54%; 48-51%; 70-71%). In 2020, awareness, use and self-reported understanding of the Warning FOPLs in Mexico were highest among all countries with a FOPL (p

To assess self-reported respiratory symptoms in groups defined by smoking and vaping behaviour and country using data from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC) Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey.

BACKGROUND: School-based meal programs can promote healthy dietary intake in youth. However, limited data exist regarding the impact of income-targeted school meal programs across countries, particularly among food-insecure youth. OBJECTIVES: We examined self-reported awareness of and participation in free school meal programs, and associations with dietary intake in youth from 6 countries with differing national school meal policies. METHODS: Data were collected through the 2019 International Food Policy Study Youth Survey, a cross-sectional survey of 10,565 youth aged 10-17 y from Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Regression models examined: 1) country differences in awareness of and participation in breakfast and lunch programs; and 2) associations between lunch program participation and intake of fruit and vegetables, and "less healthy" foods during the previous school lunch day. RESULTS: Awareness of and participation in free breakfast and lunch programs varied across countries. Approximately half of USA and Chilean students participated in school lunch programs-the countries with the most comprehensive national policies-compared with one-fifth of students in the United Kingdom, and ∼5% in Australia, Canada, and Mexico (P < 0.001 for all contrasts). In the United States and Chile, more than two-thirds of youth with the highest level of food insecurity participated in lunch programs, compared with 45% in the United Kingdom, 27% in Canada, and ≤20% in Australia and Mexico. In all countries, youth reporting school lunch program participation were more likely to report fruit and vegetable intake during their previous school lunch (P < 0.001), and higher intake of "less healthy" food in all countries except the United States and Chile. CONCLUSIONS: More comprehensive national policies were associated with greater participation in school meal programs, particularly among youth at greatest risk of food insecurity, as well as healthier dietary intake from school lunches.

Aims: 1. Examine (a) changes over time (2017-2019) and (b) differences across countries (Canada, US, England) in tobacco and nicotine product use 2. Examine whether changes over time (2017-2019) in tobacco and nicotine product use vary across Canada, US, and England 3. Examine differences in use of other combustible and non-combustible tobacco and nicotine products by (a) past-30-day smoking and (b) past-30-day vaping 4. Examine whether differences in use of other combustible and non-combustible tobacco and nicotine products by (a) past-30-day smoking and (b) past-30-day vaping varies across Canada, US, and England

This project aims to: 1) Evaluate the impact of menthol cigarette bans among youth in England (where menthol cigarettes were banned in May 2020) and Canada (where menthol cigarettes were banned federally in January 2017) compared to the US (where menthol cigarettes are not banned federally); and 2) Characterise past 30-day menthol and capsule cigarette smokers in terms of cigarette consumption and dependence.

This study will examine changes over time (2017-2020) in (a) exposure to negative news stories about e-cigarettes, and (b) harm perceptions of e-cigarettes, and whether any changes over time vary across countries (Canada, US, England). This study will also examine whether exposure to negative news stories about e-cigarettes is associated with harm perceptions of e-cigarettes.

Healthy eating is important for health and can lower the chance of conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. One way that governments help support healthy eating is by providing nutrient information about the foods we eat, for example, through labels. Nutrition labels are found on packaged foods and drinks in Canada and show the amounts of nutrients, like sugars and calcium, in a serving of a food or a drink. Because Canadians consume many foods and drinks away from home, policymakers would like to know if labels for foods and drinks served in restaurants and cafeterias are helpful for making healthy choices. In Ontario, restaurants and fast-food chains must show the number of calories in the foods and beverages they offer. At the same time, the Canadian government is interested in putting labels on the front of packaged foods and beverages. They are looking into whether symbols, that provide an at-a-glance summary of the nutrition information, can help consumers make healthy choices. These symbols often use colours based on traffic lights—red, amber, and green—to show foods and drinks that should be chosen less often and those that should be chosen more often. Such symbols may also be useful on restaurant and cafeteria menus in place of the number of calories. This study will work with university cafeterias to find out if young adults notice and use labels with numbers or symbols and understand if the labels help them have healthier diets. This work will inform policies and strategies to help consumers make healthier food and beverage choices in restaurants and cafeterias, which is important for supporting healthy eating and improving the overall health of Canadians.

This study aims to examine trends (from 2018-2021) and country differences (England, Canada, US) in noticing education campaigns or public health messages about e-cigarettes among youth.

Studies have found that advertising of some vaping products might appeal to youth (15- to 24-year-old) and could promote vaping among young people. For instance, a recent study found that youth perceive vaping product marketing as appealing and more than half think that vaping advertising targets non vapers (1). Given that young people notice advertisements of vaping products more often than adults (2), their perceptions of these advertisements is an important factor concerning initiation and use of vaping products among youth. One of the most prominent channels for advertising vaping products is packaging of vaping devices and their refills—cartridges, pods and e-liquids. Packaging for vaping e-liquids often contain elements that may be appealing specifically to youth. For example, a study in the US found that vaping companies used cartoons on one-fifth of e-liquid products to market their products online (3), and packaging of some e-liquids in the US resembled packaging for food and drink products that are often marketed to young people, such as candy or soda (4). Furthermore, vaping products’ packaging more often emphasises fruit or sweet flavours (via visually pleasing designs) which are more appealing to young people rather than alternatives to smoking that are more relevant to adult smokers (5). Similar to studies on tobacco products (6, 7), the evidence to date therefore suggests that product packaging may play an important role in increasing the appeal of vaping products, particularly among young people. To mitigate this form of promotion, standardised (i.e., plain) packaging of vaping products has been adopted in some countries including Israel and the Netherlands (7). Studies have yet to assess the impact of standardised packaging measures in naturalistic settings, but experimental data already suggest that standardised packaging might be effective in changing the appeal of vaping products among youth. Recent work has found that standardised packaging reduced the appeal of e-cigarettes and refills among youth aged 11 to 18 in England but not among adults (8). Similarly, data from the 2020 ITC Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey found that standardised packaging reduced appeal of vaping products among youth aged 16 to 19 in England, the US and Canada (9). However, none of these studies assessed how standardised packs and their characteristics affect the appeal of e-liquid products specifically. The recent studies explored how youth perceive vaping products in olive-coloured standardised packs—the distinctive colour of plain standardised tobacco cigarette packs in certain countries (7). However, lighter-coloured packs might be perceived as less harmful than darker coloured ones (10), and lighter coloured plain packs might help discern vaping products from tobacco products in standardised olive packs. This may lead to more accurate harm perceptions, considering that vaping is less harmful than smoking (11). To assess whether colour of standardised e-liquid packs has any effect on youth interest in trying and harm perceptions of these products, our study will compare branded, standardised white and standardised olive packs of e-liquids. In addition, many smokers and vapers inaccurately perceive most of the health risks of smoking and vaping to be caused by nicotine (12), but little is known about whether nicotine concentration of e-liquids has any effect on youth interest in trying and harm perceptions of these products. This study will also examine how low versus high nicotine concentration labelling on the e-liquid packs affects youth interest in trying and harm perceptions of the e-liquids. This study will examine how branded and plain e-liquid packaging as well as colour of the plain packs and information on nicotine concentration affect youth interest in trying and harm perceptions of these products.

Funder: Canadian Institutes of Health Research; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024, Funder: Public Health Agency of Canada, BACKGROUND: The public health benefits of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes often rely on, among other things, changes to consumer purchases. Thus, perceived cost of SSBs and signalling effects-via awareness of the tax-may impact the effectiveness of SSB taxes on consumer purchases. OBJECTIVE: The study sought to examine perceived cost of SSBs, tax awareness, and changes in beverage purchasing over time and across four countries with and without SSB taxes. METHODS: The study used data from the 2017, 2018 and 2019 waves of the International Food Policy Study. Annual cross-sectional online surveys were conducted in Australia, Mexico, UK and US, which captured perceived cost of SSBs relative to non-SSBs in all countries (with Australia as a no-tax comparator), and measures of tax awareness and participants' reported changes in beverage purchasing in response to SSB taxes in Mexico (tax implemented in 2014), UK (tax implemented in 2018) and US (subnational taxes since 2015). Logistic regression models evaluated the measures across years and socio-demographic groups. RESULTS: Perceived cost of SSBs relative to non-SSBs was higher in Mexico (all three years) and the UK (2018 and 2019 following tax implementation) than Australia and the US. Tax awareness was higher in UK than Mexico, and decreased over time among Mexican respondents. Patterns of reported beverage purchasing changes in response to the tax were similar across Mexico, UK and US, with the largest changes reported by Mexican respondents. Respondents with characteristics corresponding to lower socioeconomic status were less likely to be aware of an SSB tax, but more likely to perceive SSBs to cost more than non-SSBs and report changes in purchasing in response to the tax, where there was one. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that in countries where a national SSB tax was present (Mexico, UK), perceived cost of SSBs and tax awareness were higher compared to countries with no SSB tax (Australia) or subnational SSB taxes (US), respectively, and suggests that perceived cost and tax awareness represent distinct constructs. Improving the 'signalling effect' of existing SSB taxes may be warranted, particularly in tax settings where consumer behaviour change is a policy objective.

BACKGROUND: Food environments play a key role in dietary behavior and vary due to different contexts, regulations, and policies. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize the perceived availability of healthy and unhealthy foods in 3 different settings in 5 countries. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2018 International Food Policy Study, a cross-sectional survey of adults (18-100 y, n = 22,824) from Australia, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom (UK), and the USA. Perceived availability of unhealthy (junk food and sugary drinks) and healthy foods (fruit or vegetables, healthy snacks, and water) in the community, workplace, and university settings were measured (i.e. not available, available for purchase, or available for free). Differences in perceived availability across countries were tested using adjusted multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS: Across countries, unhealthy foods were perceived as highly available in all settings; in university and work settings unhealthy foods were perceived as more available than healthy foods. Australia and Canada had the highest perceived availability of unhealthy foods (range 87.5-90.6% between categories), and the UK had the highest perceived availability of fruits and vegetables for purchase (89.3%) in the community. In university and work settings, Mexico had the highest perceived availability for purchase of unhealthy foods (range 69.9-84.9%). The USA and the UK had the highest perceived availability of fruits and vegetables for purchase (65.3-66.3%) or for free (21.2-22.8%) in the university. In the workplace, the UK had high perceived availability of fruits and vegetables for purchase (40.2%) or for free (18.5%), and the USA had the highest perceived availability of junk food for free (17.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Across countries, unhealthy foods were perceived as highly available in all settings. Variability between countries may reflect differences in policies and regulations. Results underscore the need for the continuation and improvement of policy efforts to generate healthier food environments.

BackgroundRefillable e-cigarettes were popular among youth in England in 2021. The UK Tobacco and Related Products Regulations (TRPR) limits e-liquids to 20 mg/mL of nicotine in a 10 mL bottle. Short-fill e-liquids, which are not covered by TRPR regulations, are typically nicotine-free and come in larger, underfilled bottles allowing customisation with the addition of ‘nicotine shots’. This paper investigates awareness, use, and reasons for use of short-fill e-liquids among youth in England.MethodsData are from the online 2021 International Tobacco Control Youth Survey, comprising 4224 youth (aged 16–19 years) in England. Weighted logistic regression models investigated associations between awareness and past 30-day use of short-fills by smoking status, vaping status, nicotine strength vaped and participant demographics. Reasons for use were also reported.ResultsApproximately one-quarter (23.0%) of youth in England reported awareness of short-fill e-liquids. Among youth who had vaped in the past 30 days, 22.1% had used short-fills in the past 30 days; use was most prevalent among those who were also smoking (43.2%) and those who reported usually vaping nicotine concentrations of 2.1% (21 mg/mL) or more (40.8%). ‘Convenience of a bigger bottle’ was the most selected reason for use (45.0%), followed by ‘less expensive than regular e-liquids’ (37.6%).ConclusionsAwareness of short-fills was common among youth in 2021, including among those who had never vaped or smoked. Among youth who vaped in the past 30 days, short-fill use was more prevalent among those who also smoked and those who vaped nicotine-containing e-liquids. Integration of short-fill products into existing e-cigarette regulations should be considered.

Importancee-Cigarette vaping among youths and adults has increased in Great Britain. The design of e-cigarette packaging may appeal to youths. Regulations that reduce the appeal of e-cigarettes to youths may deter adult smokers from trying e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking.ObjectiveTo examine the association of fully branded and standardized e-cigarette packaging with interest in trying products among youths and adults in Great Britain.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this survey study comprising 2 surveys, the online Action on Smoking and Health Smokefree Great Britain survey collected data between March 25 and April 16, 2021, from a representative sample of 2469 youths (aged 11-18 years) and between February 18 and March 18, 2021, from a representative sample of 12 046 adults (aged ≥18 years).InterventionsA between-individuals experimental design was used to examine participants’ perceptions of e-cigarette packs that were digitally altered to remove brand imagery and color. Participants were randomly assigned to view a set of 3 e-cigarette packs from 1 of 3 different packaging conditions: (1) fully branded packs (control), (2) white standardized packs with brand name, or (3) green standardized packs with brand name.Main Outcomes and MeasuresYouth participants were asked which product people their age would be most interested in trying, while adult participants were asked which product they would be most interested in trying. All participants could respond “no interest” or “don’t know.” Logistic regression models tested whether reporting no interest in trying the e-cigarettes differed between the pack conditions.ResultsThis study included 2469 youths (1286 female youths [52.1%]; mean [SD] age, 15.0 [2.3] years) and 12 046 adults (6412 female [53.2%]; mean [SD] age, 49.9 [17.4] years). Youths had higher odds of reporting no interest among people their age in trying the e-cigarettes packaged in green (292 of 815 [35.8%]; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.10-1.71; P = .005) but not white (264 of 826 [32.0%]; AOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.93-1.44; P = .20) standardized packaging compared with the fully branded packaging (238 of 828 [28.7%]). Adults had lower odds of reporting no interest in trying e-cigarettes in green standardized packaging (3505 of 4040 [86.8%]; AOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73-0.99; P = .046) but not white packaging (3532 of 4006 [88.2%]; AOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.89-1.23; P = .59) compared with branded packaging (3526 of 4000 [88.1%]). Youths who had never vaped (275 of 699 [39.3%]; AOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.07-1.69; P = .01) and youths who had never smoked (271 of 676 [40.1%]; AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.10-1.75; P = .006) were more likely to report no interest in trying e-cigarettes in green packaging compared with branded packaging (224 of 688 [32.6%] never vaping; 216 of 662 [32.6%] never smoking). There were no significant differences by vaping or smoking status among adults.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this survey study suggest that standardized packaging measures may reduce the appeal of e-cigarettes among youths without reducing their appeal among adults.

Additional file 2. Unadjusted percentages of participants responding that the SSB tax changed whether they buy drinks for themselves or their family, in Mexico (2017, 2018 and 2019) the United Kingdom (2018 and 2019) and the United States (2019). (‘Buy less’ or ‘buy more’ for taxed and untaxed beverage categories, respectively.)

Additional file 1: Supplemental Table 1. Sample characteristics and sample distribution across experimental conditions (n = 45,504).

Additional file 4. Full year comparisons from binary and multinomial logistic regression models investigating perceived cost of beverages with sugar, awareness of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, and reported purchase changes in response to a sugar-sweetened beverage tax.

Additional file 2.

Additional file 1. Interview guide.

Additional file 1. Unadjusted percentages for all outcomes, among US respondents living in a city with an SSB tax versus without an SSB tax (weighted).

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure 1. Response options among edible consumers and non-consumers (n = 45,504).

Additional file 3. Results from multinomial logistic regression models investigating correlates of participants in Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States reporting that they ‘bought less’ and ‘bought more’ untaxed beverages (versus ‘mixed response / no change’) in response to a sugar-sweetened beverage tax.

Additional file 1.

Includes pre-registration of analyses and code (STATA). Publication available at https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/24/9/1386/6562888

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-mrj-10.1177_0022243720981975 for Educational Campaigns for Product Labels: Evidence from On-Shelf Nutritional Labeling by Bryan Bollinger, Eli Liebman, David Hammond, Erin Hobin and Jocelyn Sacco in Journal of Marketing Research

Additional file 2.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Table 3. Adjusted OR* (95% CI) of characteristics associated with support for supermarket initiatives focused on product placement – excluding respondents that selected ‘neutral’. International Food Policy Study 2018.

Additional file 1.

OBJECTIVES: The study objectives were to examine: (1) adolescents' media viewing habits, (2) associations with media viewing and self-reported exposure to unhealthy food and beverage advertising and (3) differences in trends among younger and older adolescents in six high and upper middle-income countries. DESIGN: Repeat cross-sectional online survey. SETTING: Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA). PARTICIPANTS: Respondents to the International Food Policy Study who provided information on all variables of interest in November-December 2019 aged 10-17 years (n=9171). OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported exposure to screen-based media (screen time by media channel), use of social media platforms and self-reported location and frequency of exposure to unhealthy food and beverage advertising. RESULTS: The average amount of time spent in front of various screens ranged from 7.6 hours to 10.2 hours across countries per week day, which may include possible viewing of multiple media channels simultaneously. Overall, Instagram was the most popular social media platform (52%-68% by country), followed by Facebook (42%-79%) and Snapchat (28%-52%). The percentage of respondents who self-reported having seen unhealthy food advertisements in the past 30 days was highest on television (43%-69%), followed by digital media (27%-60%) and gaming applications (10%-17%). Self-reported daily exposure to advertising varied between countries for sugary drinks (10%-43%) and fast food (19%-44%) and was positively associated with self-reported screen time. Self-reported exposure to screen-based media and social media platforms differed by sociodemographic characteristics and was higher among older adolescents than younger adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The important amount of time spent on screen-based media reported by adolescents and large percentage of adolescents reporting social media usage, coupled with high rates of self-reported advertising exposure, support the need for policies to restrict marketing of unhealthy food and beverages appealing to adolescents on screen-based media., This work was supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC, no grant number available), with additional support from a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Project Grant (PJT-162167).

Additional file 3. Sensitivity analyses using buffers with radii of 500 m, 1 km, and 1.5 km. Model results and model fit statistics for sensitivity analyses using buffers with radii of 500 m, 1 km, and 1.5 km.

Additional file 2. Dissemination area (DA) and census metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada. Information regarding two types of administrative geographical units mentioned in the analysis.

Additional file 1. Supplemental file.

Additional file 1. Information about sample. Information regarding how the sample was recruited; how representative the sample was of the target group; how the analysed sample differed from the recruited sample; and how any missing data were handled.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Multinomial regression model with interaction between parental status and experimental group (n = 3755)

OBJECTIVES: To answer four questions: What are attitudes, knowledge and social norms around sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)? What are current levels of trust in messages on SSBs? What is current support for, and perceived effectiveness of, the UK soft drinks industry levy (SDIL)? What is the association between attitudes, knowledge, social norms, trust, SSB consumption and sociodemographic factors; and support for, and perceived effectiveness of, the SDIL? DESIGN: Cross-sectional online survey. SETTING: UK. PARTICIPANTS: UK respondents to the 2017 International Food Policy Study aged 18-64 years who provided information on all variables of interest (n=3104). OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported perceived effectiveness of, and support for, the SDIL. RESULTS: Most participants supported the SDIL (70%), believed it would be effective (71%), had a positive attitude to SSBs (62%), had knowledge of the link between SSBs and obesity (90%), and trusted messages from health experts (61%), but not those from the food and beverage industry (73%). Nearly half (46%) had negative social norms about drinking SSBs. In adjusted models, older age, non-consumption of SSBs, social norms to not drinks SSBs, knowledge of the link between SSBs and obesity and trust in health expert messages were associated with greater support for the SDIL, whereas having dependent children and trusting messages from the food and beverage industry were associated with less support. In adjusted models, older age was associated with lower perceived effectiveness of the SDIL, whereas social norms to not drink SSBs, negative attitudes to SSBs and trusting messages from health experts and the food and beverage industry were associated with greater perceived effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: There was strong support for the SDIL and belief that it would be effective. Those with more 'public health' orientated norms and trust were generally more likely to support the SDIL or believe that it would be effective.

Table S7. Weighted proportion of ‘support’, ‘neutral’ and ‘oppose’ responses to each policy in the total sample and by country (DOCX 20 kb)

Table S5. Results from logistic regression model for support of food policies among UK respondents (n =â 4047) (DOCX 29 kb)

Additional file 1. Beverage sub-categories and further results.

Supplemental material, Supplementary_File_1 for Methods to Assess Cannabis Consumption in Population Surveys: Results of Cognitive Interviewing by Samantha Goodman, Cesar Leos-Toro and David Hammond in Qualitative Health Research

Table S6. Results from logistic regression model for support of food policies among US respondents (n =â 4868) (DOCX 45 kb)

Table S4. Results from logistic regression model for support of food policies among Mexican respondents (n =â 4057) (DOCX 44 kb)

Table S3. Results from logistic regression model for support of food policies among Canadian respondents (n =â 3118) (DOCX 44 kb)

Table S2. Results from logistic regression model for support of food policies among Australian respondents (n =â 3767) (DOCX 45 kb)

Table S1. Results from the logistic regression model for support of food policies across the total sample (n =â 19,857) (DOCX 42 kb)

This thesis aims to identify how British army bands in the interwar years were a primary stakeholder in the music industry and to explore their role in projecting soft power for the British military. There were approximately 7,000 full-time bandsmen serving in the British army, which was about a third of the total number of musicians in the music profession in the United Kingdom. The War Office was the largest employer of professional musicians in the country and yet there has been very little acknowledgement of the contribution made by this body of musicians, both to the music industry and to the effectiveness of army operations. This thesis uses models from the business and management literature to interrogate the position of British army music within the context of military structures and the music industry in the interwar years. It reveals the extent that residential insitutions were organised to provide young boys for recruitment into the army as bandsmen and how these boys became an integral part of the music industry. It explores how army music set the standard for training and performance while creating sustainability for the music industry, which relied upon the existence of army bands for its business. The thesis then exposes the tempestuous relationship army bands had with the BBC and recording industry, as well as the function the military played in the adoption of an international standard of musical pitch. Finally, it uncovers the effective role and soft power influence of British army bands and their music in the maintenance of British imperial authority, at home and overseas, and the tragic consequences of operating at the forefront of the military campaign in Ireland.

Figure S1. Is available from the “Online Supporting Material” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at jn.nutrition.org . (DOCX 113 kb)

We investigate a system of coupled oscillators on the circle, which arises from a simple model for behavior of large numbers of autonomous vehicles. The model considers asymmetric, linear, decentralized dynamics, where the acceleration of each vehicle depends on the relative positions and velocities between itself and a set of local neighbors. We first derive necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability, then derive expressions for the phase velocity of propagation of disturbances in velocity through this system. We show that the high frequencies exhibit damping, which implies existence of well-defined signal velocities $c_+>0$ and $c_, 18 pages, 4 figures