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Using two-wave balanced panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), this study examines the association between the number of children and the monetary transfers received by elderly parents in rural China. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, we find evidence that parents with more children receive more economic transfers. For each additional child, the probability of receiving transfers increases by 3.1%, and the amount of total transfers increases by 328 yuan, which is roughly equivalent to 5 percentage points of the per capita pre-transfer income of rural families. We conclude that the positive impact for the elderly is mainly reflected in cash transfers, specifically for those from high-income families, with non-co-residence with their children, and aged 60–69. Meanwhile, the quality of offspring and intimate parent–child ties stimulate the effectiveness of the number of children on the monetary transfers received by elderly persons. From the younger generation’s perspective, more siblings also contribute to reducing the burden of support for each child. These findings enhance our understanding of the relationship between the number of children and upstream intergenerational monetary transfers, and provide us with a useful reference for future policy design that encourages children to meet their filial obligations.

ObjectiveAlzheimer’s disease (AD) can be treated in different ways, one of which is combined physical activity and music intervention, which is a non-pharmacological one. This study provided a thorough systematic review on the application of combined physical activity and music intervention in patients with AD.MethodOnline sources, such as PubMed, Web of Science, SAGE Premier, EBSCO, and Cochrane, published from January 2002 to March 2022 were searched for articles. Reviewer screened articles on inclusion criteria and identified relevant studies. 200 studies were selected as potentially relevant; of these, eight met all the inclusion criteria.ResultsThe systemic review looked at eight studies, two of which had high methodological quality and six were of moderate quality. Various types of research were included: randomized controlled tails, single-subject study, crossover study, and case report. Music intervention was conducted during an exercise program in six studies. A cognitive stimulation was applied with music therapy and physical activities among two studies. The physical activities or movements included balance training, stretching, strengthening, and different sports activities. Outcome assessment, including the Barthel index in two studies and the functional independence measure, was conducted to evaluate the daily functional score. Mental health was evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination in three studies.ConclusionCombined physical activity and music intervention are beneficial and improve the cognition, function and well-being of patients with AD. Supporting combined physical and music intervention will play a key role in helping clinical guidelines for both physical therapists and music therapists.

Background Pain is the most common symptom in patients with neoplasm. It is a distressing experience that seriously destructs the quality-of-life of patients, with a high prevalence in clinical observations. However, only a few studies have applied bibliometric methods to analyze systematic works on the comorbidity of cancer and pain. Purpose The aim of this work was to conduct a systematic analysis of the scientific studies worldwide on the comorbidity of cancer and pain in 2010–2019. Methods The Web of Science databases were searched for publications related to the comorbidity of cancer and pain from 2010 to 2019. Results A total of 3,423 papers met the inclusion criteria in this research. The increase in the quantity of papers presented a significant growth from 2010 to 2019 (P

ObjectivesChronic low back pain has become a major cause of global disability and caused a huge economic burden to society. Physical therapy is a vital strategy for rehabilitation of chronic low back pain. Although several trials have shown that Tai Chi Quan is a beneficial treatment, the comparative effectiveness of Tai Chi Quan versus physical therapy is unknown. We are conducting a randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of Tai Chi Quan versus that of physical therapy in treating chronic low back pain.MethodsWe will perform a single-blind randomized controlled trial on elderly people with chronic low back pain. 138 participants will be randomly assigned to the Tai Chi Quan group (60-min classes, three times per week for 12 weeks) or physical therapy group (10 min of evaluation and warm-up, 40 min of therapist-directed exercise therapy, and 10 min of relaxation, three times per week for 12 weeks) with an allocation of 1:1. The participants will be followed up for 40 weeks for the study of long-term effects. The primary outcomes include pain intensity and back-related function at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include lumbar quantitative sensory testing, balance, cognitive function, psychosocial function, cost-effectiveness, compliance and adverse events. We will perform the intention-to-treat analysis for withdrawal and missing data.DiscussionThe study will be the first randomized trial with comparative-effectiveness of Tai Chi Quan and physical therapy for chronic low back pain. Standardized protocol, large sample size, and comprehensive outcomes are important features in this trial. This study aims to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of Tai Chi Quan for low back pain. The results of this study will be beneficial for elderly people with low back pain and medical rehabilitation personnel.Clinical Trial Registrationwww.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2000029723.

Herba Anoectochili is a commonly used medicinal material. However, its adulteration is a serious concern. Due to the similar morphological characteristics of Herba Anoectochili and its adulterants, traditional identification techniques often fail to distinguish between them accurately, which is not conducive to the circulation management and safety of the medicinal materials. To improve the distinction between Herba Anoectochili and its adulterants accurately, this study identified 41 Herba Anoectochili and its adulterant samples based on the ITS2 sequence. Sequence characteristics, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) application, genetic distance, construction of phylogenetic tree, secondary structure prediction, and other methods showed the ITS2 sequence to accurately identify Herba Anoectochili from its adulterants. Furthermore, in this study, we designed a specific primer, based on the ITS2 sequence, and established a real-time PCR detection system for the rapid, sensitive, and specific identification of the original plant of Herba Anoectochili. Compared to DNA barcoding technology, this method has shorter detection time, stronger specificity, and higher sensitivity, which lays the foundation for the rapid identification of Herba Anoectochili.

Background: Neuropathic pain (NP), a severe and disruptive symptom following many diseases, normally restricts patients' physical functions and leads to anxiety and depression. As an economical and effective therapy, exercise may be helpful in NP management. However, few guidelines and reviews focused on exercise therapy for NP associated with specific diseases. The study aimed to summarize the effectiveness and efficacy of exercise for various diseases with NP supported by evidence, describe expert recommendations for NP from different causes, and inform policymakers of the guidelines.Design: A systematic review and expert consensus.Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed. We included systematic review and meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which assessed patients with NP. Studies involved exercise intervention and outcome included pain intensity at least. Physiotherapy Evidence Database and the Assessment of Multiple Systematic reviews tool were used to grade the quality assessment of the included RCTs and systematic reviews, respectively. The final grades of recommendation were based on strength of evidence and a consensus discussion of results of Delphi rounds by the Delphi consensus panel including 21 experts from the Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine.Results: Eight systematic reviews and 21 RCTs fulfilled all of the inclusion criteria and were included, which were used to create the 10 evidence-based consensus statements. The 10 expert recommendations regarding exercise for NP symptoms were relevant to the following 10 different diseases: spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, cervical radiculopathy, sciatica, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, HIV/AIDS, and surgery, respectively. The exercise recommended in the expert consensus involved but was not limited to muscle stretching, strengthening/resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, motor control/stabilization training and mind-body exercise (Tai Chi and yoga).Conclusions: Based on the available evidence, exercise is helpful to alleviate NP intensity. Therefore, these expert consensuses recommend that proper exercise programs can be considered as an effective alternative treatment or complementary therapy for most patients with NP. The expert consensus provided medical staff and policymakers with applicable recommendations for the formulation of exercise prescription for NP. This consensus statement will require regular updates after five–ten years.

Objective: Neuropathic pain (NP) associated with depression or anxiety is highly prevalent in clinical practice. Publications about NP associated with depression or anxiety increased exponentially from 2000 to 2020. However, studies that applied the bibliometric method in analyzing global scientific research about NP associated with depression or anxiety are rare. This work used the bibliometric method to analyze the publications on NP associated with depression or anxiety between 2000 and 2020.Method: Publications from 2000 and 2020 were identified from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science (WoS) database. We employed CiteSpace V to conduct the bibliometric study.Results: A total of 915 articles or reviews were obtained from the WoS database. The number of publications has increased over the last two decades. The USA was the most productive among countries or regions in the field. According to the burst key words, neuroinflammation, hippocampus, safety, and modulation were the hot global research issues in the domain.Conclusion: Publications about NP associated with depression or anxiety have remarkably increased from 2000 to 2020. These historical opinions about NP associated with depression or anxiety could be an important practical basis for further research into potential development trends.

Objective. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise on the anticipatory delay of core muscles in nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) patients. Methods. Forty participants with NSLBP were randomly divided into the WBV group and the control group. The sEMG signals of deltoid, erector spines (ES), multifidus (MF), rectus abdominis (RA), and transversus abdominus/internal oblique muscles (TrA/IO) were recorded before and after the intervention in the weight-shifting task. The relative activation time of each muscle was calculated. Results. In the WBV group, the relative activation time of bilateral MF and bilateral TrA/IO was significantly reduced on shoulder flexion (right MF: P = 0.014 ; left MF: P = 0.011 ; right TrA/IO: P = 0.008 ; left TrA/IO: P = 0.026 ). As for shoulder abduction, except for the left TrA/IO and the left RA, the relative activation time of other muscles was significantly reduced (right ES: P = 0.001 ; left ES: P < 0.001 ; right MF: P = 0.001 ; left MF: P = 0.009 ; right TrA/IO: P < 0.001 ; right RA: P = 0.001 ). In the control group, there was no significant difference in the relative activation time of each muscle before and after the intervention ( P > 0.05 ). Conclusions. WBV exercise can effectively alleviate the anticipatory delay of core muscles in NSLBP patients, but the long-term effects still need further study. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-TRC-13003708.

Objective: To confirm the benefits of whole-body vibration exercise for pain intensity and functional disability in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. Design: Single-blind randomized controlled trial. Setting: Outpatient. Subjects: Eighty-nine patients with non-specific chronic low back pain met the inclusion criteria, they were randomly allocated to either the intervention group ( n = 45) or the control group ( n = 44). Intervention: The intervention group received whole-body vibration exercises three times a week for 12 weeks. The control group received general exercise protocol three times a week for 12 weeks. Main outcomes: The primary outcome measures were pain intensity and functional disability measured by the visual analog scale scores and Oswestry Disability Index. The secondary outcome measures included lumbar joint position sense, quality of life (Short Form Health Survey 36) and overall treatment effect (Global Perceived Effect). Results: A total of 84 subjects completed the 12-week study program. After 12 weeks, compared with the control group, the mean visual analog scale and Oswestry Disability Index scores decreased by additional 1 point (95% confidence interval (CI) = –1.22 to −0.78; P Conclusion: The study demonstrated that whole-body vibration exercise could provide more benefits than general exercise for relieving pain and improving functional disability in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain.

Background: Pain is commonly associated with psychological variables, such as anxiety and depression. However, only a few studies statistically analyzed the global trends and conducted a review through the bibliometric method. Purpose: This work aimed to analyze the general aspects of scientific studies worldwide on the comorbid of anxiety and pain research between 2000 and 2019. Methods: Published papers on the comorbid of anxiety and pain from the last 2 decades were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection. To assess whether the percentage statistically decreased or increased over time by using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. Results: A total of 1,329 papers met the inclusion criteria. The trend of annual publications presented a significant growth from 2000 to 2019 (PConclusions: Bibliometric analysis of the comorbidity of anxiety and pain and provides insights into research countries, institutions, authors, and core journal, visual, hot topics, overall tendency, and research frontiers that will aid in exploring hidden valuable field for future research.

As of May 5, 2020, the number of confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases has been more than 3.5 million with 243,540 deaths. We aimed to determine the associations between ageing population, median age, life expectancy at birth and COVID-19 mortality. The numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the European region were obtained from the World Health Organization database. The data on percentage of the population aged 65 and over, median age and life expectancy at birth were extracted from the World Factbook of Central Intelligence Agency. A total of 56 countries/areas in the Europe reported COVID-19 cases and deaths (1,121,853 cases and 100,938 deaths) on April 20, 2020. The results showed significant positive associations between COVID-19 mortality and ageing population (r =0.274; P =0.021), median age (r =0.255; P=0.029), male median age (r =0.284; P =0.017), female median age (r =0.224; P=0.049), life expectancy at birth (r =0.336; P=0.006), male life expectancy at birth (r =0.342; P=0.005), female life expectancy at birth (r =0.312; P=0.01) in the 56 European countries/areas. This study illustrated that COVID-19 mortality was positively associated with ageing population, median age, and life expectancy at birth.

BACKGROUND Pain is the most common symptom in patients with neoplasm. It is a distressing experience that seriously that destructs the quality of life of patients, with a high prevalence in clinical observations. However, only few studies have applied bibliometric methods to analyze systematic works on the comorbidity of cancer and pain. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to conduct a systematic analysis of the scientific studies worldwide on the comorbidity of cancer and pain in 2010–2019. METHODS The Web of Science databases were searched for publications related to the comorbidity of cancer and pain from 2010 to 2019. RESULTS A total of 3,423 papers met the inclusion criteria in this research. The increase in the quantity of papers presented a significant growth from 2010 to 2019 (P CONCLUSIONS This bibliometric research provided a framework for visual and quantitative research to management scholars in favor of exploring potential field related to hot issue and research frontiers.

Cultivated ginseng in the farmland would become the mainly planting mode of Panax ginseng. However,there are relatively few cultivation ginseng varieties for farmland in China. Correlative analysis of qualitity and agronomic traits of P. ginseng cultivation in the farmland could provide a reference for the selection of excellent germplasm and new variety breeding of P. ginseng. In this study,the main index of saponin and agronomic traits of 4-6 yearsapos; samples were analyzed by UPLC and measured. The results show that there was significant difference in agronomic indexes of Damaya. The coefficient of variation of the root length( CV = 41. 97%) and fresh weight( CV = 31. 81%) were maximum,and the coefficient of variation of the stems thickness( 16. 72%) and root thickness were minimum. There was a significant correlation between yield and root thickness( Plt;0. 05). There was significant difference in drug yield of different harvest years( Plt;0. 05),and the yield of 6-years was 31. 52%-39. 69% higher than 4-years. However,there wasnapos;t significant difference in total ginsenosides between 4 and 6 years old P. ginseng,but there was significant difference in ginseng Rg2,Rc and Rb2( Plt;0. 05),and the ginsenoside contents of different harvesting years were accorded with the criterion standards of 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia. There was no significant correlation between the saponin and the agronomic trait,while there was positive correlation with root thickness( Plt; 0. 05). Therefore,the stem diameter was positive correlation with yield of P. ginseng. Selection of the stem thickness of seedlings is beneficial to the increase of the yield and breeding of P. ginseng.

Due to the pressure of global ecological degradation, the coordination of economic increase and ecological protection has drawn attention from policymakers and practitioners. Green economic efficiency (GEE) is a comprehensive index to measure economic, social, and environmental development. As China is the second-biggest economy in the world with high-energy consumption, it is necessary to investigate its green economy efficiency. In this paper, we innovatively adopt a super-SBM (slacks-based measure) model with undesirable outputs to calculate the GEE in 30 provinces of China between 2008 and 2017, and then comprehensively apply a spatial Dubin model (SDM) to investigated its influencing factors. The results showed that the overall GEE in China during the study period was at a low level with significant regional differences. The inter-regional GEE generally showed a gradient decreasing pattern of “East-Middle-West”, which demonstrates a gradual decline from the East to the West in China. The trend of the national GEE initially dropped and then gradually stabilized over the study period. Foreign trade dependence and direct investment had significant positive effects on the GEE, while the secondary industry and urbanization level had a significant negative effect.

Objective: To investigate the effects of surgical versus non-operative treatment on the physical function and safety of patients with lumbar disc herniation. Data sources: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched from initiation to 15 May 2017. Methods: Randomized controlled trials that evaluated surgical versus non-operative treatment for patients with lumbar disc herniation were selected. The primary outcomes were pain and side-effects. Secondary outcomes were function and health-related quality of life. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled mean difference with 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 19 articles that involved 2272 participants met the inclusion criteria. Compared with non-operative treatment, surgical treatment was more effective in lowering pain (short term: mean difference = −0.94, 95% confidence interval = −1.87 to −0.00; midterm: mean difference = −1.59, 95% confidence interval = −2.24 to −9.94), improving function (midterm: mean difference = −7.84, 95% confidence interval = −14.00 to −1.68; long term: mean difference = −12.21, 95% confidence interval = −23.90 to −0.52) and quality of life. The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey for physical functions (short term: mean difference = 6.25, 95% confidence interval = 0.43 to 12.08) and bodily pain (short term: mean difference = 5.42, 95% confidence interval = 0.40 to 10.45) was also utilized. No significant difference was observed in adverse events (mean difference = 0.82, 95% confidence interval = 0.28 to 2.38). Conclusion: Low-quality evidence suggested that surgical treatment is more effective than non-operative treatment in improving physical functions; no significant difference was observed in adverse events. No firm recommendation can be made due to instability of the summarized data.

Urophysa henryi (Oliv.) Ulbr., endemic to China with small populations, is known as a medicinal plant. In this study, ISSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure throughout its entire distribution areas. Twelve primers revealed high genetic diversity at the species level (PPB = 95.6%; H = 0.3441; I = 0.5111), as well as high level of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.659, p

There are a few existing studies on whether domestic migration improves China’s pension system’s fiscal sustainability in the context of rapid urbanization and industrialization. In this paper, we systematically investigate the impact of migration on the solvency of the worker’s old-age insurance for urban employees by constructing actuarial and econometric models. We use panel data from 2002 to 2018, collected from 31 provinces in China. The results show that the association between migration and the solvency of pensions is an inverted-U shape along the urbanization process. Further regional comparison showed that the above-stated inverted-U curve is more pronounced in the central and western regions. We also established that the number of participants and the contribution base are the main contributors to these results. Our conclusions are important for future population policies and public pension systems in China.

Spiraea longifolia H.Y. Hu & X.J. He sp. nova (Rosaceae) from Sichuan Province, China is described and illustrated. The differences between S. longifolia and two morphologically related species, S. henryi and S. sargentiana, are elaborated.

In this article, we investigate the shift of Abbes and Saito's ramification filtrations of the absolute Galois group of a complete discrete valuation field of positive characteristic under a purely inseparable extension. We also study a functoriality property for characteristic forms., Comment: 24 pages. Comments welcome

Pternopetalum monophyllum J.B. Tan & X.J. He sp. nova (Apiaceae) from Sichuan Province, China is described and illustrated. The differences between P. monophyllum and the two morphologically most similar species P. molle and P. botrychioides are presented and briefly discussed.

Based on morphology and molecular data, a new species Semenovia gyirongensis Q.Y.Xiao & X.J.He, from Gyirong County, Xizang, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically most similar to S. malcolmii (Hemsley & Pearson) Pimenov, but differs in its cylindric much-branched root, intensively branching long underground caudex with distinct nodes, narrowly ovate to ovate terminal leaf lobes, oblong bracts with obtuse-rounded or cuneate apex.

Background:Low back pain (LBP) affects about 80% of the population at some time in their lives. Exercise therapy is the most widely used nonsurgical intervention for low back pain in practice. Thus, whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise is becoming increasingly popular in relieving musculoskel

Semenovia torilifolia and S . malcolmii have been recorded to co-occur in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions. However, there were no available diagnostic characters to distinguish them. In the present study, we reconstructed the phylogeny based on nuclear ITS and ETS regions, and explored valid morphological traits through extensive fieldwork, specimen examinations and literature reviews, to determine the relationship between S . torilifolia and S . malcolmii . Our field investigations found that the morphological characters between S . torilifolia and S . malcolmii are continuous. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that S. torilifolia and S. malcolmii are nested together and formed a well-supported monophyletic taxa (90% BS, 1.00 PP) within Semenovia clade. It is thus sweeping concluded that S . torilifolia is conspecific with S . malcolmii .

This study aims to examine the correlations between lumbar neuromuscular function and pain, lumbar disability in patients with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP). Ninety patients, with ages 18 to 37 years old, with NSLBP were recruited in this study. The lumbar neuromuscular function was tested by the CON-TREX multijoint isokinetic test and training machine. This study uses the visual analog scale (VAS) and Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) to evaluate the pain and the dysfunction index of patients who have low back pain, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient is used to evaluate the correlation between lumbar neuromuscular function and the VAS and RMDQ scores. VAS and RMDQ scores have correlations with the proprioception in the flexion of the lumbar vertebra flexion; the peak torque of both flexion and extension muscle groups; and average power and endurance at different angular velocities. The decrease of lumbar muscle strength, endurance, and lumbar proprioception of the lumbar vertebra leads to an increase in pain intensity and lumbar disability. This study suggests that patients with chronic low back pain require targeted training in muscle strength, endurance, and lumbar proprioception, providing a theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of chronic NSLBP patients.

After consulting related original literature, examining relevant type specimens and conducting field work, it is convinced that Chamaesium spatuliferum could not be conspecific with C. novemjugum and these two species can be readily distinguishable by margin of leaf segment and pericarp length and the shape of calyx teeth. The independent specific status of Chamaesium spatuliferum is strongly supported by the evidence from morphology and micromorphology as well as geographical distribution.

Background/Aim: It remains unclear how wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract (PT) in the acute phase of supratentorial intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) correlates with the long-term functional outcome. The aim of this study was to quantify and predict the long-term neuromotor outcome using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) during the early stages of ICH. Methods: Twenty-seven patients with a hemiparetic ICH were prospectively studied using DTI either within 3 days or at 2 weeks after onset. A region-of-interest-based analysis was performed for fractional anisotropy (FA) of the PT in the cerebral peduncle. The degree of paresis was assessed upon admission and at 6 months using paresis grading (PG), and the functional outcome was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). The activities of daily living were evaluated using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Results: The FA values within 3 days and after 2 weeks of ICH onset were significantly decreased at the affected side (p = 0.001, reduced by 11%; p < 0.001, reduced by 14%, respectively), but the mean diffusivity at the same time points remained unchanged (p = 0.05 and p = 0.136, respectively). The ratio of the FA (rFA) at the affected side to that of the unaffected side within 3 days was negatively correlated with the PG (p < 0.001, r = –0.642), positively correlated with the FIM scores (p = 0.004, r = 0.532), and negatively correlated with the mRS scores at the end of follow-up (median = 17 months) (p = 0.010, r = –0.490). The rFA at 2 weeks was positively correlated with the FIM (p < 0.001, r = 0.661) and negatively correlated with mRS scores and PG at the end of follow-up (p < 0.001, r = –0.653; p < 0.001, r = –0.700). For both patients with good and poor outcomes based on the PG, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for rFA at 2 weeks was greater than the area under the ROC for rFA within 3 days, and the cutoff point for the rFA at 2 weeks was set at 0.875 (sensitivity 76%, specificity 89%). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the use of DTI during the early stages of ICH may predict motor outcomes at 6 months after ICH. Moreover, as compared to use of DTI within 3 days of ICH onset, the application of DTI at 2 weeks after ICH could more accurately predict the motor outcomes and daily living activities of patients.

To prepare antiserum against Fritillary virus Y (FVY) CP for detecting FVY and study serological relationships with other viruses.Specific primer was designed according to Genbank (accession: AM039800) to amplify CP gene of FVY infecting Thunberg fritillary. Sequence relationship with other potyviruses was made by Blast. The CP gene was inserted into pSBET and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) plys E strain. The object protein was purified by 12% SDS-PAGE firstly and subsequently 5% - 20% gradient SDS-PAGE. The antiserum against the CP was raised in mouse and its specificity was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The reactivity of the antiserum produced to FVY CP was tested by Western blot against the over-expressed coat proteins of 17 potyviruses. The ability to combine with nature FVY particles was confirmed by ELISA analysis.It shared 81.2% nucleotide acids identities with TrVY (Tricyrtis virus Y, AY 864850) CP gene, 68.1% with SMV-P (Soybean mosaic virus Pinellia strain, AJ507388. 2) CP gene and 67.2% with ZYMV (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Luan isolate) CP gene. The prepared antiserum was special to FVY CP, also reacted moderately to the expressed CP of SMV-P (Soybean mosaic virus Pinellia strain) and weakly to that of ZYMV (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Luan isolate).The antibody could combine to nature FVY particles and the antiserum is suitable for FVY detection by ELISA in large scale.

We have demonstrated the electroosmotic flow (EOF) pumping in a dielectrophoresis (DEP)-formed virtual microchannel by applying a DC electric field across the microchannel. The geometry of wall-less virtual microchannel was determined by the electrode patterns. A test device with single-layer electrode on both top and bottom plates are prepared by photolithography to generate an appropriate electric field and form a virtual channel on the chip. Neutral fluorescent polystyrene beads are used to indicate the velocity of EOF. Liquid pumping at the velocity of 219.39 µm/s is achieved when the applied DC electric field is 26.67 V/cm.

Cathepsin S, one of the lysosomal proteinases, has many important physiological functions in the nervous system, especially in process of extracellular matrix degradation and endocellular antigen presentation. Those functions are closely associated with the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. It would be beneficial to elucidate the role of Cathepsin S in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases.