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Mungbean production is decreasing because of inappropriate management of fertilizer and plant population so a study was initiated to find out the effect of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers with different plant geometry on the yield of mungbean var. BARI Mung-5. The experiment was laid out in a split- plot design with three replications. The experiment comprised of three level of plant geometry viz. S1= 20 cm × 10 cm, S2= 30 cm × 10 cm and S3= 45 cm × 15 cm, and six level of fertilizers: F0= Control (without fertilizer), F1= Recommended dose of NPK, F2=5 t ha-1 cowdung, F3=5 t ha-1cowdung with recommended dose of NPK, F4= 2.5 t ha-1 cowdung with recommended dose of NPK and F5=2.5 t ha-1 cowdung with half recommended dose of NPK. Among the three spacing, 30 cm × 10 cm (S2) produced maximum seed yield (1022.8 kg ha-1) while the lowest in S3 (834.4 kg ha-1). Cowdung had a significant effect on the seed yield and yield attributes of mungbean. The maximum seed yield (1038.9 kg ha-1) was obtained F4 while minimum (930.0 kg h-1) by applying cowdung @5 t ha-1. Among the treatment combinations, S2F4 was showed maximum yield (1156.7 kg ha-1) when considering stover yield and biological yield. Plant spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm along with 2.5 t ha-1 with recommended dose of 40, 80, 30 kg ha-1 of Urea, TSP, MoP could be more beneficial for the farmers to get maximum yield from var. BARI Mung-5. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(2): 97-107

Bio-oil is one of the potential resources to address the sustainable energy development and environmental issues. Microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process is one of the popular techniques that is used to extract bio-oil from biomass. In this paper, the bio-oil has been extracted from Palm Kernel Shells by using microwave-assisted and conventional heating pyrolysis processes. A modified heating mantle apparatus are used to conduct the experiment for extracting the bio-oil. The experiments are conducted by varying the hydrothermal temperature and time for both techniques to achieve the conversion of the bio-oil from the raw material. It is found that the yield of bio-oil for microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process at 350°C and 400°C are from 10.70 wt% to 25.60 wt% within hydrothermal time 6, 9 and 12 minutes. The pH value of the bio-oil is acidic with the range from 3 to 4. The calorific value of the bio-oil is varied from 24 to 26 MJ/kg for both conversion methods. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) result reveals that multiple functional groups (alcohol, aldehydes, carboxylic acid and ketones) are present in the PKS bio-oil.

In emerging nations, the prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight has considerably grown. A cross sectional study was conducted to find out the prevalence of obesity and dietary pattern and 24 hours’ movement activities amid two selected schools (English and Bangla Medium) of Dhaka, Bangladesh. 103 participants aged 4 to 11 years were chosen from those schools to collect data. BMI of the children was calculated, and weight status was categorized according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. Food frequency and 24 hours’ movement activity data was collected through a self-administered well-structured questionnaire. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found 20.4% and 20.4 % respectively and 5.8% underweight. 70% children spent more than 2 hours’ screen time and 71.8% did not meet WHO sleeping guideline. In this study, it was found that 25.2% children consumed fried food and 20.4% fast food like pizza, burger 2-4 days a week. The frequency of overweight and obesity was found quite high in this study. High levels of sedentary activities, less sleep, higher energy intake from carbohydrate and processed food habit are major underlying elements for increasing prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity among the school children in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Background: Glaucoma is a chronic progressive optic neuropathy associated with characteristic optic nerve damage which may lead to certain visual field loss patterns at least some part of which is due to a sub optimal intra ocular pressure. Glaucoma is also known as silent killer of vision. Objective: To evaluate the pattern of glaucoma among the patients who were presented to a tertiary eye hospital, in southern region of Bangladesh. Method: A prospective observational study was done in outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary eye hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. All patients with glaucoma were included. Data on age at presentation, gender, laterality, intraocular pressure, cup/disk ratio (C:D) with neuroretinal rim (NRR) and diagnosis were collected from OPD. Patients in age of 1 day - 100 years were included in this study. Patients were grouped into three age groups (0-25 years, 26-50 years and >50 years) and grouped in terms of clinical diagnoses. Result: A total of 387 eyes of 292 patients were included. Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) was the predominant type (45%) followed by primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) (32%), secondary glaucoma (14%) and normal tension glaucoma (6%). Other types including juvenile glaucoma (2%) and congenital glaucoma (1%) were also present but of lower prevalence. Conclusion: Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) was the predominant form of glaucoma followed by POAG suggesting that the pattern in Bangladesh could be quite different from that reported for primary glaucoma in the Western literature. EMCJ. July 2022; 7(2): 16-20

In recent years, deep learning (DL) models have demonstrated remarkable achievements on non-trivial tasks such as speech recognition and natural language understanding. One of the significant contributors to its success is the proliferation of end devices that acted as a catalyst to provide data for data-hungry DL models. However, computing DL training and inference is the main challenge. Usually, central cloud servers are used for the computation, but it opens up other significant challenges, such as high latency, increased communication costs, and privacy concerns. To mitigate these drawbacks, considerable efforts have been made to push the processing of DL models to edge servers. Moreover, the confluence point of DL and edge has given rise to edge intelligence (EI). This survey paper focuses primarily on the fifth level of EI, called all in-edge level, where DL training and inference (deployment) are performed solely by edge servers. All in-edge is suitable when the end devices have low computing resources, e.g., Internet-of-Things, and other requirements such as latency and communication cost are important in mission-critical applications, e.g., health care. Firstly, this paper presents all in-edge computing architectures, including centralized, decentralized, and distributed. Secondly, this paper presents enabling technologies, such as model parallelism and split learning, which facilitate DL training and deployment at edge servers. Thirdly, model adaptation techniques based on model compression and conditional computation are described because the standard cloud-based DL deployment cannot be directly applied to all in-edge due to its limited computational resources. Fourthly, this paper discusses eleven key performance metrics to evaluate the performance of DL at all in-edge efficiently. Finally, several open research challenges in the area of all in-edge are presented., 21 pages

To understand the responsive nature to excess water, a pot experiment was conducted at different growth stages of sesame (Sesamum indicum L. cv. BARI Til-4). The waterlogging stress at each stage was set to three durations, viz. 2, 4, and 6 days. Twelve different treatment combinations were replicated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design. Different morpho-physiological and yield parameters were measured after the completion of the longest stress duration (6 days). The data revealed that sesame is vulnerable to excess water conditions, and the sensitivity is positively correlated with the stress duration. Plant biomass, leaf area, SPAD value, and the yield attributes recorded are observed to be declined with the increment of stress duration. Another important finding is that among the three growth stages of sesame, the reproductive stage is the most sensitive stage, which hardly withstands waterlogging. the stress at the vegetative stage affect yield parameters minimally. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 46(2); 165-173: December 2022

— Concentrating solar energy system is a potential solar thermal technology, wherein parabolic trough concentrators (PTC) are becoming growingly popular. In this research, both analytical and experiment analyses have been done. The experiment has compared with analytical results. to examine the effect of different operating parameters. Water and water-carbon nanotube (w-CNT) are used to explore the performance of PTC system. Optimum receiver diameter is found 51.80 mm for the maximum efficiency of the collector. During optimization, mass flow rate and concentration ratio are found to be influencing on the thermal efficiency and heat removal factor. Investigations show improvement in heat transfer for added nanoparticles. Heat transfer rate is better in laminar flow than in turbulent flow. After analytical analyses, an experiment has been done using water and carbon nanotube and compared with analytical results. Results show that for every 1oC increase in outlet temperature heat gain and thermal efficiency with water increase at the rate of 0.02 kJ/s and 1.6% respectively. On the other hand, for w-CNT as HTF, for every 100 W/m2 increase in irradiance, heat gain augments at a rate of 0.23 kJ/s and thermal efficiency upsurges by around 7%. Flow rate of working fluids and solar irradiance are found to have respective negative and positive impact on thermal efficiency of the parabolic trough collector.

This literature review study connects such elements to relevant ethical theories (such as utilitarianism, libertarianism, Kant's ethical theory, and fairness and justice), focusing on the characteristics that empower people to become future ethical leaders. This research attempts to investigate the idea of ethical leadership, the significance of ethical leadership in an organization, determining components to be an ethical leader, and strategies to turn followers into ethical leaders from the intersection of the literature reviews on ethics and leadership. A major research question directed the study: what are the factors that inspire followers to become future ethical leaders? Based on data found from the various books and articles, different databases and a list of keywords used during the search. According to the research outcomes, two key influences—(a) an individual's moral worldview and (b) organizational culture and ethics—can motivate followers to become moral leaders. Family influences, religious conviction, educational institutions, peer influences, and culture have an impact on an individual's moral philosophy. Besides organizational culture and ethics consists of code of conduct, work-life balance, recruitment procedure, compensation plan, role model, training, and further development. The influencing factors were discussed and recommended further research area. The relevant elements were explored, and further research area was suggested. IUBAT Review—A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, 5 (1): 77-88

In vitro regeneration ability of four varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum) was evaluated for plantlet production applying four hormonal concentrations and combinations. Shoot and root characteristics were observed at 15 days after inoculation of sprout explants. There was significant variation found among the four treatments in four studied traits. The genotype Chollisha exhibited superior performance in plantlet production among four genotypes. Out of four hormonal teatments, T3 {MS+ 2, 4- D (2 mg/l) + BAP (2 mg/l)} hormonal combination showed high effectiveness for in vitro plantlet regeneration. Therefore, this protocol might be used in future micropropagation of potato for large scale potato plantlet production.

A pot experiment was conducted in Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during aman season, 2018 to assess the effect of biochar on rice (BRRI dhan62) under salt stress conditions. The factorial experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Three levels of salinity were used viz. Control (S0), 1600 ppm NaCl (S1), and 2800 ppm NaCl (S2) under factor A and four levels of biochar were applied viz. 0 t ha−1 (B0), 2 t ha−1 (B1), 4 t ha−1 (B2) and 6 t ha−1 (B3) under factor B. The salt materials were added on pot in two installments at 20 and 30 days after transplanting (DAT). Exposure to salinity decreased growth and yield of rice including plant height, tillers hill-1, effective tillers hill-1, grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield. The magnitude of growth and yield reduction increased with increasing the salinity level. Exposure of 1600 ppm and 2800 ppm NaCl declined the grain yield of rice by 28 and 100%, respectively. Straw yield (18 and 100%, respectively) and other yield contributing parameters declined by these two levels of salinity in the same way. Application of different levels of biochar ameliorated saltinduced damages to a certain extent. Under 2800 ppm NaCl stress, application of biochar extended life duration of rice plant upto 80 DAT, whereas without biochar application rice plant died after 60 DAT. Upon exposure to 1600 ppm NaCl stress, application of 2, 4 and 6 t ha−1 of biochar increased grain yield by 37, 42 and 30%, respectively, compared with the respective salt treatments (without biochar). Biochar enhanced yield of rice under saline conditions by enhancing yield contributing attributes including effective tillers and 1000-grain weight and by reducing salt-induced damages. However, response of 4 t ha−1 of biochar was best among the biochar levels (2, 4 and 6 t ha−1 of biochar) under both saline and non-saline conditions. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(1): 105-113

Considering the effect of salt stress on morph-physiological and biochemical changes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. BARI Gom-26) as well as mitigation of the adverse effect through exogenous application of Ascorbic Acid (AsA), Silicon (Si) and Gibberellic Acid (GA3), the experiment was conducted at Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. In the field experiment, four levels of salt stress (0, 50, 80, 120 mM NaCl) were applied at 20 days after sowing and grown up to harvest. AsA (2 mM ascorbic acid), Si (200 μM SiO2), GA3 (100 μM gibberellic acid) were applied as foliar spraying at 20 days interval. Seeds were collected from the field experiment which used as secondary seeds as planting materials for second experiment to evaluate the influence of AsA, Si and GA3 on growth performance and physiological attributes of seedlings under salt stress. Experiment revealed that AsA, Si and GA3 enhanced the germination and growth performance of seedling under salinity stress. Overall, GA3 significantly increased the seed germination (%) and seedling growth parameters, while silicon mostly improved the fresh weight and chlorophyll (a, b and a+b) and AsA showed better relative water contents with other parameters. Considering the results of experiments, GA3 performed better than the AsA and Si in mitigating salt stress. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(1): 115-128

For proper management of groundwater resources, estimation of groundwater recharge is crucial. Information on groundwater recharge is particularly important in dry areas where groundwater is continuously depleting. In this study, groundwater recharge was estimated at two locations in the dry, Barind area of Bangladesh using the applied tracer, water balance (WB) and water-table fluctuation (WTF) methods. In the WTF method, considerations for drinking and irrigation withdrawal were taken. For runoff estimation in the WB method, a modified form of the USDA-SCS method was used. The results revealed that the average yearly recharge at the Nachol location varied from 104.9–195.8 mm/year under different methods, having a mean of 136.1 mm/yr over the methods. At Niamatpur location, the recharge rate varied from 125.1 to 210 mm (9.9 – 15.1% of yearly rainfall) under different methods, having a mean of 157.6 mm/yr. On average, the WTF method produced the lowest estimate of recharge followed by WB method. Based on the local geological and hydrological settings and the suitability/limitations of the methods themselves, the tracer technique may be regarded as a reliable method for the study area. The information on recharge will help the ‘water resource agency’ and ‘policymakers’ to adjust pumping/irrigation schemes, avoid over-exploitation of the groundwater resource, and ensure the long-term sustainability of the resource in the area.

Some studies on the impact of climate changes on wheat have been carried out, but few have explained the possible variations in root morphology and associated microbial diversity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of canopy temperature increases of 2°C in wheat during three experimental crop cycles on the initial and final root density and the presence of symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under field conditions. The warming treatment resulted in the highest percentage of roots (51%) at a greater depth than the control. The warming caused a 38% decrease in the presence of AMF and a 20% decrease in the number of spores per kilogram of soil. The warming treatment generated stress intensities of 18 and 17% in the amount of spore per kilogram of soil and percentage of colonization, respectively.

Babesia and Theileria are potential threats to the livestock industry, causing considerable economic losses. These tick-borne blood parasites are more prevalent in crossbred cattle than local cattle in Bangladesh.To confirm the species of Babesia and Theileria in crossbred cattle from the northern part of Bangladesh using conventional and molecular tools.A total of 385 crossbred cattle blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR. For molecular detection, B. bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a, B. bovis spherical body protein-4, and Theileria spp. 18S rRNA were used as the marker genes.Using PCR, only 72 (18.7%) samples were found piroplasm positive, of which 12.2% Theileria, 4.7% Babesia, and 1.8% mixed infections. Both Babesia (7.3%), Theileria (7.7%) and mixed (2.8%) infections were detected in Sirajganj, and only Theileria (20.4%) was detected in Rangpur district. By PCR and nPCR we detected B. bigemina and T. annulata in Sirajganj district, and Theileria sp. in Rangpur district. The target gene sequences of isolated pathogens confirmed B. bigemina and T. annulata, and Theileria sp from these samples. Blood smears of all samples were also examined microscopically for Babesia and/or Theileria spp. and 14.3% of samples were found positive, of which 5.9% Babesia and 8.3% Theileria. Generally, the pathogens detected in Sirajgang and Rangpur were genetically related to South Asia, particularly South East Asian isolates.These findings provide information for a better understanding of the epidemiology of Babesia and Theileria as well as to improve the approaches for diagnosis and control of tick-borne diseases in Bangladesh.

A 95 days experiment was conducted to observe the growth performance of giant fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) replacing fishmeal protein by dietary soybean meal protein in ten earthen mini ponds (50 m2), at Khulna University campus . Five experimental diets containing 25% protein as Control, Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3 and Diet 4 were used. In Control, 36% fishmeal was used as a sole source of protein and Diet 1, 2, 3 and 4 were prepared by substituting fishmeal protein with 30, 40, 50, and 80% fishmeal protein with soybean meal protein respectively. Juvenile shrimps were collected from local vendors having 1.7 g average weight and stocked at a density of 3 m-2. Water and soil quality was monitored regularly and found within the acceptable range. The prawns were fed twice daily at satiations by serving the diets in feeding trays. The highest average weight gain was found in Diet 4 (23.89 ± 5.29 g) and the lowest in Diet 2 (17.68 ± 1.09), although no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed among the treatment and the lowest FCR (1.09) the highest SGR (2.60) and PER (3.43) was achieved in Diet 4 that showed significant difference (p

A six months study was carried out in an alternative shrimp paddy cultivation plot situated in Khulna District, Bangladesh. In soil, the mean values of sodium (Na) 13.33 mg l-1, calcium (Ca) 42.12 mg l-1, potassium (K) 472.50 mg l-1, iron (Fe) 1.01 mg l-1, phosphorus (P) 7.05 mg l-1, sulfur (S) 46.67 mg l-1, ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) 247.68 mg l-1, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) 114.78 mg l-1, pH 8.09, Electric conductivity (EC) 4.45 ms m-1, redox potential (Eh) -63.65 mv and organic carbon (OC) 2.56% were observed. Whereas in water, the mean values were found as Na (1051.25 mg l-1), Ca (400.00 mg l-1), K (135.50 mg l-1), Fe (0.75 mg l-1), P (1.626 mg l-1), S (283.75 mg l-1), NH4+-N (43.05 mg l-1), NO3--N (17.64 mg l-1), pH (8.29), EC (35.30 ms m-1), Eh (-73.08 mv). Except Ca and S, P, Na, K, Fe, NH4+-N, NO3--N, EC and Eh were increased over the culture period of shrimp. The value of pH was decreased gradually in water and increased in soil. Insignificant monthly variation in most of parameters measured except water Fe, soil Ca and soil NO3--N indicate that present alternative shrimp-paddy cultivation practice has no significant impact on the plot.

A survey on culture and capture fishery was conducted at Beel Dakatia of Khulna district. Total area of the Beel Dakatia was 28328 acres and persons were found to live around the beel is about 135,000 of which 3.97% were directly and 19.87% were indirectly involved in aquaculture. While about 0.2% people were directly and about 1% were indirectly involved in the capture fishery. The land use distribution was 52% for aquaculture, 31% for housing, 9.83% for agriculture, 2.56% for capture fishery, 0.61% as marshland and 4% for community utilities. Mainly two culture systems namely integrated culture and poly culture were followed. Of the people involved in aquaculture, 93% farmers practiced integrated culture while 7% practiced poly culture. The average production of prawn and fish in poly culture was found to be 225 and 95 kg/acre, respectively. In integrated culture yields were 198 and 83 kg/ acre, respectively. In case of integrated culture, paddy and other vegetables were also produced along with prawn and fishes. Average production of paddy in integrated culture was found to be 1560 kg/ acre. Net profits per acre from integrated and poly culture were 59673 and 51022 Tk, respectively. In capture fishery 41 species of fish and 3 species of prawn were harvested. Culture fishery included only 8 species of fish and one species of prawn. Three types of craft (boat, nouka; small boat, donga and raft, vella), five types of gear (cast net, khapla jal; drug net, tana jal; current net, current jal; gill net, fash jal and push net, thela jal), six types of trap (basket trap, ghuni; box trap, vair; basket trap, chonga, basket trap, polo; basket trap, tubo and bitte) and five types of hook and spear (chip-borshi, borshi, fulkuchi, jhupi and konch) were used in the capture fishery while only tana jal and khapla jal were used in aquaculture for harvesting fish. It was revealed that agriculture and capture fishery area is decreasing rapidly with increasing aquaculture activities. Over all livelihood status of the people in Beel Dakatia was observed improving day by day with the increase of aquaculture activities.

Background Serotype 24F is one of the emerging pneumococcal serotypes after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). We aimed to identify lineages driving the increase of serotype 24F in France and place these findings into a global context. Methods Whole-genome sequencing was performed on a collection of serotype 24F pneumococci from asymptomatic colonisation (n=229) and invasive disease (n=190) isolates among individuals younger than 18 years in France, from 2003 to 2018. To provide a global context, we included an additional collection of 24F isolates in the Global Pneumococcal Sequencing (GPS) project database for analysis. A Global Pneumococcal Sequence Cluster (GPSC) and a clonal complex (CC) were assigned to each genome. Phylogenetic, evolutionary, and spatiotemporal analysis were conducted using the same 24F collection and supplemented with a global collection of genomes belonging to the lineage of interest from the GPS project database (n=25 590). Findings Serotype 24F was identified in numerous countries mainly due to the clonal spread of three lineages: GPSC10 (CC230), GPSC16 (CC156), and GPSC206 (CC7701). GPSC10 was the only multidrug-resistant lineage. GPSC10 drove the increase in 24F in France and had high invasive disease potential. The international dataset of GPSC10 (n=888) revealed that this lineage expressed 16 other serotypes, with only six included in 13-valent PCV (PCV13). All serotype 24F isolates were clustered in a single clade within the GPSC10 phylogeny and long-range transmissions were detected from Europe to other continents. Spatiotemporal analysis showed GPSC10-24F took 3–5 years to spread across France and a rapid change of serotype composition from PCV13 serotype 19A to 24F during the introduction of PCV13 was observed in neighbouring country Spain. Interpretation Our work reveals that GPSC10 alone is a challenge for serotype-based vaccine strategy. More systematic investigation to identify lineages like GPSC10 will better inform and improve next-generation preventive strategies against pneumococcal diseases. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Plankton population of shrimp and shrimp-GIFT (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia) culture ponds were studied. The present study was carried out to estimate phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and diversity in mono and polyculture systems. A total of 13 phytoplankton genera of cyanophyceae, chlorophyceae, bacillariophyceae, euglenophyceae, rhodophyceae and dinophyceae were recorded from the monoculture ponds while 12 phytoplankton genera were measured from shrimp-tilapia mixed culture ponds. Six genera of zooplankton under copepod, rotifer, cladocera, ostracoda were identified in monoculture system and 7 genera were found from polyculture ponds. The numbers of phytoplankton and zooplankton species were recorded to be significantly (p

Shrimp farming is economically admired and environmentally accused in Bangladesh. Environmental impacts of shrimp farm are related among others to management of waste water and pond sludge. Pond sludge has the potential to be recycled and also can be used as organic manure considering the presence of high level of nutrients and organic matter. The performance of sludge as organic manure was studied on Mahogany seedlings, which was grown on incremental sludge (10%, 20%, 30% --------- 90%) mixture with soil and the performance was compared with other soil mixtures (soil with chemical fertilizer; soil with cow dung and soil with both chemical fertilizer and cow dung mixture) in the nursery. The height, diameter, biomass (leaf, root and shoot) and nutrient concentrations (N, P and K) in leaf of seedlings were measured after 4 month of germination. It was observed that the height and diameter growth, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in leaf of seedlings were similar in soil mixture with 90% sludge and soil with both chemical fertilizer and cow dung mixture. The biomass (leaf, root and shoot) production was higher in soil mixture with 90% sludge than soil with both chemical fertilizer and cow dung mixture.

Background:Epidural hematoma (EDH) is accumulation of blood between the inner table of the skull and thedural membrane due to trauma and predominantly consists of venous blood in case ofchildren.Children with extradural hematoma (EDH) present differently than adults and outcome would also be different. Methods and Materials: This is a prospective interventional study done in the Department of Neurosurgery, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital (DMCH) in between period of January 2016 to December 2019. Children of both sex below 12 years of age with EDH were included after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. Follow up period was 1 month after surgery. Results: Among 90 patients, 73.3% were male and 26.7% were female. Age 5 - 12 years is most commonly affected among all age groups, attributing to 58.9%, fall from height was the most common cause (58.9%) followed by road traffic accident (32.2%), fall of heavy object over head (7.8%) etc. The most common symptom was vomiting which was present in 85.6% of patients followed by altered consciousness in 72.2%, headache in 60% and scalp swelling in 25.6% of patients. The follow-up of our patients was 1 month after surgery. Most of our patients made good recovery. Among them 73 patients (81.1%) were neurologically intact (GOS 5), 10 (11.1%) patients had some deficit but could do their daily activity independently (GOS 4), 03 patients (3.3%) was dependant on other for daily activity with cognitive deficit (GOS 3) and 4 patients (4.4%) died. Conclusion:EDH in children can be managed by surgery with good outcomes. Even in the presence of poor initial clinical and radiologic conditions, timely intervention can lead to a good recovery. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 865-874

Surveillance was conducted to investigate the ecto-and endo-parasitic (gastrointestinal) infections of bapard cattle farm from July 2020 to June 2021 at the Laboratories of BAPARD and Department of Parasitology, BAU. In the study area, a total number of 600 fecal samples and 250 ectoparasites were collected and investigated. Fecal samples were examined by direct smear method followed by McMaster counting technique under microscope. The overall prevalence of endoparasitic (gastrointestinal) infections was 67.5% and ectoparasitic infection was 56%. Prevalence of endoparasite was more frequent in rainy season (52.35%) followed by summer (26.91%) and winter season (20.74%) whereas prevalence of ectoparasite was more prevalent in summer (34.00%) followed by rainy (12.00%) and winter (8.00%) season. Among the endoparasitic infections,high prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (20.00%) was found in rainy season whereas Haemonchus spp. (11.67%) and Toxocara spp. (10.83%) were higher in summer season. In cattle, prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (24.00%) and Haemonchus spp. (15.00%) was higher in adult cattle whereas prevalence of Toxocara spp. (25.00%) and coccidian parasitic infection (17.5%) was higher in calf than adult animal. The overall prevalence of ectoparasite was 56% and tick infestation was highest prevalent (20.00%) followed by lice (16.00%), mange (12.00%) and maggot infestations (8.00%). High humidity (above 70%) and temperature provoke high endo and ectoparasitic infections among cattle populations indicate reduced farm productivity and profitability in the study area. Therefore, training of the cattle farmers on the knowledge and appropriate implementation and use of anthelmintic will help to reduce the morbidity of ecto and endoparasitic infections among cattle populations. Vol. 9, No. 2, August 2022: 145-152

Toxocariasis is a paramount parasitic disease having 50% prevalence among newborn buffalo calves in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of clinically used anthelmintics and their subsequent effect on the haematological parameters and body weight in buffalo calves in commercial buffalo farms in coastal region. Thirty-two buffalo calves below 3 months of age with clinical

Photovoltaic (PV) system's performance is significantly affected by its orientation and tilt angle. Experimental investigation (indoor and outdoor) has been carried out to trace the variation in PV performance and electrical parameters at varying tilt angles in Malaysian conditions. There were two experimental modus: 1) varying module tilt under constant irradiation level, 2) varying irradiation intensity at the optimum tilt set up. For the former scheme, the irradiation level was maintained at 750 W/m2, and for the later arrangement, the module tilt angle was varied from 0o to 80o by means of a single-axis tracker. Results show that under constant irradiation of 750 W/m2, every 5o increase in tilt angle causes a power drop of 2.09 W at indoor and 3.45 W at outdoor. In contrast, for the same condition, efficiency decreases by 0.54% for indoor case and by 0.76% at outdoor. On the other hand, for every 100 W/m2 increase in irradiation, solar cell temperature rises by 7.52°C at indoor and by 5.67°C at outdoor. As of module electrical parameters, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage and maximum power point current drops substantially with increasing tilt angle, whereas fill factor drops rather gradually. Outdoor experimental investigation confirms that the optimum tilt angle at Malaysian conditions is 15o and orienting a PV module this angle will maximize the sun's energy captured and thereby enhance its performance.

Background: Orbit, having a volume of 30cc, contains neurosensory, vascular, motor and secretary structures; is surrounded by facial structures. Visual impairment and restricted ocular motility may be caused by diseases of these structures. Inflammation, neoplasia, structural abnormalities, vascular lesion, and degeneration and deposition can occur within or around the orbit. Objective: To evaluate the outcome of the management of vascular lesions of orbit and ocular adnexa attending at a tertiary eye hospital. Method: A prospective interventional study was conducted in a tertiary eye hospital, during the period of July, 2008 to June, 2010. A total of 60 patients with proptosis/lid growth irrespective of age and sex were selected for this study according to selection criteria. Method of medical and surgical treatment were recorded and postoperative details examination including visual acuity, amount of proptosis, cosmetic outcome had been done. Patients were followed after first day, first week, six weeks and six months of postoperative period. Result: In vascular lesion of the orbit, 53.33 % patients were cavernous haemangioma, 26.67 % patients were capillary haemangioma, 8.33%patients were orbital varices, 6.67 % patients were lymphangioma and 5 % were haemangiopericytoma. Only 10 (16.67%) cases managed by medical treatment and bulk of the patients about 50 (83.33%) patients surgically managed. 10 (62.5%) patients of capillary haemangioma were managed by medically. Among the surgical complications stitch granuloma was higher (10) followed by recurrence (6). There were no complications occurred in 30 (50%) cases. Conclusion: Cavernous haemangioma was higher among vascular lesions of orbit and adnexa treated surgically. Central Medical College Journal Vol 5 No 1 Jan 2021 PP 20-24

A mutant population was generated using a popular wheat cultivar of Bangladesh; BARI GOM-28, with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to create diversity in terms of different agronomic characteristics and grain quality parameters. An EMS concentration ranging from 0.2% to 1.2% was used and the optimum was found to be 0.8%. This study was initiated with 16,000 seeds, where 1,581 lines survived under greenhouse conditions up to M4 generation. Through 3 subsequent field trials, 3 promising lines, namely, 0037/17, 0020/17 and 0023/17 were selected with enhanced spike length, number of spikes per plant, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grains weight per plant and 1000-grain weight. Such improved agronomic traits contributed towards a greater yield potential of 0037/17 (5.94-6.10 t ha-1), 0020/17 (5.47-5.54 t ha-1) and 0023/17 (4.97-5.20 t ha-1) than BARI GOM-28 (3.63-3.69 t ha-1) in the multi-location trial. Improvement in certain bread-making qualities like wet gluten content (>28%) and total protein content (~13%) was also observed and compared to BARI GOM-28 which had 22% wet gluten and 11% total protein. Therefore, these mutant lines could be used as a valuable resource for genetic studies to dissect the function of the genes controlling such desired parameters as well as superior breeding lines.

IntroductionArsenic (As) contamination in soil, sediments, and water poses a significant threat to the growth of bamboo plants. However, nanoparticles with high metal absorbance capacity can play a key role in the reduction of heavy metals toxicity in plants as well as maintaining their growth under toxicity.MethodsHence, an in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the influence of three types of nanoparticles: 150 µM silicon nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), 150 µM titanium nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and 150 µM zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on As (150 µM and 250 µM) tolerance enhancement of a one-year-old bamboo species (Pleioblastus pygmaeus).Results and discussionThe results showed that while As at 150 µM and 250 µM significantly disrupted the plant growth by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) components, and inducing cell membrane peroxidation, the addition of NPs increased both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, upregulated glyoxalase defense system, and improved gas exchange parameters and photosynthetic pigments content, leading to the enhanced plant shoot and root dry weight. These were achieved by lowering levels of ROS, electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the superoxide radical (O2•−), as well as decreasing As accumulation in the plant organs. Thus, it might be concluded that ZnO NPs, SiO2NPs, and TiO2NPS alone or in combination can significantly increase the bamboo plant tolerance to As toxicity via key mechanisms, including induction of various antioxidants and glyoxalase defense systems, scavenging of ROS and methylglyoxal (MG), increasing phytochelatins production, reduction of As accumulation and translocation, and improving photosynthetic pigments under As toxicity. Additionally, the results showed that the combined application of 150 µM ZnO NPs, SiO2 NPs, and TiO2 NPs had the greatest effect on enhancing the plant tolerance to As at 150 µM and 250 µM.

Overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) turf on dormant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers. L) in transitional climatic zones (TCZ) experience a severe reduction in its growth due to cold stress. Primary plant nutrients play an important role in the cold stress tolerance of plants. To better understand the cold stress tolerance of overseeded perennial ryegrass under TCZ, a three-factor and five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with a regression model was used to study the interactive effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization on lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and their detoxification by the photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The study demonstrated substantial effects of N, P, and K fertilization on ROS production and their detoxification through enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways in overseeded perennial ryegrass under cold stress. Our results demonstrated that the cold stress significantly enhanced malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide contents, while simultaneously decreasing ROS-scavenging enzymes, antioxidants, and photosynthetic pigments in overseeded perennial ryegrass. However, N, P, and K application mitigated cold stress-provoked adversities by enhancing soluble protein, superoxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, catalase, and proline contents as compared to the control conditions. Moreover, N, P, and, K application enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in overseeded perennial ryegrass under cold stress as compared to the control treatments. Collectively, this 2−years study indicated that N, P, and K fertilization mitigated cold stress by activating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants defense systems, thereby concluding that efficient nutrient management is the key to enhanced cold stress tolerance of overseeded perennial ryegrass in a transitional climate. These findings revealed that turfgrass management will not only rely on breeding new varieties but also on the development of nutrient management strategies for coping cold stress.

Nutrients leaching from litter (leaves, bark, needles and twigs) have a major contribution to the supply and cycling of nutrients to crops. Among the litter parts, leaves are the main and quick source of organic matter to the soil whereas, green leaves return more nutrients than other forms of leaves. The return potentiality of K, P and N through leaching from green leaves of the major agroforest tree species: Zizyphus jujuba, Melia azadirachta, Albizia saman, Dalbergia sissoo and Azadirachta indica are presented on this study. Green leaves of the studied tree species were collected and then leached in water (deionized). Nutrient release through a leaching experiment was conducted for 192 hours. Percentage (%) of green leaf mass loss and Total Dissolved Solid with Electrical Conductivity of the collected leaching water showed a curvilinear relationship with time significantly (p < 0.05). NH4, PO4 and K concentration of the collected leaching water of the individual cropland agroforest tree species was significantly (p < 0.05) increased for 72 hours in the initial stage but at the later stage remained constant. Individual tree species showed the same nutrient release (K > NH4 > PO4) pattern. The highest concentration of 5121 ppm NH4 and potassium (13357 ppm) was found for Melia azadirachta and the lowest concentration of 1424 ppm NH4 and potassium (4410 ppm) was observed for Albizia saman. Results from the study highlighted that M. azadirachta was the best among the studied tree species in terms of nutrient return followed by A. indica and D. sissoo.

Channel migration and resultant meander movements are the two important fluvial processes found in the riparian environment of a river basin. The present research explores the changing nature of the meander movements and meander geometry of the Raidak-I River in the Himalayan foothill region using geospatial tools. The study incorporated Landsat data (satellite imageries) for the years 1972, 1980, 1988, 2004, 2012 and 2021 and the whole study has been segmented into five periods i.e., 1972–1980, 1980–1988, 1988–2004, 2004–2012 and 2012–2021 to examine which type of meander movement dominates in the Raidak-I River within a particular time frame and how the nature of the meander movements is being changed over time. Bank lines of different periods have been superimposed with the help of the overlay analysis method in ArcGIS software (Version 10.8) to obtain the results. Furthermore, Arc-Extension tools have also been used to measure the meander geometry. Twelve active river bends have been identified to study meander geometry of sinuosity indices, meander length, meander width, meander-ratio, channel width and radius of curvature from 1972 to 2021. Initially, lateral movements predominated but, in the late-stage, rotational movement became much more prominent, which indicates dynamicity of the river channel in recent time. The cross-sectional study revealed that a convex bank has frequently been replaced with a concave bank and vice versa. The study finds human intervention – especially the construction of embankments – is the main reason behind such meander dynamics. The method we have used here is very simple, and thus can be considered for any part of the world and is very beneficial for identifying suitable sites for embankment construction, river restoration and channel management.

The issues of improving thermal comfort inside the building have become a global point of research interest attributed to the realization that people spend more than 90% of their time in the indoor environment. This study investigated the thermal comfort temperature range for indoor open spaces in second level of the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) library. The study conducted through subjective measurement (thermal sensation questionnaire) and physical measurement (air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, mean radiant temperature measurement). A total of 120 occupants completed the thermal sensation questionnaire of indoor open spaces for morning and afternoon sessions for six days. Physical measurements data were also collected at eight measurement sampling point across the indoor open space for six days. The linear regression analysis for air temperature with thermal sensation vote (TSV) and predicted mean vote (PMV) for both morning session and afternoon session shows a good fit of the regression model on the observed data. It shows 70% of the variation in the output variable of TSV and PMV can be explained by the input variables of air temperature. The thermal comfort temperature ranges for TSV of -0.5 to +0.5 were within the range of 24.17 ºC to 25.01ºC for morning session and 23.63 ºC to 24.20 ºC for the afternoon air temperature. In addition, the thermal comfort temperature ranges for PMV of -0.5 to +0.5 were 24.03 ºC to 25.15 ºC for morning session and 23.70 ºC to 24.47 ºC for the afternoon. By using linear regression equation, the relation between air temperature, PMV and TSV were obtained.

Fasciola gigantica, the causative agent of tropical fasciolosis, is a food-borne zoonotic trematode that affects around 80% livestock of Bangladesh. Triclabendazole (TCBZ), nitroxynil (NTON) and oxyclozanide (OCZN) are frequently used against fascioliasis; however, the current status of potency of these flukicides was unknown. In this study, in vitro efficacy of TCBZ, NTON and OCZN at various concentrations on F. gigantica has been evaluated by relative motility (RM), morphological distortions of apical cone through an inverted microscope, architectural and ultra-structural changes through histopathological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is observed that TCBZ, NTON and OCZN at higher concentrations significantly (P < 0.05) reduced RM of the flukes compared to untreated control. NTON at 150 μg mL−1 was the most potent to reduce the motility within 4 h whereas TCBZ and OCZN were much delayed. Histopathological changes showed swollen, extensive cracking, numerous vacuoles and splitting of the tegument surrounding the spines; spine dislodged from its socket in treated flukes compared to untreated worms. Histopathological changes were more conspicuous at higher doses of TCBZ, NTON and OCZN. SEM has shown the disruption of the apical cone, apart from swelling of the tegument on the ventral surface corrugation and disruption of the ventral apical cone. All these changes indicate that NTON is the most potent in killing flukes in vitro among the tested flukicides and suggest the presence of TCBZ-resistant fluke populations in Bangladesh. It is imperative to explore the in vivo effects of these flukicides and subsequently their molecular mechanisms.

Nutritional composition of wild earthworm (Perionyx excavatus) and fishmeal used by local fish-feed industry in Bangladesh was determined to evaluate the nutritionally replacement potentiality of this earthworm species for fishmeal mostly used in feed for aquaculture and other animal production. Except for moisture content, the proximate chemical values in P. excavatus did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) from that in fishmeal. On an average, the earthworm had lower protein content (46.57 ± 0.97%) than fishmeal had (54.97 ± 7.49 %). On the other hand, the mean lipid content (8.03 ± 0.44 %) in this earthworm was found to be higher compared to fishmeal (7.97 ± 1.60 %). The average ash content in the earthworm and fishmeal were 24.26 ± 0.68 % and 24.13 ± 8.44 %, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that this earthworm species had almost similar nutritional values to the fishmeal, and thus would be a potential source of animal protein in supplementing fishmeal. In an implication, year-round production of this earthworm species through standard mass culture system, and its radical use could play a pivotal role in sustainable fisheries and aquaculture production.

This paper evaluates the production pattern and economics of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming in seasonally saline rice fields in Bangladesh. The reconnaissance survey was conducted on 30 rice-prawn ghers (RPG) in south-west region of Bangladesh. The farmers were found to use their rice fields for farming prawn and rice (aman) concurrently from April/May to January, and for only rice (boro) from January to April. In the RPG farming system, farmers use rain water during wet season, and underground water with salinity of 1-5 ‰ during dry season. The average production of prawn, aman, and boro was recorded as 439.79±90.46, 3155.48±397.33, 4778.54±389.37 kg/ha/yr, respectively. The economic analysis show potentially good return, and the net return and benefit-cost ratio were US$ 1078.35 and 1.25, respectively. The payback period was determined as 9.37 years. The study implies that the culture of prawn in seasonally saline paddy field is economically viable.