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Background Antrochoanal polyps (ACPs) are pathologically benign nasal swellings. The maxillary sinus is the commonest reported origin. The polyps are usually unilateral and often exit through the progressively widened maxillary sinus ostium to occupy the choana and may reach the nasopharynx. It is a disease of adolescents and young adults who often present with progressive unilateral nasal obstruction. Encountering bilateral antrochoanal polyps is very rare. Case presentation We report a forty years old male who had progressive bilateral nasal obstruction for 8 years associated with hyposmia and intermittent facial pain and headaches. A nasal mass could be seen on anterior rhinoscopy on both sides, more prominent on the left. Endoscopy revealed bilateral masses hanging down the choanae. Computerized tomography scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses demonstrated bilateral nasal polypi and widening of the maxillary sinus ostia. During endoscopic surgical excision of the lesions, polypi were found to dilate the ostia of both maxillary sinuses. The polypi had antral, nasal, and choanal parts typical of antrochoanal polypi on both sides. The histopathology showed the inflammatory nature characteristic of antrochoanal polyp. Postoperatively, the patient’s symptoms resolved dramatically, and he is on continuous regular scheduled follow-up. Conclusion Bilateral antrochoanal polyps can present with nasal obstruction and can be misdiagnosed as sinusitis; radiological and endoscopic features are useful to reach specific diagnosis; what is special about our presentation is that it is an addition to the literature of a rare disease (bilateral ACPs), and we are reporting it in an older age rather than the common younger age of presentation in the literature reports, which is an addition to the demographic data.

Background Sinonasal masses are not an uncommon spectrum of diseases. They are frequently encountered in Sudan, sometimes with variability in modalities across the country. The objective of this study is to document the pattern of sinonasal masses in Sudanese patients and to highlight the knowledge of the modalities, clinical presentations, and management. As a consequence, this will raise awareness especially of the general practitioners and family physicians and hence the community locally and regionally. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can reduce the rate of recurrence, fatal complications, and hence morbidity and mortality. Methods This is a prospective descriptive, comparative hospital-based study conducted from January 2020 to January 2021. All patients with sinonasal masses, who came to Khartoum ENT Teaching Hospital seeking medical advice during the above-mentioned period were included in the study provided they satisfy the inclusion criteria. Enrollment was optional with the right to withdraw at any time. Consent was verbal with the reassurance about the aspect of confidentiality, privacy, and consent of the data. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical committee (EDC) SMSB and from the research committee of Khartoum teaching hospital. Analysis was done using a computer and the statistical package of social sciences SPSS V.25 Results A total number of 244 patients were studied. The age group of 21–40 years was the most encountered with the disease (42.6%). Two hundred three patients (83%) had a non-neoplastic disease, (9%) benign neoplastic lesions, and (8%) malignant neoplastic lesions. The non-neoplastic group was dominated by nasal polyposis of which the fungal were the most common (50%). Among benign neoplastic lesions, pyogenic granuloma ranked first (24%). Among malignant neoplastic lesions, squamous cell carcinoma dominated the epithelial origin lesions (71%) and Rhabdomyosarcoma dominated the connective tissue cell types (50%). Nasal obstruction is the most common complaint (94.7%) followed by nasal discharge (64.8%) then anosmia (53.3%). Endoscopic surgery was done in (84.4%) of patients, combined approach endoscopic and open surgery in (5.3%) while open surgery alone was done in 2.5%. Radiation and chemotherapy were used in 2% each, while chemo-radiation was used in (2.5%). The rest of the cases (1.3%) were managed by surgery followed by chemoradiation. Conclusion Patients with sinonasal masses in Sudan especially the age group 21–40 years must be seen in specialized Otolaryngology clinics to pick, diagnose and treat significant diseases in an early stage. Radiology and histopathology are a must in sinonasal swellings to diagnose malignant diseases at an early stage. Nasosinus fungal polyposis being the commonest in non-neoplastic lesions, the commonest among all sinonasal masses added together, and a known reported endemic disease in the country must receive special consideration and investigation for early diagnosis and treatment.

\item[Background] The nuclear responses for antineutrinos associated with double beta decays (DBDs) and astro-antineutrino interactions are studied by measuring ordinary muon capture (OMC) rates. \item[Purpose]The experimental studies of absolute OMC rates and their mass number dependence for $^{100}$Mo and the natural Mo are currently of interest in astro-antineutrinos and DBDs. \item[Method]The OMC rates were obtained experimentally by measuring the time spectrum of the trapped muon's decay into electrons to obtain the half-lives of the trapped muons. \item[Results]The OMC rate for the enriched isotope of $^{100}$Mo is $\Lambda$($^{100}$Mo)=(7.07$\pm$0.32)$\times10^{6}$ s$^{-1}$, while that for the natural Mo is $\Lambda$($^{\rm nat}$Mo)=(9.66$\pm$0.44)$\times10^{6}$ s$^{-1}$, i.e., $\Lambda$($^{100}$Mo) is about 27$\%$ of $\Lambda$($^{\rm nat}$Mo), reflecting the blocking effect of the excess neutrons for the proton-to-neutron transformation in OMC. The present experimental observation is consistent with the predictions using Goulard-Primakoff's (GPs) and Primakoff's (Ps) empirical equations. \item[Conclusions] The absolute OMC rates for $^{100}$Mo and $^{\rm nat}$Mo were measured. The large neutron excess in $^{100}$Mo gives a much lower OMC rate than $^{\rm nat}$Mo. On both $^{100}$Mo and $^{\rm nat}$Mo, consistent OMC rates with the GP and P values are observed., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables

Background Acute sinusitis is not an uncommon disease that manifests with inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses. It has varied etiologies including viral, bacterial, fungal, and allergic. Anatomical variations, trauma, auto-immunity, diabetes mellitus, and dental procedures are predisposing factors. With the wide variation in the etiological factors, the management could be tricky. This study is quite relevant with the advent of the relentlessly persisting COVID-19 pandemic which affects the upper respiratory tract as well. Methods This is a descriptive hospital-based prospective study conducted at the Khartoum ENT Teaching Hospital, Ibnsina Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, and Omdurman Teaching Hospital in Khartoum State in the period from March 2020 to February 2021. The study included all patients 18 years and older diagnosed with acute sinusitis. The data was collected by a well-structured questionnaire designed to meet the objectives of the study and analyzed using SPSS 20. Any COVID-19 suspect is excluded from the study. Results The total number of patients was 109; of them, 59 (54.1%) were females and 50 (45.9%) were males, and the female to male ratio was 1.18:1. One hundred seven (98.2%) patients received medical treatment and two patients (1.8%) did take the medications. Eighty-one patients (74.3%) were cured with medical treatment and only 28 patients (25.7%) needed surgical intervention. The age group from 25 to 40 years old was the most affected, accounting for 68 patients (62.4%), and the above 60 years old (3.7%) was the least affected group. Conclusion Acute sinusitis is not an uncommon disease, if addressed properly and timely is medically treatable in most cases apart from complicated cases. This study shows that the active working ages (25-40) were the most affected. Few patients needed surgery (FESS). Negligence could result in complications. Diseases like COVID-19 affect the upper respiratory tract, and there is a similarity in symptoms, and in the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic nowadays, differentiation is of paramount importance.

Motor vehicle administration is a composite process and revolves around the management and the control of motor licensing.Motor vehicle licensing is the payment of a fee for the use of motor vehicles on public roads. Motor vehicle licensing in Nigeriabegan over 100 years ago starting from the colonial administration and the records then were manually kept which did not help inraising the efficiency of the general automotive services. The current process of motor vehicle licensing is being operated manually and due to this procedure, numerous problems are been encountered. This study seeks to develop a software that linksall the procedures of the motor vehicle licensing system in motor license authority in the manual system of motor vehicleregistration and introduces a better system which is the computerized system that will contribute to providing solutions to theproblems in the manual system. This work was designed to aid the framework for a client-server distributed database system forlicensing and registration of automobiles in Nigeria online. The system was implemented using PHP scripting language, HTML,MySQL Server, and Macromedia Dreamweaver. This study highly recommends that the motor vehicle licensing office should setup a computer-based system and more research done to perfect and make it more useful.

The negative-muon capture reaction (MCR) on the enriched $^{100}Mo$ isotope was studied for the first time to investigate neutrino nuclear response for neutrino-less double beta decays and supernova neutrino nuclear interactions. MCR on $^{100}Mo$ proceeds mainly as $^{100}Mo(mu,xn)^{100-x}Nb$ with $x$ being the number of neutrons emitted from MCR. The Nb isotope mass distribution was obtained by measuring delayed gamma-rays from radioactive $^{100-x}Nb$. By using the neutron emission model after MCR, the neutrino response (the strength distribution) for MCR was derived. Giant resonance (GR)-like distribution at the peak energy around 11-14 MeV, suggests concentration of the MCR strength at the muon capture GR region., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures

A questionnaire survey of conservation attitudes of 1190 people living adjacent to Arusha, Tarangire, Lake Manyara, and Mikumi National Parks and the Selous Game Reserve showed that over 71% were opposed to the suggested abolishment of the adjacent protected area. However, when local people were asked, ‘What good things do people from the adjacent park do?’, 47% reported ‘nothing’. If these same individuals are combined with those who did not answer this question over 71% also held negative or neutral attitudes towards protected area employees. Over 74% of local people felt that poachers are law-breakers. Using a three-way log linear analysis we examined how resource use patterns and problems, and past interactions with the protected area and protected area employees, influence conservation attitudes. Past problems with wildlife, a lack of perceived effectiveness in its control, a shortage of grazing and farming land, problems with flooding, and long-term residency were significantly correlated with support or neutral attitudes toward the abolishment of the adjoining park or reserve. The absence of perceived visitation to a village by a protected area employee, the lack of effectiveness in controlling wildlife, small farm size, problems with flooding, and long-term residency were related to negative attitudes towards protected area employees. Finally, the frequency with which an individual ate meat per month was related to opinions about whether poachers are law-breakers.

With the presence of a uniform vertical magnetic field and suspended particles, thermocapillary instability in a horizontal liquid layer is investigated. The resulting eigenvalue is solved by the Galerkin technique for various basic temperature gradients. It is found that the presence of magnetic field always has a stability effect of increasing the critical Marangoni number., {"references":["D.A. Nield, \"Surface tension and buoyancy effects in the cellular convection\nof an electrically conducting liquid in a magnetic field\", Zeitschrift\nf¨ur Angewandte Mathematik und Physik (ZAMP) 17 (1966) 131-139.","M. Takashima, \"Nature of the neutral state in convective instability\ninduced by surface tension and buoyancy\", Journal of Physical Society\nof Japan 28 (1970) 810.","S.H. Davis, G.M. Homsy, \"Energy stability theory for free surface\nproblems: Buoyancy-thermocapillary layers\", Journal of Fluid Mechanics\n98 (1980) 527-553.","D.A. Nield, \"Surface tension and buoyancy effect in cellular convection\",\nJournal of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1964) 341-352.","N. Rudraiah, V. Ramachandramurthy, O.P. Chandna, \"Effects of magnetic\nfield and non-uniform temperature gradient on Marangoni convection\",\nInternational Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 28 (1985) 1621-1624.","N. Rudraiah, P.G. Siddheshwar, \"Effect of non-uniform basic temperature\ngradient on the onset of Marangoni convection in a fluid with suspended\nparticles\", Aerospace Science and Technology 4 (2000) 517-523.","P.G. Siddheshwar, S. Pranesh, \"Magnetoconvection in fluids with suspended\nparticles under lg and μg\", Aerospace Science and Technology 6\n(2002) 105-114.","M.I. Char, C.C. Chen, \"Effect of a non-uniform temperature gradient on\nthe onset of oscillatory B'enard-Marangoni convection of an electrically\nconducting liquid in a magnetic field\", Int. J. Engrg. Sci. 41 (2003) 1711-\n1727.","I. Hashim, Z. Siri, \"Stabilization of steady and oscillatory Marangoni\ninstability in rotating fluid layer by feedback control strategy, Numerical\nHeat Transfer\", Part A: Applications 54(6) (2008) 647-663.\n[10] S. Awang Kechil, I. Hashim, \"Control of Marangoni instability in a\nlayer of variable-viscosity fluid\", International Communication in Heat\nand Mass Transfer doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2008.06.006\n[11] Z. Siri, I. Hashim, \"Control of oscillatory Marangoni convection in\na rotating fluid layer\", International Communication in Heat and Mass\nTransfer doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2008.06.008\n[12] S. Chandrasekhar, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford\nUniversity Press, Oxford, 1961.\n[13] K.-T. Chiang, \"Effect of a non-uniform basic temperature gradient on\nthe onset of Benard-Marangoni convection: Stationary and oscillatory\nanalyses\", International Communication in Heat and Mass Transfer 32\n(2005) 192-203.\n[14] M.H.O. Dupont, M. Hennenberg, J.C. Legros, \"Marangoni-B'enard\ninstabilities under non-steady conditions: Experimental and theoretical\nresults\", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 35 (1992) 3237-\n3244."]}