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BACKGROUND: We used detailed information on patients with diabetes admitted to hospital to determine differences in clinical outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. METHODS: The study used electronic patient record data from Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. Hospital admission data for patients coded for diabetes was analysed over three time periods: pre-pandemic (31st January 2019-31st January 2020), Wave 1 (1st February 2020-30th June 2020), and Wave 2 (1st September 2020-30th April 2021). We compared clinical outcomes including glycaemia and length of stay. RESULTS: We analysed data obtained from 12,878, 4008 and 7189 hospital admissions during the three pre-specified time periods. The incidence of Level 1 and Level 2 hypoglycaemia was significantly higher during Waves 1 and 2 compared to the pre-pandemic period (25 % and 25.1 % vs. 22.9 % for Level 1 and 11.7 % and 11.5 % vs. 10.3 % for Level 2). The incidence of hyperglycaemia was also significantly higher during the two waves. The median hospital length of stay increased significantly (4.1[1.6, 9.8] and 4.0[1.4, 9.4] vs. 3.5[1.2, 9.2] days). CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, hospital in-patients with diabetes had a greater number of hypoglycaemic/hyperglycaemic episodes and an increased length of stay when compared to the pre-pandemic period. This highlights the necessity for a focus on improved diabetes care during further significant disruptions to healthcare systems and ensuring minimisation of the impact on in-patient diabetes services. SUMMARY: Diabetes is associated with poorer outcomes from COVID-19. However the glycaemic control of inpatients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown. We found the incidence of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia was significantly higher during the pandemic highlighting the necessity for a focus on improved diabetes care during further pandemics.

Increasing numbers of people with diabetes are adopting exercise programmes. Fear of hypoglycaemia, and hypoglycaemia itself, are major issues for many people with diabetes undertaking physical activity. The risk of hypoglycaemia is exacerbated by endurance exercise. In addition, soft tissue injuries are more common in people with diabetes. We have established a multidisciplinary physical activity and diabetes clinic with the aim of empowering, educating and enabling people with diabetes to enjoy sport and exercise without fear of hypoglycaemia or frustration at glycaemic variability or soft tissue injuries. The multidisciplinary team (MDT) includes a diabetologist, sports and exercise physician, radiologist, dietitian, diabetes specialist nurse, and psychologist. Between October 2015 and September 2017, we undertook 19 clinics and saw 66 patients (48 new and 18 follow-up). Of the 48 new referrals (median age 35; range 20–72) 47 had type 1 diabetes and 27 (56%) used an insulin pump. Attendees had a median 18 years of diabetes (range 1–50). Diabetes distress was variable (median PAID score 18; range 0–64). Twenty-five patients attended for glycaemic management, 15 for musculoskeletal issues and eight for both. Sixteen (33%) required physiotherapy and nine (19%) were referred for joint imaging. It is possible to establish a new service to support physical activity in diabetes. To meet demand and enhance the MDT, physiotherapy will be added. A means of assessing the effects of diabetes on physical activity and outcome measures that matter to people with diabetes must be developed.

Objective: Physical activity is important for wellbeing but can be challenging for people with diabetes. Data informing support of specialist activities such as climbing and high altitude trekking is limited. A 42-year-old man with type 1 diabetes (duration 30 years) attended a multidisciplinary Physical Activity and Diabetes clinic planning to climb Mont Blanc during the summer and trek to Everest Base Camp in the autumn. His aims were to complete these adventures without his diabetes impacting on their success. Methods: We report the information provided that enabled him to help safely facilitate his objectives, in particular the requirement for frequent checking of blood glucose levels, the effects of altitude on insulin dose requirements, and recognition that Acute Mountain Sicknes may mimic the symptoms of hypoglycemia and vice versa. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring was made available for his treks. Results: The effects of high altitude on blood glucose results and glycaemic variability whilst treated on multiple daily injections of insulin are reported. In addition, we present a first-person account of his experience and lessons learned from managing diabetes at high altitude. Conclusions: A dedicated multidisciplinary Physical Activity & Diabetes clinic delivering individualized, evidence based, patient- focused advice on the effects of altitude on blood glucose levels, and provision of real-time continuous glucose monitoring enabled uneventful completion of a trek to Everest Base Camp in a person with type 1 diabetes.