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В начале 1990-х гг. в российской историографии по истории Великой Отечественной войны наметились тенденция переоценки событий, сильная ориентация на анализ военных действий, более активно поднимались для изучения проблемы коллаборационизма, жизни тыла, оккупационной политики. Отметим, что активизировался интерес и к такой тяжелой теме, как уничтоженные и сожженные деревни СССР в период оккупации территорий России, Украины, Белоруссии. Большое внимание уделено публикации источников (приказов, распоряжений, воспоминаний). Проведенный анализ материала темы исследования позволяет сделать вывод, что данная проблематика не в полном объеме изучена и комплексного научного исследования не имеется. Также для неспециалистов было бы желательно написание художественного произведения, основанного на исторических источниках., In the early 1990s in Russian historiography on the history of the Great Patriotic War, there was a tendency to reassess events. A greater focus on the analysis of military operations, the problem of collaborationism, the life of the home front, and occupation policy have been more actively raised for study. It should be noted that interest has intensified in such a difficult topic as the destroyed and burned villages of the USSR during the occupation of the territories of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Much attention is paid to the publication of sources (orders, orders, memoirs). The analysis of the material of the research topic allows us to conclude that this issue has not been fully studied and there is no comprehensive scientific research. It would also be desirable for non-specialists to write a work of art based on historical sources.

В статье анализируется проблема времени в итоговом художественном произведении А.С. Пушкина «Капитанская дочка». Предполагается, что, как в стихотворном романе «Евгений Онегин», прозаический роман «расчислен по календарю». Оказывается, что календарно-временные структуры течения романных событий тесно связаны с биографией и предшествующим творчеством поэта-историографа, а также с историей дворянского и иных сословий послепетровской России. В результате такой конкретно-исторический подход к прочтению пушкинского текста способствует его более многостороннему глубокому пониманию, благодаря которому творчество поэта активно включается в обсуждение актуальных проблем современности, что, в свою очередь, ещё раз свидетельствует о непреходящем значении гения Пушкина – историка, мыслившего художественными образами., The article analyzes a problem of time in the final artistic work of A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”. It is assumed that, the same as in the poetic novel “Eugene Onegin”, the prose novel is “calculated according to the calendar”. It turns out that the calendar-time structures of the course of novel events are closely connected with the biography and previous work of the poet-historiographer, as well as with the history of the nobility and other estates of post-Petrine Russia. As a result, such concrete historical approach to reading Pushkin’s text contributes to its more multifaceted deep understanding, thanks to which the poet’s work is actively included in the discussion of current problems of our time, which, in turn, once again testifies to the enduring importance of Pushkin’s genius as a historian who thought in artistic images.

One of the oldest transport universities in the country — the Russian University of Transport (RUT (MIIT)) — is 125 years old. The history of the university and transport education in general is reflected in the expositions of the university museum.The main historical periods of the development of the museum, starting from 1896, are noted: tsarist Russia, the soviet period until the Great Patriotic war of 1941-1945, the war and post-war years, the post-soviet period.The RUT Museum (MIIT), being the same age as the university, today is one of the oldest museums in Moscow. The collections of items collected in its funds are striking in their diversity and uniqueness. The museum has over 12,000 items, 7,000 of which are on permanent display for visitors. All cultural heritage sites are inextricably linked with the rich history of the university and the history of Russia. Most of the museum's collection is traditionally collected thanks to the help and support of the university staff, as well as its graduates from different years, who honor the traditions of the Alma mater and carefully preserve the history of the university for posterity.Taking into account the specifics of the museum, it is obvious that the number and themes of its expositions will only expand over time, which means that it will not lose its relevance for a very long time and will be of interest to guests of all ages and professions.

The problem of perception of Russian politics in Galicia during the First World War by participants in military operations is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of modern society in historical sources of personal origin. The novelty is determined by a wide corpus of diaries and memoirs of participants in hostilities, un-published archival ego-documents introduced into scientific circulation. Based on new sources, the actions of the Russian authorities and the army in Galicia in 1914—1916 are interpreted. Plots are revealed that are not recorded by officials in official documents. Unjustified decisions of the local administration, bureaucratic confusion and arbitrariness are analyzed. The degree of influence of official Russian propaganda on the position of combatants and Galicians is determined in the study. Different points of view among Russian society on the organization of governance in Galicia and the national and confessional policy pursued there are revealed. The diaries and memoirs of the combatants made it possible to look at the events that took place in Galicia from the perspective of an eyewitness, shedding light on the features of everyday life, both of the local civilian population, and of military units, and of the medical service who found themselves in the conquered territories.

The article deals with two issues: research on the history of Russia in a post-colonial perspective; manifestations of Russian, imperial and colonizing ideology in contemporary essays and literature until 2018. Variants of Russian postcolonial academic thought are considered: M. Berg, A. Etkind, M. Tlostanova and others. The article also presents the literary and journalistic work of E. Limonov, A. Dugin, and A. Prokhanov, who are considered to be representatives of Russian neocolonial nationalism associated with the government policy of V. Putin.

The objective of the work is to study the oldest period in the history of town of Kremenchuk through the coverage of circumstances of obtaining the right of self-government in the 30s of 17th century. The scientifi c novelty lies in the introduction into scientifi c circulation of the location privilege, according to which King Vladislav IV granted the Magdeburg rights to Kremenchuk in 1635. The document was found by accident in the 1647 Halych castle court records. This privilege was considered either lost or such that it was probably never granted until now, given the specifi cs of Kremenchuk as a defence cell. The document of granting the place of Kremenchuk (1633) to the future town locator, the rittmeister of the crown army Stefan Rucki (Rudzki) for lifelong possession is also published in the article for the fi rst time. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. Historical-critical (analytical and synthetic critique of sources), historical-legal and historical-comparative methods are involved. The methods of archaeography are also used for the publication of the documents. The prospects of further research is in active involvement of the castle court books to identify valuable documents relating to the history of the spread of Magdeburg law in the Ukrainian lands. Such documents are accumulated in large numbers in these books. Conclusions. The privilege of granting the Magdeburg law we found specifi es the data of formation of Kremenchuk as a complete town (January 8, 1635). According to the document, Kremenchuk received the right of self-government (all town offi cials – voit, burgomaster and seven councilors – were to be appointed by town lease-holder), weekly auctions (every Friday) and annual fairs (twice a year – on the day of John the Baptist and on the Candlemas). The analysis of text of the document points to a number of borrowings from another two-year-old Magdeburg privilege granted by Vladislav IV to Nowe Miasto on the outskirts of Wschowa (Freistadt) in the Poznan Voivodeship. Identical wording is found in the passages about duty exemption, about other freedoms granted for the development of trade, the obligation to gather in the castle and defend the town in the event of enemy attacks etc. References: 1. [Anonim]. (2011). Kremenchuku – 440 rokiv [Commemorating the 440-year anniversary of Kremenchuk]. Kraieznavstvo, 4(77), 58. [in Ukrainian].2. Arkhiv Yugo-Zapadnoj Rossii, izdavaemyj vremennoj komissiej dlya razbora drevnikh aktov, vysochajshe uchrezhdennuyu pri Kievskom Voennom, Podolskom i Volynskom general-gubernatore. (1863). In Akty o kozakakh (1500–1648) [Archives of South-West Russia, published by the temporary commission for the analysis of ancient acts, imperially established under the Kyiv Military, Podolia and Volyn General-Governor. In Cossack Acts (1500–1648)]. (Part 3, vol. 1, pp. 28–31). Kyiv. [in Russian and Polish].3. Bobinski, W. (2000). Wojewodztwo kijowskie w czasach Zygmunta III Wazy: studium osadnictwa i stosunkow wlasności ziemskiej [Kyiv Voivodeship in the times of Sigismund III Vasa: a study of settlement and estate relations]. Warszawa. [in Polish].4. Litwin, H. (2000). Naplyw szlachty polskiej na Ukraine: 1569–1648 [The influx of Polish nobility to Ukraine: 1569–1648]. Warsaw. [in Polish].5. Markevich, N. (1842). Istoriya Malorosii [The history of Little Russia]. Moscow. [in Russian].6. Mikhalon Litvin. (1994). O nravakh tatar, litovcev i moskvityan [On the customs of Tatars, Lithuanians and Moscovites]. Moscow. [in Russian].7. Smereka, B. (2017). Poniattia «urochysche» v aktovykh i fiskalnykh dokumentakh Ruskoho voievodstva u XV–XVIII st. [The term «urochyshche» («natural boundary»), represented in the acts and fiscal documents of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the 15th–18th centuries]. Naukovi zapysky Natsionalnoho universytetu «Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia»: istorychni nauky, 194, 11–16. [in Ukrainian].8. Solovyev, S. (1989). Sochineniya (vol. 5–6). In Istoriya Rossii s drevnejshikh vremen [Literary works. The history of Russia since ancient times] (Vol. III). Moscow. [in Russian].9. Stadtebuch des Landes Posen: Codex diplomaticus; allgemeine Geschichte der Stadte im Lande Posen; geschichtliche Nachrichten von 149 einzelnen Stadten [The city register of the land of Poznan: codex of manuscripts; general history of the cities in the land of Poznan; historical news from 149 selected cities]. (1864). Leipzig. [in German and Latin].10. Vyrsky, D. (2011). «Ukrainne misto»: Kremenchuk vid zasnuvannia do roku 1764-ho [«Ukrainian city»: Kremenchuk from its foundation to 1764]. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].11. Vyrsky, D. (2011). Kremenchuk: pochatky istorii (1571–1648) [Kremenchuk: the foundations of history (1571–1648)]. Kraieznavstvo, 4(77), 59–84. [in Ukrainian].12. Lipinski, W. (1912). Z dziejow Ukrainy: ksiega pamiatkowa ku czci Wlodzimierza Antonowicza, Paulina Świecickiego i Tadeusza Rylskiego [From the history of Ukraine: a commemorative book in honor of Volodymyr Antonovych, Paulin Świecicki and Tadey Rylsky]. Kyiv. [in Polish].13. Jablonowski, A. (Comp.) (1877). Źrodla dziejowe. Polska XVI wieku pod wzgledem geograficzno-statystycznym. Lustracye krolewszczyzn ziem ruskich Wolynia, Podola i Ukrainy z pierwszej polowy XVII wieku [Historical sources. Poland in the 16th century in terms of geography and statistics. Inspections of the Crown domains of the Ruthenian Lands of Volhynia, Podolia and Ukraine from the first half of the 17th Century]. (Vol. 5). Warszawa. [in Polish].

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the composition and dynamics of the development of the anti-epidemic response of state, scientific, medical and public institutions of the leading countries of Western Europe, the Russian and Ottoman empires during the five cholera pandemic waves in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The difference in the unique features of social, cultural, political life and, at the same time, a general orientation towards one vector of development (western trend) make the analysis possible and relevant. The actuality layed not only in the general scientific sense, but also applicable to the current anti-epidemic practice of the emerging covid-19 pandemic. The comparative study is based on a comprehensive analysis of Russian, American, English and Turkish historiography. The work proves that the development of an anti-epidemic strategy is always the product of the already established tendencies of perception and response to emergencies and extraordinary situations in society, formats or patterns of “responses” to a global “challenge”, which in the course of events are only subject to certain adjustments, additions, updates. Confidence in the chosen strategy or the search for a strategy, the harmony of the chosen path or its search for social trends, plays a huge role. So, the general situation in Western European countries with a set of social characteristics inherent in them by the beginning of the 19th century (secularism, the leading role science and its self-developing potential, the development of public life and civil society institutions) only reinforced the chosen direction of the search for anti-epidemic policy algorithms, despite the delayed result, led to positive shifts both in the fight against cholera and the development of medicine in society as a whole (health care system, social hygiene, sanitation, preventive vaccination, etc.). Irregularities in the development of these social signs, with a general orientation towards a search path similar to Western Europe, the inconsistency of the relationship between power, medicine and society in the Russian Empire, did not lead, despite noticeable successes in certain clusters, to the organization of a common national health system till the beginning of the XX century subject to the vast territorial extent of the country, the key to effective implementation of choleratic measures. The transition to the European principles of anti-epidemic response in the harsh conditions of constant foreign policy pressure, the almost complete absence of a social foundation for the accumulation of innovations, or its deliberately secondary nature for social dispositions, the unpreparedness of the social system to massively rigid introduction of new principles, institutions, methods, practices and rules in society, as happened with the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, did not contribute, despite the creation of almost all links and the maintenance of their performance, the addition of a national health system capable of developing an effective anti-epidemic response system in the conditions of the Ottoman society.

The article describes the experience of developing a metasubject lesson on the theme "Number systems", indicating all stages of the lesson, as well as the universal educational actions formed in the classroom and the achieved subject learning outcomes. The content of the lesson is selected in such a way that, after going through the preparation for a numerical attack and three attacks during the lesson, students will be able to consolidate subject competencies and continue to form metasubject ones. The proposed content of the informatics lesson on the theme "Number systems" is integrated with the content of the course on the history of Russia, namely, with the study of the facts of the Great Patriotic War. The lesson is planned so that after its completion, students will have the opportunity to independently develop their competencies on the theme "Number systems" at home, having passed the numerical attacks of other variants, and also learn more about the heroism of soldiers during the Great Patriotic War through watching movies and reading books about the War recommended by the teacher.

The article is devoted to the study of the role of clergy and clergymen of the Voronezh diocese in the fight against the spread of the cholera epidemic of 1892-1893. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the contribution of the clergy of the Orthodox Russian Church to countering the spread of infectious diseases has practically not been studied. It is noted that in the Russian Empire, Orthodox clerics were not only ministers of the altar, but also performed a number of socially significant functions. Based on a wide range of historical sources, the author analyzes the attitude of the population of the Voronezh province to cholera disease. The educational activity of clerics, the participation of clergy in organizing aid to parishioners are considered. It is emphasized that the clergy were closely associated with the peasant population of the empire, daily contact with them during the divine service. The study showed that the state tried to use the experience and knowledge of the clergy and clergymen, considering them as the social support of the autocratic system. The author concludes that the parish clergy and clergymen played an important role in the fight against infectious disease, not only participating in educational activities and spiritually supporting the population, but also providing those in need with initial medical assistance.

The article reconstructs the views and assessments of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin regarding the main stages, events and personalities of Russian history. The research is based on Putin’s public statements on historical issues as president and prime minister. The historical views of the first person of the state are correlated in the article, on the one hand, with the policy he implements, and on the other, with the development of Russian historiography.

The object of this research is the analysis of the personal archives of Russian historians. The subject of this research is the examination of the personal archive of Professor Valery Ivanovich Bovykin, preserved in the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library since 1998. Leaning on the aforementioned sources, the article explores the history of the project “The Fate of Russia's Debt”, which was among unaccomplished plans of the scholar. The author attempted to assess the role of V. I. Bovykin in project organization on studying Russia's debts in the early XX century. The article touches upon the topic of discovery of the scholar’s laboratory, his archive for finding new scientific historical knowledge. The author analyzes how the Professor's personal archive allows following the process of creating the project infrastructure, since all the materials on the project were accumulated by the scholar, which defines the novelty of this work. It is revealed that the project of V. I. Bovykin was against the foreign policy conducted by the Russian Federation in the 1990s. The conclusion is made that the key components of the scientific method, followed by Valery Ivanovich Bovykin in his research, imply a solid empirical base, as well as advancing the topic to the international level.

For the first time, an analytical review of all, without exception, censorship stories of N.V. Gogol’s works is presented. An objective picture of Gogol's relationship with the censorship is being recreated. The findings of the study allow, with good reason, to judge about the interference of censors in the writer's works in a fundamentally different way, in comparison with the ideas offered by literary criticism of the previous period without solid evidence. Based on a thorough analysis, involving numerous archival sources, the common, stereotypical opinions about the extremely negative role of censorship in Gogol’s fate are being revised. The most significant negative result among all censorship interventions in Gogol's works was the activity of the censor of Westernizing views, opposed to the government, a professor at St. Petersburg University, A.V. Nikitenko. It is the numerous reductions of Nikitenko, И.А. Виноградов. Произведения Н .В. Гоголя и цензура 255 a friend of V.G. Belinsky, in Gogol's religious and patriotic book “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” that the writer called “censorship murder”. No less significant was the intervention of the liberal censor in the texts of “Dead Souls”, “Theatrical Travel after the Presentation of a New Comedy” and other works of the writer. It is concluded that, with the exception of this “intrigue” against Gogol by the censor Nikitenko, on the whole Gogol's texts encountered relatively insignificant difficulties in censorship.

The purpose of the article is to try to understand the phenomenon of the ideological component of Russian hybrid aggression, to investigate how an alternative reality is formed in the occupied territories, built by the Kremlin whose main goal is the total Ukrainization of the region. of Donetsk and Luhansk regions through various sources. An important role in shaping the anti-Ukrainian identity of the population of the occupied Donbass was given to visual propaganda. The ideological treatment of the population of the «people's republics» is based on a centralized system of information space management. The authors note that the focus of both Russian and local political technologists and power structures of the «people's republics» remains the promotion of the concept of «special Donbass identity», the use of prepared facts of events, which contributes to further de-Ukrainization of the region. Instead of the history of Ukraine, the so-called «history of the Motherland» has appeared in the educational institutions of the «people's republics», in which the history of the region is combined with the history of Russia. A new educational subject has appeared in the curricula of educational institutions – «lessons of citizenship of Donbass». The content of this course is based on the narratives of Russian propaganda and aims to deprive children and young people of historical memory. There is an integration with the Russian educational space. Conclusions: Thus, the information and propaganda component of the conflict in Donbass is one of the most important tools for leveling the all-Ukrainian identity in this region. The ideological occupation of Donbass is carried out, first of all, through the promotion of the idea of non-Ukrainian identity of the population of the region. Practical meaning: the main provisions can be used to study the history of the occupation of the Donbass region. Originality: features of the hybrid Russian-Ukrainian war, namely its virtual component is covered. Scientific novelty: for the first time an attempt was made to conduct a comprehensive study of the ideological occupation of Donbass by Russia.

V. N. Paschenyi’s attempt to present a historical essay on the fate of the Russian intelligentsia in 1783-1991 is analyzed. The author’s concept is considered. The conclusion is made about the discrepancy between the title and the content of the book, about his primitivization of the scientific approach to the history of Crimean studies. Numerous factual and conceptual errors of V. N. Paschenyi are named. It is proved that the book is a pile of facts from Russian history, sometimes unrelated to each other. The lack of reliance on sources on the history of Crimean studies, the author’s ignorance of the historiography of the issue led him to create an untenable version of the monograph on the intellectual history of the Crimea.

В статье проанализирована роль известной политической фигуры - вдовы посадника Исака Борецкого, знаменитой Марфы Борецкой - в экономической истории Новгорода в последний период его самостоятельности. Благодаря скрупулезным подсчётам владений и получаемого с них дохода доказано, что Марфа Борецкая была крупнейшей собственницей земельных богатств своего времени, не сравнимой ни с одной женщиной не только в Новгороде, но и в Москве. Статья оспаривает ранее сложившееся мнение в историографии о том, что экономическое значение приобретений Марфы Борецкой в годы её вдовства не играло заметной роли и не оказывало влияния на политическую составляющую отношений Новгорода и Москвы. Напротив, считает автор, хозяйствование Марфы Борецкой доказывает её исключительную деловую сметку и удачливость, быстрое богатение её самой и её детей, что объективно способствовало росту могущества всей Новгородчины. Именно экономический вес этой собственницы объясняет исключительную роль, которую она пыталась на себя взять, спасая устойчивую новгородскую политическую систему. The article analyzes the role of a famous political figure - the widow of the mayor Isak Boretsky, the famous Martha Boretskaya - in the economic history of Novgorod in the last period of its independence. Thanks to scrupulous calculations of the properties and the income received from them, it has been proved that Martha Boretskaya was the largest owner of land wealth of her time, incomparable with any woman not only in Novgorod, but also in Moscow. The article disputes the earlier opinion in historiography that the economic significance of the acquisitions of Marfa Boretskaya during the years of her widowhood did not play a noticeable role and did not affect the political component of relations between Novgorod and Moscow. On the contrary, the author believes, the management of Martha Boretskaya proves her exceptional economic savvy and luck, the rapid wealth of herself and her children, which objectively contributed to the growth of the power of the entire Novgorod region. It is the economic weight of this owner that explains the exceptional role that she tried to take upon herself, saving the stable Novgorod political system.

The article analyzes how the problems of democratic transition are presented in modern textbooks on the history of Russia. The relevance of the problem under study is determined primarily by the importance of history textbooks for constructing a memory policy. At the same time, attention is drawn to insufficient coverage in the modern historiography of the transformations of the 1990s that is an important period of historical development. Presentation of Russian history in 1992-1999 in textbooks has been analyzed in comparison with expert evaluations of economists, sociologists and political scientists. The authors conclude that there are different interpretations of the problems of post-Soviet democratic transition in textbooks for the 10th grade on the history of Russia. In particular, in one textbook 1990s completely correspond to the current image of the “likhie 90s” (the hard 90s). In another one it is not only a time of great difficulties, but also an era of hopes and opportunities. But these differences are leveled, when economic and political development of the country at this time is appeared mainly in negative interpretation in the frame of the subsequent 2000s, which are presented as a time of success.

The study addresses some aspects of the life experience of female prosphora bakers from the clergy in the Tobolsk diocese, Russian Empire, in the 19th and early 20th century. The research objectives were to investigate opportunities and difficulties that women faced trying to get the job of a prosphora baker, and to find out reasons why women would seek this position. The sources of information for the research were previously unexamined archival documents preserved in the State Archives in Tobolsk. General scientific, historical and special methods of records management were also used. The main problem for jobseekers was the fact that one parish most often required only one prosphora maker, and there were usually more people willing to take this position. It was up to the diocesan authorities to decide which candidate needed the job more, but the parishioners could also take part in the hiring process by submitting their letter of consent. In the modern period of Russian Orthodox Churchs resurgence, it is especially important to study how the clergy would manage their daily living needs in dioceses. The positive experience of the past can help improve the system of social relief in our time. The results of the research can be useful to archivists in their professional activities and to educators in developing courses on the history of Russia and records management.

The author of the article assumes that the interstate relations between Russia and Great Britain in the late 18th — early 19th centuries largely determined the area of private contacts between Russians and the British. English-Russian marriages have a special place in the history of English-Russian relations. Attention is paid to one of such unions — the marriage of the outstanding statesman M. M. Speransky with an Englishwoman Elizabeth Stephens. It is claimed that a significant role in Speransky’s fate was played by A. A. Samborsky, also married to an Englishwoman, in whose house Speransky’s fateful meeting with his future wife took place. It is reported that the Speransky Fund of the Russian national library preserved letters of Elizabeth Stephens to Speransky, previously not widely attracted by researchers, but not all of these letters actually belong to Elizabeth, some of them belong to her sister — Marianne. This study provides the first translation of these letters for the analysis of Speransky’s private life. The author concludes that the preserved correspondence meets the standards and methods of expression of feelings in the era of “sentimentalism.” The problem of how much Speransky was immersed in the cultural context of British reality due to this marriage is also considered. Despite the fact that the marriage was quite short, Speransky’s relations with the Stephens family were quite strong.

“Russian Historiography” of N.L. Rubinstein is one of fundamental works on the history of Russian historical significance which importance for native history is great and diverse. The focus of the issue examination in this article is the absence in Rubinstein’s work of practically any materials on the history of the “Great Duchy of Lithuania”, “Lithuanian-Russian State”, “West Provinces”, etc. In this sense we come across a paradoxical situation when the fundamental research on the comprehension of Russian history development ignores and gives no explicit answer to the total number of above listed subjects, their interpretation and their place in various concepts of Russian history. The author of the article attempts to explain the situation relying on the general concept of Rubinstein’s “Russian Historiography” demonstrating the absence of problematization of Russian historical process subject and its limits, constraints and consequences of the “transparency” of the subject, in particular, the possibility of manifold functioning of the general scheme suggested by Rubinstein depending on the specific political context.

Representatives of modern spiritualism had their own ideas about “religion” as a specific phenomenon and were familiar with discussions of theologians, philosophers, and scientists about its nature. This article uses historical sources pertaining to the activity of a large association of Russian spiritualists of the early 20th century, i.e. Moscow Spiritualist Circle (later Russian Spiritualist Society). The primary materials (Doctrine of spirits and Immortality according to Asian Rosicrucians’ traditions) reveal spiritualists’ understanding of the genesis, essence, classifi cation, and future of religion. Spiritualists defi ned “religion” as the result of spirits’ activity, divided religions into more and less perfect, and argued that the best religion is Christianity. Spiritualists associated the evolution of religion with the destiny of nations and assumed that national religions, as well as polytheistic religions, represented its early forms. German idealistic philosophy infl uenced the views of the members of Moscow Spiritualist Circle on the nature of religion. Similar to those historians of religion who adhere theism, they regarded history of religion as a teleological process and thought that the comparative method would allow one to approach the understanding of the essence of religion. Spiritualists’ ontology may be defi ned as a spiritualistic monism; this being said, spiritualists regularly underlined their own adherence to theism. Members of Moscow Spiritualist Circle were familiar with contemporary psychological and anthropological theories of religion and considered mediumistic phenomena to be an empirical proof ofcertain theories. Spiritualists criticised Edward Taylor’s theory of religion and believed that it unreasonably reduced naturalism to materialism, denying the existence of the spiritual world and reducing religion to a false ideology. Spiritualists appealed to the works of William James and other scholars who devoted themselves to studying the diversity of mystical experiences. The ontology of the spiritualists can be characterised as religious naturalism which allowed one to defi ne religion as both a theological and anthropological phenomenon. Spiritualists’ views of the nature of “religion” help us expand our knowledge of the formation of the idea of religion in the late 19th — early 20th centuries.

The relevance of improving the criteria for assessing competencies obtained in the course of learning history by schoolchildren, estimating the quality and relevance of knowledge, skills and abilities is emphasized. The purpose of the article is to identify pupils’ basic skills, as well as the possibility of making cognitive queries for mastering the disciplines of the social and humanitarian cycle of university training and building a civic position. Methods of research: analysis of the results of the State Final Certification on history at schools of the Chuvash Republic, methodological seminars of teachers who teaches history, monitoring. The authors emphasized that in order to develop criteria for the acquisition of socio-legal, humanitarian disciplines by first-year students and those who are pursuing a specialist's degree at higher educational institutions of the Chuvash Republic firstly it is necessary to analyze the results of mastering social and humanitarian disciplines by students, secondly, to compare them with the typical results of those who pass the State Final Examination on history, thirdly, to conduct an empirical interview with students in order to identify their cognitive needs. Results of the research. The most acute problems associated with the study of the history course by schoolchildren, the theory and methods of teaching history were identified, the task for developing a methodology for students’ monitoring cognitive queries on the history at humanitarian universities. The suggestions in the areas of improving teaching history at school for the development of students' competencies for higher humanitarian and legal education are proposed.

The European Council adopted Laeken Declaration in which it was first stated about EU aspiration to take the lead on world globalization together with USA. The subject of this study is the analysis of myths and ideological cliches of Laeken Declaration by which EU and USA legitimize their foreign policy. The author concludes that the future of EU was not as optimistic as stated in the text of the declaration. Until recently, the EU was a state in the process of formation, and its legal area acquired the features of a domestic order. These processes have slowed down now. An external challenge was the change in the format of relations with Russia, which openly declared its national interests and cooperation only as a equal partner. Previously unthinkable social problems appeared in the space of well-being. The history of Russia teaches that going to Europe can be done in different ways. The path of european integration put the Russian state on the brink of complete disintegration of the late XXth century. The consequences of this choice are currently being overcome in the framework of Eurasian integration and integration with states outside the post-Soviet space that have common interests with Russia.

The author discusses the process of creating the collection of Russian books in the first half of the 19th century in the contemporary Library of University in Warsaw. Three types of sources were used: 1) the reports of the superintendents of the Warsaw Education District prepared in 1841–1860 and stored as part of the archival collections of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Empire in Russian State Historical Archives in StPetersburg; 2) the printed catalog of A. F. Smirdin Library – a copy with annotations of Warsaw librarians held by the University Library in Warsaw; 3) a hand-written catalog of Russian books held by the Library of Warsaw Education District in 1850 stored in the Archives of the University Library in Warsaw. Their analysis allowed the author the following statements about the collection of the Russian books: 1) in 1850 the collection included 4055 titles in 6493 volumes; 2) this collection makes 9% of the whole Library collection; 3) the subject of the collection is humanities (Russian literature, Russian philology, history of Russia and world history, theology and religion nearly absent); 4) the collection is of a very high cultural value (it includes rare and valuable editions of books of most prominent Russian writers of the first half of the 19th century, for instance first editions of Pushkin’s works); 5) main trends in Russian books acquisition were the history of Russia, politics, fictions and analyses of these works.

A review of a recently published monograph by E.M. Kozhokin. Revolution and its overcoming. Essays on the history of the Russian mentality. Moscow, MGIMO-University, 2020, 270 s.

The article examines Church-state relations in the history of Russia in the late 10th–17th centuries, i.e. from the moment of the initiation of the Russian Church to the end of the first Patriarchal period. The controversial character of the relations between the Russian secular and ecclesiastical authorities, the influence of various Church and political traditions on the real situation in Russian history is shown, as well as the process of Russian Church independence formation is studied, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the strengthening of state interference into Church life. The author comes to the conclusion that Russian secular rulers, Church hierarchs and spiritual and political thinkers were never afraid to creatively rethink traditions and canons depending on the actual external and internal circumstances.

Актуальность темы исследования обоснована тем, что, феномен юродства является одним из самых неоднозначных явлений в православной религиозной традиции, который до сих пор вызывает множество вопросов. Например, почему же тип такого религиозного и общественного поведения всегда находил понимание и поддержку среди значительной части общества? Кроме того, действия юродивых не понятны не только простому человеку, но и православному, ведь такой подвиг для него может показаться очень специфичным и даже недосягаемым. Поэтому серьезный и комплексный анализ образа юродивого, его ключевых черт, поможет сформировать более полную картину исследуемого феномена. Цель работы – выявить важнейшие типологические черты юродства на примере московских блаженных. Объектом работы является непосредственно феномен юродства, его образ, изучаемый через исследование житий московских блаженных, преданий, повествующих о них, различных фольклорных историй, которые связаны с этим видом религиозности, а также через иностранные легенды и истории, имеющие корреляцию с феноменом русского юродства. Предмет исследования – совокупность поведенческих парадигм московских юродивых, взятых в религиозном, историческом, социальном и культурном контексте. Научная новизна исследования данной работы состоит в том, что в ней формулируются основные типологические черты юродивых, которые впоследствии могут стать инструментом для дальнейшего научного исследования в этой области, таким образом формируя комплексный анализ этого религиозного явления. В работе представлены сведения об источниках преданий о юродивых, которые имели непосредственное влияние на формирование образа блаженных. Именно на их основе и составлялась типология данного феномена. Практическая значимость включает в себя возможность разработки методических рекомендаций на основе данной типологии и дает возможность составить систему основных характеристик русского юродства, а также рассмотреть этот феномен как часть единого мирового явления «божественного безумца» и выделить его уникальные черты. Сформированное комплексное представление о проявлении этого вида религиозности и полученные сведения могут быть использованы для дальнейшего изучения этого явления в области религиоведения и истории Русской Православной Церкви. Территориальные рамки исследования определяются образами блаженных, которые жили на территории города Москвы. Однако, в силу множества корреляций и заимствований в этих источниках, в этой работе были исследованы и жития не московских святых, так как они непосредственно повлияли на создание образа московских юродивых. Во всех пунктах предложенной типологии есть свои исключения, но как видно одной из важнейших характеристик феномена юродства, которая отражена во всех основных его чертах – это его некая условная «бинарность» или «дуальность». Во многих известных религиях существовали похожие на русских юродивых подвижники. Они вели себя идентично, просто их идейная основа отличалась., From the time of the Apostle Paul, the opposition of worldly wisdom and divine Christian knowledge begins, and, according to the apostle, for non-Christians, Orthodox dogma is madness (1 Cor 1:18). Subsequently it was the holy fools who became the personification of «the madness for Christ's sake» Throughout the history of Russia the holy fools have been a part of the church world, but a part of the mysterious, mysterious. Foolishness, perhaps can be called the most extraordinary feat of Christian humility. Such folk religiosity has always aroused the interest of various researchers. The relevance of the research topic is justified by the fact that the phenomenon of foolishness is one of the most controversial phenomena in the Orthodox religious tradition, which still raises many questions. For example, why did the type of such religious and social behavior always find understanding and support among a significant part of society? In addition, the actions of holy fools are incomprehensible not only to ordinary people, but also to the Orthodox, because such a feat for him may seem very specific and even inaccessible. Therefore, a serious and comprehensive analysis of the image of the holy fool, its key features, will help form a more complete picture of the phenomenon under study. The purpose of the work is to identify the most important typological features of foolishness on the example of the Moscow blesseds. To do this, it is important to solve a number of problems that require careful consideration, namely: to study the phenomenon of foolishness itself, approaches to its understanding and comprehension, as well as briefly consider the history of foolishness in Russia; find in history similar examples of the same specific manifestation of religiosity; to collect material about the Moscow holy fools, to find parallels in them with other stories, to analyze the latter; on the basis of the materials studied, draw up the key features of the holy foolishness, describe the typology of the holy foolishness and explain the reasons for this systematization. The object of the work is the phenomenon of foolishness itself, its image, studied through the study of the lives of the Moscow blesseds, legends telling about them, various folklore stories that are associated with this type of religiosity, as well as through foreign legends and stories that have a correlation with the phenomenon of Russian foolishness. The subject of the study is a set of behavioral paradigms of Moscow holy fools, taken in a religious, historical, social and cultural context. The research materials are literary sources: lives, scientific articles, publications, encyclopedias, annals and electronic resources. Previous studies of the phenomenon of holy foolishness actually considered it only in the prism of the Orthodox tradition, however, later, most of the research of the Soviet period was focused on the historiography of holy fools and their criticism. The scientific novelty of the study of this work lies in the fact that it formulates the main typological features of the holy fools, which can subsequently become a tool for further scientific research in this area, thus forming a comprehensive analysis of this religious phenomenon. The scientific significance of the work determines its research value. The theoretical significance of the work is based on the development of a methodology for identifying the typological features of foolishness on the example of the Moscow blesseds. It can be confirmed by the following aspects. A study was made of the very phenomenon of foolishness, both from the side of the Orthodox tradition and from the side of sociology. In addition, other similar phenomena in other cultures and religions were studied in the theoretical part of the work, and such a comparison required a serious analysis of many studies. Also, the work presents various information about the sources of legends about the holy fools, which had a direct impact on the formation of the image of the blessed. They reflected various biographical information, legends about their miracles and deeds. It was on their basis that the typology of this phenomenon was compiled. The practical significance includes the possibility of developing methodological recommendations based on this typology and makes it possible to compile a system of the main characteristics of Russian foolishness, as well as consider this phenomenon as part of a single world phenomenon of the «divine madman»and highlight its unique features. The formed complex idea of the manifestation of this type of religiosity and the information obtained can be used for further study of this phenomenon in the field of religious studies and the history of the Russian Orthodox Church. Research methods of work are a set of methods or operations of practical and theoretical development of reality, namely descriptive, comparative, systemic. The chronological framework of the study is determined by those sources that reflect the typological features of holy fools. These are chronicles that can date back to the 16th century and modern studies of the 21st century, which contain information and analysis of ancient sources, various characteristics of the typological features of foolishness. The territorial framework of the study is determined by the images of the blessed who lived on the territory of the city of Moscow. However, due to the many correlations and borrowings in these sources, the lives of non-Moscow saints were also studied in this work, since they directly influenced the creation of the image of Moscow holy fools, on whose basis the typology proposed in the work was compiled. All points of the proposed typology have their exceptions, but as you can see, one of the most important characteristics of the phenomenon of foolishness, which is reflected in all its main features, is its kind of conditional «binarity» or «duality». In many well-known religions, there were ascetics similar to Russian holy fools. They behaved identically, just their ideological basis was different.

В статье освещается необходимость изучения истории и культуры народа – носителя языка, которому обучается студент. Освоение русского языка невозможно без обращения к истории России. Для студентов подготовительного курса университета изучение российской истории – это не только сбор и запоминание исторических фактов, но и получение навыка работы с научным стилем, а также тренировка к прослушиванию и пониманию лекций. В статье предлагается порядок работы с аутентичным видеоматериалом, который представлен учебным фильмом «Эпичная история. История России. От Рюрика до Революции», который позволяет проводить аудирование на занятиях по РКИ, используя при этом тексты и лексику уровня В1. Также данная работа может быть подготовкой к тестированию по истории России и к дальнейшему изучению предмета., The article highlights the necessity of the native speaker’s history and culture studying. Mastering the Russian language is impossible without referring to the history of Russia. The study of Russian history for students of the university’s preparatory course, is not only the collection and memorization of historical facts, but also the acquisition of the skill of working with a scientific style, as well as training to listen and understand lectures. The article suggests the procedure for working with authentic video material, which is presented by the educational film “Epic Story. The history of Russia. From Rurik to the Revolution”, which allows to conduct listening in Russian as a foreign language classes, while using texts and vocabulary of level B1. The work can be a preparation for testing on the history of Russia and for further study of the subject.

В статье рассматриваются основные тенденции эволюции экспорта-импорта основных видов сельскохозяйственного сырья и продовольствия Россией в период 1802-1917 гг. На основании анализа статистических рядов об экспорте-импорте основных видов сельскохозяйственной продукции России в 1802-1917 гг. показаны основные тенденции развития ввоза-вывоза ряда видов сельскохозяйственной продукции России за указанный период. На основании анализа длительных статистических рядов сделан вывод об ускорении в конце XIX – начале ХХ вв. вхождения экономики России в мировой рынок аграрной продукции. Сделан также вывод о негативном характере этого процесса с точки зрения структуры аграрной внешней торговли страны, поскольку к началу ХХ вв. в экспорте существенно уменьшилась доля аграрной продукции, служащей сырьем для промышленности и стали увеличиваться объемы вывоза и доля чисто продовольственной продукции, возросла также роль вывоза кормовых сортов зерна., The article examines the main trends in the evolution of exports and imports of the main types of agricultural raw materials and food by Russia in the period 1802 1917. Based on the analysis of statistical series on the export-import of the main types of agricultural products of Russia in 1802-1917, the main trends in the development of import-export of a number of types of agricultural products of Russia for the specified period are shown. Based on the analysis of long–term statistical series, it is concluded that the entry of the Russian economy into the world market of agricultural products accelerated in the late XIX early XX centuries. The conclusion is also made about the negative nature of this process from the point of view of the structure of the country's agrarian foreign trade, since by the beginning of the twentieth century the share of agricultural products serving as raw materials for industry significantly decreased in exports and the volume of exports and the share of purely food products began to increase, the role of export of fodder grain varieties has also increased.

В статье анализируются экономические взгляды видного ученого конца XVII — начала XVIII вв. И.Т. Посошкова, направленные на укрепление российской экономики, в частности ее самостоятельность, а также на защиту российского товаропроизводителя и купечества на внутреннем рынке., The article analyzes the economic views of a prominent scientist of the late 17th — early 18th centuries I.T. Pososhkov, aimed at strengthening the Russian economy, in particular its independence, as well as protecting the Russian commodity producer and merchants in the domestic market.

This story crosses two continents and takes place in Russia and the United States. It is unique as it follows my emotional responses to events that took place first, during my childhood and later, during transformational and volatile periods in the history of Russia. Simultaneously, the story should resonate with any woman who experienced adversity, was rerouted from her native place, had to witness collective upheavals of her people, and came to realize a strong connection between her experiences and her leadership path. This is the story of a bicultural woman’s courage, hope, and resilience.

в данном выступлении анализируется концепция революции 1917 года, представленная в школьных учебниках, рекомендованных к обучению в российских школах в перечне 2020/2021 гг. Сюда относятся учебники под редакцией А.В. Торкунова, под авторством Н.В. Загладина, Ю.В. Петрова, А.Н. Сахарова, под общей редакцией В.А. Тишкова, под редакцией С.П. Карпова, также в соавторстве О.В. Волобуева, С.П. Карпачева, П.Н. Романова. В статье выявляются общие черты концепции революции 1917 года в России, а также раскрываются различия в представлении причин, хода, значения и последствий событий. Ни в одном школьном учебнике уже события 1917 года в России не отражаются как закономерный и неизбежный процесс перехода от капиталистической формации к коммунистической, как это было в советских учебниках. Общим в подаче революционных событий стало и то, что в отличие от советской эпохи, где в учебниках либерально-буржуазный Февраль противопоставлялся социалистическому Октябрю, в современных учебниках события февраля-октября 1917 года подаются как единый процесс, как Великая российская революция. Различий в трактовках, тем не менее, много. the presentation analyzes the concept of the revolution of 1917, presented in school textbooks recommended for teaching in Russian schools in the list of 2020/2021. This includes textbooks edited by A.V. Torkunov, also authored by N.V. Zagladin, Yu.V. Petrov, A.N. Sakharov, also edited by V.A. Tishkov, also edited by S.P. Karpov, also co-authored by O.V. Volobuev, S.P. Karpachev, and P.N. Romanov. The speech reveals the common features of the concept of the revolution of 1917 in Russia, as well as reveals the differences in the presentation of the causes, course, meaning and consequences of the events. The events of 1917 in Russia are not reflected in any school textbook as a natural and inevitable process of transition from the capitalist formation to the communist one, as it was in the Soviet textbooks. What is common in the presentation of revolutionary events is that, in contrast to the Soviet era, where in textbooks the liberal-bourgeois February was opposed to the socialist October, in modern textbooks the events of February – October 1917 is presented as a single process, as the Great Russian Revolution. Nevertheless, there are many differences in the interpretations.

в статье показано, что основная проблема преподавания истории студентам неисторических специальностей в современном вузе – отсутствие фоновых знаний у выпускников средней школы. Эта проблема относится и к такой ключевой теме новейшей истории как «Мировые войны ХХ столетия», в разной форме затрагиваемой в курсах «Всеобщая история» и «История России». Количество часов, выделяемых на эти темы, явно недостаточно, так как не позволяет объяснить студентам природу данного явления, заострить внимание на сходных чертах и отличительных особенностях двух мировых войн и тех последствиях, которые они оказали на дальнейший ход истории. Отсутствие фоновых знаний порождает и другую серьезную проблему. Речь идет о фактической утрате концептуального мышления, то есть способности понимать целостный текст и целостный видеоряд, вычленять ключевые моменты и выстраивать непротиворечивую картину происходящего. Все это осложняет коммуникацию между преподавателем и студенческой аудиторией, которая не способна освоить необходимый категориальный аппарат. Частичное решение данной проблемы видится в создании системы творческих заданий, которые студенты выполняют в рамках изучаемого курса. Речь идет о разработанной автором методике, в частности, о проведении сравнительно-исторического анализа произведений советского, российского и зарубежного кинематографа по изучаемым периодам, событиям и персоналиям, с акцентом на военную проблематику новейшего времени. the article shows that the main problem of teaching history to students of non-historical specialties in a modern university is the lack of background knowledge among young people after graduating from high school. This problem also applies to such a key topic of modern history as the "World wars of the twentieth century", which is covered in various forms in the courses "General History" and "History of Russia". The number of hours devoted to these topics is clearly not enough, since it does not allow students to explain the nature of this phenomenon, to focus on the similarities and distinctive features of the two world wars and the consequences that they had on the further course of history. The lack of background knowledge creates another, no less serious problem. We are talking about the actual loss of conceptual thinking, so the ability to understand a complete text and a complete video sequence, to isolate from it the main, key points and build a consistent picture of what is happening. All this complicates the communication relationship between the teacher and the student audience, which is not able to master the necessary categorical apparatus. A partial solution to this problem is seen in the creation of a system of creative tasks that students perform within the framework of the course being studied. We are talking about the methodology developed by the author about conducting a comparative historical analysis of the works of Soviet, Russian and foreign cinema by the studied periods, events and personalities-with an emphasis on the military problems of modern times.

The monograph defines the origins, essence and content of the Caucasian policy of Russia, its main stages, its significance for the development of Russian statehood and the peoples of the region. The monograph pays special attention to the Caucasian wars of Russia, the experience of suppressing anti-Russian and anti-Soviet armed demonstrations in the region. The historical and modern experience of the development of the Caucasus region shows that the weakening of Russia's position in the region naturally leads to an escalation of tension and conflict, aggravation of inter-ethnic contradictions, manifestations of extremism and other forms of destructive activities that threaten the life of citizens and peoples of the Caucasus. As a result, the strength of Russia's position in the Caucasus is a guarantee of the safe and free development of the peoples of the region. The author's conclusions and suggestions presented in the monograph can be used in the process of implementing a balanced and verified policy in order to ensure the national security and interests of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus, building relations with neighboring states in the region, as well as other international actors positioning their involvement in the political processes of the South Caucasus. It is addressed to researchers, teachers, students, a wide range of readers.

In Russia and Central Asia, Shoshana Keller explores the history of Russia and Central Asia through the lens of their multidimensional relations over the last eight hundred years. Well informed on ...

This article analyzes both general issues of the theory of reforms and the history of economic reforms in Russia in the XIX—early XX century. The authors propose to consider the procces of carrying out reforms and counter-reforms as a result of interaction of several actors — “a theoretician”, “a reformer”, “a ruler”, “an elite” and “people”. During the whole Russian history reforms were of cyclic character. This article studies reforms conducted by M. M. Speransky, great reforms of Alexander II, reforms carried out by S. Yu. Vitte and P. A. Stolypin, counter-reforms of Nickolas I and Alexander III. All Russian reforms have always been aimed at the country’s modernization. However, though reforms were usually initiated for political reasons, economic reforms were in fact implemented. The tasks of modernization were realized in the first place in the military industry. Economic modernization occupied the second place by importance. Modernization of culture received much less attention, and modernization of political institutions was almost neglected. Historical experience shows that every project of modernization is unique and implies that reformers and intellectual elite are able to find those key decisions that will guarantee success. It is for this reason that the art of economic policy remains the prime factor in working out the strategy of reforms.

A large number of Old Believers is a feature of the confessional diversity of the Urals. Starting from the 18 th century, Yekaterinburg was the main urban centre of Old Believers. There were fewer Old Believers than Orthodox Christians, but they were the largest religious minority of the city. However, there is no information about their everyday life routines in other Ural cities and parts of the region on the whole that had considerable Old Believer communities. Yekaterinburg was an exception where all Old Believer communities had official status from 1907 and kept their own metric books. The extant complex of unique documents from the period between 1907 and 1926 is a valuable source on the history of families and the local religious community, but it is also important for studying the local specifics of historical processes. The Old Believer metrics of Yekaterinburg are particularly valuable because the complex covers all the available directions in the village for the maximum period possible for this source. Because of the doubts Chasovennye had concerning the use of registering communities under the Edict of October 17, 1906, in their parishes, metric records were a rare thing. Metric books of the other concords, such as, most importantly, those of Belaya Krinitsa, can be found more often but they only cover a minor part of the Old Believer population and over a shorter period. This article discusses the problems and prospects of using data from Old Believer metrics, the degree of their reliability and completeness for the study of infant and child mortality.

The article points out the importance of electronic books for digital izing education. It touches upon a brief story of appearance and development of electronic books, the experience of their implementation in schools in South Korea, Finland, the United States of America, and the Russian Federation. During COVID-19 pandemic online format of education has become universal at schools and revealed new contradictions and problems. Also, it highlights the main advantages of electronic books (multimedia possibilities, relevance, individual approach, wide use of media materials etc.) and the main disadvantages (compatibility with different operating systems, mechanical fragility, the price of a device). The Author talks about the plot, structure and level of complexity and different versions of a textbook). The article demonstrates the key phases of the creation process and distinctive features of Shatalov school’s electronic books and, their conformity to requirements of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The focus of this earticle is that the content of electronic books corresponds to learning how people absorb information, the laws of natural perception of information and a student’s cognitive abilities. The article justifies the idea that text in an electronic book should be brief, easy to read, should actively use bearing summaries and bearing signals. The article analyzes methods of variable repetition of educational data in an electronical textbook and self-assessment. It demonstrates its multimedia possibilities in full, widgets from iBooks Author and methods of its implementation to electronic books. The conclusion of the article demonstrates that an e-bookalong with a special software is a key element of an informational and education alenvironment. The use of electronic books is one of the ways to shape students’cognitive activities and digital hygiene. The Author arrives to the conclusion that a rational combination and complex application of printed and electronic books in school education is necessary

The collections of the Memorial Museum Apartment of Academician I. P. Pavlov contain a large number of photographs, documents, and original letters written by Pavlov’s colleagues, family and friends. The article features the highlights of the collection. Among them are the letters from Pavlov’s wife, Serafima, sent from Stockholm in 1904, where she accompanied her husband at the Nobel Prize ceremonies. The letters, addressed to their children who stayed in Saint Petersburg, provide many details of the Pavlovs’ trip to and stay in Stockholm, which makes a perfect addition to the official information about the event. Pavlov’s military ID and a letter he received from Professor V. N. Tonkov, Head of the Military Medical Academy (MMA), Saint Petersburg, dated 7 July 1925, are published for the first time. It was then that Pavlov took a voluntary redundancy from the MMA in protest against the ban on the admission of clergy children to the academy. Of special value is the selection of letters from the members of the Pavlov’s family written during the Great Patriotic War. Among them are the letters from Vladimir Ivanovich Pavlov and his family from the evacuation, letters from Serafima Vasilyevna and Vera Ivanovna Pavlov from Koltushi, where during the war years the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Pathology of Higher Nervous Activity named after I. P. Pavlov (now the Institute of Physiology named after I. P. Pavlova RAS) continued its work, and where they managed to survive the Siege of Leningrad. All the materials presented in the article are published for the first time.

This article is written as a part of a project for scientific work “Gender Studies: Social, Historical, Cultural and Anthropological Perspectives” (2019–2023).

Currently, there are various approaches to studying the activities of the Soviet state during the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet and Russian historical and legal literature. The War of 1941–1945 was one of the most significant events in the history of Russia, still affecting the demographic processes in the country and its development in general. Hundreds of scientific and journalistic works are devoted to that period. The issues of the activities of state bodies in organizing the resistance to enemy at fronts, the work in the rear in various industries and agriculture, and activities in the field of international relations and culture have been well studied. However, the issues of protecting health, reproduction and natural movement of the population have yet not been studied enough, especially in the aspect of regions, where a big part of the population was under occupation. The authors of the article put up a task to reveal the role of the state and legal mechanisms for implementing a set of measures to protect the health of civilians and to impact on demographic processes during the war years.