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The multiplexing capabilities of superconducting X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) have gained much attention in recent years. The demanding requirements for photon properties from multiple undulator lines necessitate more flexible beam manipulation techniques to achieve the goal of “beam on demand”. In this paper, we investigate a multiplexed configuration for the photoinjector of high-repetition-rate FELs that aims to simultaneously provide low-emittance electron beams of different charges. A parallel, multi-objective genetic algorithm is implemented for the photoinjector parameter optimization. The proposed configuration could drastically enhance the flexibility of beam manipulation to improve multiplexing capabilities and realize the full potential of the facility.

This report describes the design of a $γγ$ Higgs factory in which 62.8 GeV electron beams collide with 1 keV X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) beams to produce colliding beams of 62.5 GeV photons. The Higgs boson production rate is 34,000 Higgs bosons per $10^7$ second year, roughly the same as the ILC Higgs rate. The electron accelerator is based on cold copper distributed coupling (C$^3$) accelerator technology. The 0.7 J pulse energy of the XFEL represents a 300-fold increase over the pulse energy of current soft x-ray FEL's. Design challenges are discussed, along with the R\&D to address them, including demonstrators., 27 pages, 16 figures, Contributed to The US Community Study on the Future of Particle Physics (Snowmass 2021)

Generally, turn-to-turn fluctuations of synchrotron radiation power in a storage ring depend on the 6D phase-space distribution of the electron bunch. This effect is related to the interference of fields radiated by different electrons. Changes in the relative electron positions and velocities inside the bunch result in fluctuations in the total emitted energy per pass in a synchrotron radiation source. This effect has been previously described assuming constant and equal electron velocities before entering the synchrotron radiation source. In this paper, we present a generalized formula for the fluctuations with a non-negligible beam divergence. Further, we corroborate this formula in a dedicated experiment with undulator radiation in the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) storage ring at Fermilab. Lastly, possible applications in beam instrumentation are discussed.

Scientific reports 10(1), 9799 (2020). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66220-5, Transverse deflecting structures (TDSs) are widely used in accelerator physics to measure the longitudinal density of particle bunches. When used in combination with a dispersive section, the whole longitudinal phase space density can be imaged. At the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), the installation of such a device downstream of the undulators enables the reconstruction of the X-ray temporal intensity profile by comparing longitudinal phase space distributions with lasing on and lasing off. However, the resolution of this TDS is limited to around 1 fs rms (root mean square), and therefore, it is not possible to resolve single self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) spikes within an X-ray photon pulse. By combining the power spectrum from a high resolution photon spectrometer and the temporal structure from the TDS, the overall resolution is enhanced, thus allowing the observation of temporal, single SASE spikes. The combined data from the spectrometer and the TDS is analysed using an iterative algorithm to obtain the actual intensity profile.In this paper, we present some improvements to the reconstruction algorithm as well as real data taken at LCLS., Published by Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature, [London]

In the process of civil aircraft production, there will exist such a situation that the fasteners interfere with bend radius and it is hard to replace the structure element because of some limits of objective condition. This article investigates the fatigue quality of structure under tensile load with unloaded fasteners which rivet bucktail overrides bend radius (parallel to load) in civil aircraft by fatigue tests based on DFR method. The results show that the DFR value will not decrease if the fastener interferes with bend radius is not as serious as the situation that the No.6 rivet hole of the structure under tensile load with R5 invases bend radius 1.0mm.

Aiming at the synchronous motion of tetrahedral deployable unit, the kinematic pair is designed and the coupling motion branch is synthesized based on screw theory. The optimal deployable unit is determined by the application. According to the networking requirements, a networking mechanism composed of multiple units with coupling degree of freedom (DOF) is synthesized. The application of the screw theory in the configuration synthesis of deployable mechanism is realized in this paper. The mechanism is suitable for the deployable mechanism of satellite antenna reflector or other space surface deployable support mechanism, which has broad application prospects.

We study turn-by-turn fluctuations in the number of spontaneously emitted photons from an undulator, installed in the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) electron storage ring at Fermilab. A theoretical model is presented, showing the relative contributions due to the discrete nature of light emission and to the incoherent sum of fields from different electrons in the bunch. The model is compared with a previous experiment at Brookhaven and with new experiments we carried out at IOTA. Our experiments focused on the case of a large number of longitudinal and transverse radiation modes, a regime where photon shot noise is significant and the total magnitude of the fluctuations is very small. The experimental and data analysis techniques, required to reach the desired sensitivity, are detailed. We discuss how the model and the experiment provide insights into this emission regime, enable diagnostics of small beam sizes, and improve our understanding of beam lifetime in IOTA.

The measured, self-seeded soft X-ray radiation spectrum corresponding to multiple effective undulator lengths of the LCLS exhibits a pedestal-like distribution around the seeded frequency. In the absence of a post-undulator monochromator, this contamination limits the spectral purity and may seriously degrade certain user applications. In general for either externally- or self-seeded FELs, such pedestals may originate with any time-varying property of the electron beam that can modulate the complex gain function. In this paper we specifically focus on the contributions of electron beam microbunching prior to the undulator. We show that both energy and density modulations can induce sidebands in a seeded FEL configuration. Analytic FEL theory and numerical simulations are used to analyze the sideband content relative to the amplified seeded signal, and to compare with experimental results., Proceedings of the 37th International Free Electron Laser Conference, FEL2015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Experimental research on co-combustion characteristics of Huadian oil shale and its semi-coke was conducted on a bench of Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). The distribution of temperatures along furnace of the pilot was obtained. The factors that affect the temperature were analysis. The results showed that the blend fuel with 20% oil shale mixed with 80% semi-coke will suit for CFBC and the fluidized air ratio is less than 66.7%. The experiment also proved that bottom ash and fly ash could be utilized as build material for all conditions.

9th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC18, ; Journal of physics / Conference Series 1067(3), 032011 (2018). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1067/3/032011, Transverse deflecting structures (TDS) are widely used in accelerator physics to measure the longitudinal density of particle bunches. When used in combination with a dispersive section, the whole longitudinal phase space density can be imaged. At the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), the installation of such a device downstream of the undulators enables the reconstruction of the X-ray temporal intensity profile by comparing longitudinal phase space distributions with lasing on and lasing off. However, the resolution of this TDS is limited to around 1 fs rms (root mean square),and therefore, in most cases, it is not possible to resolve single self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) spikes within one photon pulse.By combining the intensity spectrum from a high resolution photon spectrometer and the temporal structure from the TDS, the overall resolution is enhanced, thus allowing the observation of temporal, single SASE spikes. The combined data from the spectrometer and the TDS is analyzed using an iterative algorithm to obtain the actual intensity profile.In this paper, we present the reconstruction algorithm as well as analyzed data obtained from simulations which shows the reliability of this method. Real data will be published at a later stage., Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

The fluctuations of the longitudinal coherence length expected from the world's first hard X-ray Free Electron Laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source, are investigated. We analyze, on a shot-to-shot basis, series of power spectra generated from 1D-FEL simulations. We evaluate how the intrinsic noise in the spectral profile of the X-ray beam reflects on its longitudinal coherence length. We show that the spectral stability of the LCLS beam will allow coherent X-ray experiments with a reasonable acquisition time. We also propose a scheme to deliver single-mode X-ray radiation using a narrow bandpass monochromator.

There is a growing interest in producing intense, coherent x-ray radiation with an adjustable and arbitrary polarization state. In this paper, we study the crossed undulator scheme (K.-J. Kim, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A {\bf 445}, 329 (2000)) for rapid polarization control in a self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free electron laser (FEL). Because a SASE source is a temporally chaotic light, we perform a statistical analysis on the state of polarization using FEL theory and simulations. We show that by adding a small phase shifter and a short (about 1.3 times the FEL power gain length), $90^\circ$ rotated planar undulator after the main SASE planar undulator, one can obtain circularly polarized light -- with over 80% polarization -- near the FEL saturation., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures

The optical klystron enhancement to self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free electron lasers (FELs) is studied in theory and in simulations. In contrast to a seeded FEL, the optical klystron gain in a SASE FEL is not sensitive to any phase mismatch between the radiation and the microbunched electron beam. The FEL performance with the addition of four optical klystrons located at the undulator long breaks in the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) shows significant improvement if the uncorrelated energy spread at the undulator entrance can be controlled to a very small level. In addition, FEL saturation at shorter x-ray wavelengths (around 1.0 \AA) within the LCLS undulator length becomes possible. We also discuss the application of the optical klystron in a compact x-ray FEL design that employs relatively low electron beam energy together with a short-period undulator., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR) can play an important role by not only increasing the energy spread and emittance of a beam, but also leading to a potential instability. Previous studies of the CSR induced longitudinal instability were carried out for the CSR impedance due to dipole magnets. However, many storage rings include long wigglers where a large fraction of the synchrotron radiation is emitted. This includes high-luminosity factories such as DAPHNE, PEP-II, KEK-B, and CESR-C as well as the damping rings of future linear colliders. In this paper, the instability due to the CSR impedance from a wiggler is studied assuming a large wiggler parameter $K$. The primary consideration is a low frequency microwave-like instability, which arises near the pipe cut-off frequency. Detailed results are presented on the growth rate and threshold for the damping rings of several linear collider designs. Finally, the optimization of the relative fraction of damping due to the wiggler systems is discussed for the damping rings., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

Surface characterization of the LCLS RF gun cathode A. Brachmann On behalf of the LCLS commissioning team The first copper cathode installed in the LCLS RF gun was used during LCLS commissioning for more than a year. However, after high charge operation (~ 500 pC), the cathode showed a decline of quantum efficiency due to surface contamination caused by residual ionized gas species present in the vacuum system. We report results of SEM, XPS and XAS studies that were carried out on this cathode after it was removed from the gun. X-ray absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal surface contamination by various hydrocarbon compounds. In addition we report on the performance of the second installed cathode with emphasis on the spatial distribution of electron emission., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Microbunching instability (MBI) driven by collective effects in an accelerator is known to be detrimental for the performance of X-ray free electron lasers. At the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), laser heater (LH) system was installed to suppress the microbunching instability by inducing a small amount of slice energy spread to the electron beam. The distribution of the induced energy spread greatly effects MBI suppression and can be controlled by shaping the transverse profile of the heater laser. In this paper, we present theoretical and experimental results on utilizing a Laguerre-Gaussian 01 Mode (LG01) laser at LCLS to obtain better suppression of the instability. We demonstrate experimentally that Gaussian-shaped energy distribution is induced by LG01 mode LH and final microbunching gain is better suppressed. We finally discuss the role of LH spatial shaping in soft X-ray self-seeded (SXRSS) FEL emission and demonstrate that this LH configuration is capable of generating high spectral brightness FEL pulses., Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conference, NAPAC2019, Lansing, MI, USA