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An in vitro study was conducted using a model of reconstituted human corneal epithelial (SkinEthic™ HCE/Human Corneal Epithelium) to test the modulation of cytokines secretion activity of Pomanox® (PMX), a standardized commercial extract of pomegranate fruit characterized by high punicalagin α + β content. Cell viability and inhibition of the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was evaluated in four conditions: negative control, positive inflammatory control with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli, positive anti-inflammatory control (LPS plus dexamethasone), and LPS plus PMX after 24 h of culture. The mean (±standard error of mean (SEM)) IL-8 level was 48.7 ± 5.1 pg/mL in the PMX condition vs. 172.7 ± 19.3 and 26.6 ± 1.2 in the LPS from E. coli and negative control, respectively (p < 0.05) and 93.8 ± 8.7 pg/mL in LPS plus dexamethasone (p = 0.165). The percentages of inhibition of IL-8 release were 45.7% for LPS plus dexamethasone and 63.8% for LPS plus PMX. The percentage of cell viability (86%) was also higher for the LPS plus PMX condition. The present findings add evidence to the anti-inflammatory effect of a PMX in an in vitro model of reconstituted corneal epithelial cells.

Information on the dimensional changes in maxillary and mandibular dentures made by using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) techniques under uniform testing conditions is lacking.The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the dimensional changes and reproducibility of maxillary and mandibular dentures by using CAD-CAM-milled and 3D-printed techniques.Maxillary and mandibular edentulous models with wax occlusal rims were scanned, and dentures were designed by using a CAD software program and fabricated by using 2 techniques and materials: CAD-CAM-milled (CCM) and 3D-printed (3DP). The 3DP fabrications included 4 subgroups: dentures printed with a 90-degree build angle with UV light polymerization on the reference model (3DP 90M), dentures printed with a 90-degree build angle and light polymerization without the reference model (3DP 90), dentures printed with a 45-degree build angle with light polymerization on the reference model (3DP 45M), and dentures printed with a 45-degree build angle and light polymerization without the reference model (3DP 45). The preprocessing and postprocessing scan files of each denture produced by CCM and 3DP were superimposed by using a surface matching software program. Ten points each on maxillary and mandibular dentures were measured for deviations after processing. Additionally, for each denture, the widths were measured between the canines and molars, the anteroposterior plane from cusp tips between the canines and molars, and the vertical plane from the cusp tip of the canines to the marginal gingiva. They were then compared with those in the denture design CAD cast. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test was used for statistical analyses (α=.05).According to digital superimposition, CCM had the smallest values of deviation with no statistical difference (P.05), indicating more uniform results from measurement points in both maxillary and mandibular dentures, followed by 3DP 90M, 3DP 90, 3DP 45M, and 3DP 45. Regarding the width measurements, CCM had the smallest values of deviation (P.05). In 3DP, smaller deviation values were observed at the vertical plane from the tip of the canine to the marginal gingiva, and larger values were observed in the intermolar width (P.05).CCM exhibited smaller dimensional changes and better reproducibility among the tested techniques. In 3DP, the build angle and methods of light postprocessing influenced the dimensional stability. The 90-degree build angle with additional light polymerization on the cast improved the dimensional deviations.

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of different procedures for retightening the abutment screw on the screw stability between the abutment and implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS External hexagon connection (EHC) and internal tri-channel connection (ITC) implants were employed in this study. Each abutment screw was used for the following applications (n = 5 for each group): group 0 = abutment was tightened and retightened with a 10-minute interval; group 1 = abutment was tightened and retightened with a 10-minute interval, then loaded for 500,000 cycles; group 2 = abutment was loaded for 83,000 cycles during tightening and retightening and then loaded for 500,000 cycles; group 3 = abutment was loaded for 167,000 cycles during tightening and retightening and then loaded for 500,000 cycles; and group 4 = abutment was loaded for 250,000 cycles during tightening and retightening and then loaded for 500,000 cycles. Both tightening and retightening torques were set at 35 Ncm, and dynamic oblique loading between 0 N and 200 N was applied on the abutment in all groups. The settlement of the abutments (settling value) after retightening and the abutments' removal torque values (RTVs) after testing were measured. RESULTS No significant differences in settling values were found for EHC or ITC. There were significant differences in the RTVs on EHC implants, but ITC implants showed no difference in RTV with different prosthetic retightening applications. CONCLUSION The retightening application affected the joint stability of EHC implants, but did not affect the settlement or joint stability of ITC implants.

Dietary intervention of fucoidan extracted from Saccharina japonica brown seaweed has been ascertained to favor an increase of galectin-9 protein in the intestine of allergic mice, resulting in the attenuation of the food allergy symptoms. The molecular mechanism underpinning that galectin-9 secretion remains unclear. Recently, some evidence has suggested an implication of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in galectin-9 secretion. However, no investigation has been done. For this study, we aimed to understand the relationship between galectin-9 production and fucoidan intake, which will improve the therapeutic use of fucoidan in allergy treatment. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were cultured in solid or transwell plates and apically exposed to fucoidan solutions and/or synthetic TLR9 agonist (CpG-ODN). The transcriptional response of the cells to galectin-9 (lgals9) and the TLR9 gene was evaluated by using q-RTPCR, and the protein expression of galectin-9 was analyzed by conducting an ELISA test. Knockdown of TLR9 in IECs was performed by targeting TLR9 siRNA, and its effect on galectin-9 release was assessed. We found that the interaction of fucoidan and IECs resulted in the upregulation of galectin-9 released in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The increase was further potentiated in combination with the TLR9 agonist. Fucoidan exposure to IECs tended to increase the mRNA expression of TLR9 in a way similar to that of the TLR9 agonist effect, and knockdown of TLR9 in IECs resulted in a decreased tendency of fucoidan-induced galectin-9 protein. TLR9 activation is therefore involved in the increased release of galectin-9 protein observed in IECs upon fucoidan exposure.

Vat-polymerized casts can be designed with different bases, but the influence of the base design on the accuracy of the casts remains unclear.The purpose of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of various base designs (solid, honeycombed, and hollow) with 2 different wall thicknesses (1 mm and 2 mm) on the accuracy of vat-polymerized diagnostic casts.A virtual maxillary cast was obtained and used to create 3 different base designs: solid (S group), honeycombed (HC group), and hollow (H group). The HC and H groups were further divided into 2 subgroups based on the wall thickness of the cast designed: 1 mm (HC-1 and H-1) and 2 mm (HC-2 and H-2) (N=50, n=10). All the specimens were manufactured with a vat-polymerized printer (Nexdent 5100) and a resin material (Nexdent Model Ortho). The linear and 3D discrepancies between the virtual cast and each specimen were measured with a coordinate measuring machine. Trueness was defined as the mean of the average absolute dimensional discrepancy between the virtual cast and the AM specimens and precision as the standard deviation of the dimensional discrepancies between the virtual cast and the AM specimens. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests revealed that the data were not normally distributed. The data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparison tests (α=.05).The trueness ranged from 63.73 μm to 77.17 μm, and the precision ranged from 44.00 μm to 54.24 μm. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences on the x- (P.001), y- (P=.006), and z-axes (P.001) and on the 3D discrepancy (P.001). On the x-axis, the Mann-Whitney test revealed significant differences between the S and H-1 groups (P.001), S and H-2 groups (P.001), HC-1 and H-1 groups (P.001), HC-1 and H-2 groups (P.001), HC-2 and H-1 groups (P.001), and HC-2 and H-2 groups (P.001); on the y-axis, between the S and H-1 groups (P.001), HC-1 and H-1 groups (P=.001), HC-1 and H-2 groups (P=.02), HC-2 and H-1 groups (P.001), HC-2 and H-2 groups (P=.003); and on the z-axis, between the S and H-1 groups (P=.003). For the 3D discrepancy analysis, significant differences were found between the S and H-1 groups (P.001), S and H-2 groups (P=.004), HC-1 and H-1 groups (P=.04), and HC-2 and H-1 groups (P=.002).The base designs tested influenced the manufacturing accuracy of the diagnostic casts fabricated with a vat-polymerization printer, with the solid and honeycombed bases providing the greatest accuracy. However, all the specimens were clinically acceptable.

Stresses induced by implant-supported prostheses are related to mechanical complications. However, how the manufacturing method affects the generated stresses is unclear.The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the passive fit of 3-unit cobalt-chromium partial prostheses fabricated by using 3 different methods: conventional casting (milled resin with lost-wax method), machined (milling soft metal blocks), or sintered (direct metal laser sintering).Thirty 3-unit implant-supported cobalt-chromium fixed prostheses were fabricated, 10 with each method. Four strain gauges were placed over an in vitro resin model with 2 implants in it; 2 gauges were placed above and 2 on the sides to measure the microdeformations caused by placing the structures above the implants in longitudinal flexion, vertical flexion, or torsion, before and after tightening the screws. An inferential analysis was carried out by using a statistical software program, and the Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied and then complemented with the Mann-Whitney test for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni correction (α=.01).The mean longitudinal deformation, vertical flexion, and torsional deformation values increased after tightening the screws with each of the 3 fabrication methods. Significant differences (P.01) were found for all 3 methods before and after screw tightening. After screw tightening, the machined structures, followed by sintered structures, and the cast structures (P.05) had smaller deformations in the X, Y, and Z dimensions. The longitudinal deformation was less in machined structures, and vertical flexion deformation was less in machined and sintered structures than in cast structures (P.05).The deformations registered in the in vitro model increase considerably after screw tightening, which indicates the lack of passive fit. Machined structures provide a better passive fit, followed by sintered structures, and the cast structures had the poorest fit.

This study evaluated the effects of manipulator level (ML) on implant scan body (ISB) seating. It also investigated ISB vertical deviation with various levels of tightening torque.In total, 10 standard acrylic resin models were prepared with the implant on the first molar site. ISBs were placed on the models by six operators with three MLs, manually and with a torque of 15 Ncm using an electronic torque driver. Digital scans were completed with an intraoral scan device. After superimposition in the software, ISB vertical deviation was compared between the 15 Ncm torque level and manual operation. One experienced operator then placed the ISB with different torque levels (20, 25, 30, and 35 Ncm) using an electronic torque driver. The ISB vertical deviation was also compared among torque levels. Vertical deviations within ML were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between torque levels (α = .05).ISB vertical deviations differed among MLs (P.01). Significant vertical deviations were observed between 20 and 30 Ncm (P.01), 20 and 35 Ncm (P.05), and 25 and 35 Ncm (P.05). The largest estimated marginal mean was 13.5 ± 4.11 μm with a torque of 35 Ncm.Significant differences in ISB vertical deviation were observed according to MLs and tightening torque levels. The amounts of those deviations did not exceed the previously described occlusal threshold.

Statement of problem Studies evaluating the accuracy of edentulous arch impressions encompassing conventional and digital methods are lacking. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate 8 impression-making methods for edentulous arches and to determine the effects of using a 3-dimensionally printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) scanning aid on the accuracy of intraoral scanners. Material and methods Three sets of edentulous arch typodonts were scanned with an industrial scanner as a reference. Subsequently, a scanning aid for the edentulous arch was individually designed on each reference scan dataset by using a 3-dimensional modeling software program and fabricated in PEEK with a 3-dimensional printer. Each typodont was scanned with 2 intraoral scanners 12 times, with and without the assistance of a scanning aid for the edentulous arch. Impressions were made with 4 different conventional impression materials (irreversible hydrocolloid, polysulfide, polyether, and polyvinyl siloxane)—12 times for each typodont—the casts were poured and digitized with a tabletop scanner. Each scan data set was superimposed over the corresponding scan data set, and the original and absolute distance values from the paired surface points were obtained to measure the trueness and precision. These were expressed by using the mean, median, root mean square, and (90 percentile-10 percentile)/2 of the absolute distance value (NMT) concepts, based on the raw data extraction protocol. A repeated-measures ANOVA followed by a post hoc Bonferroni test was conducted (α=.05). Results The impression-making methods did not show statistically significant differences (P>.05) for either trueness or precision, particularly when the median values of the original and absolute distance values from the paired surface points were chosen as the standard values. One of the intraoral scanners used exhibited significantly superior outcomes to conventional impression materials when scanned with the scanning aid for the edentulous arch for both trueness and precision when the mean, root mean square, and NMT concepts were applied (P Conclusions Intraoral scanners demonstrated accuracy comparable with that of conventional impression materials for making edentulous arch impressions, regardless of the concepts used to express the trueness and precision. The PEEK-based scanning aid for the edentulous arch did not improve the accuracy of the intraoral scanners; however, its application resulted in higher accuracy compared with that of conventional impression materials.

Stereolithography (SLA) additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have become popular for the fabrication of complete dentures; however, the trueness and precision of the dentures under different postpolymerization conditions remain unclear.The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of different postpolymerization times and temperatures on the trueness and precision of SLA dentures.Specimens simulating maxillary complete dentures were fabricated by SLA 3D printing. They were polymerized for 15 minutes or 30 minutes at different temperatures (40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C). The intaglio surface trueness of the specimens was evaluated by superimposing the postpolymerization standard tessellation language (STL) file on the original STL file for each specimen via a best-fit method (n=10). The precision was measured across specimens by superimposing the postpolymerization STL file from each specimen group and using the combination formula (n=45). Subsequently, root-mean-square estimates (RMSEs) and color map data were obtained, and a normality test was conducted on the obtained data. The results indicated that the distributions were not normal; therefore, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data (α=.05).For trueness, the lowest RMSE corresponded to the postpolymerization time of 30 minutes and a temperature of 40 °C. This result was significantly different from specimens those of the 15-minute and 60 °C, 15-minute and 80 °C, and 30-minute and 80 °C specimens (P.001). For precision, the median of the lowest RMSE corresponded to the 30-minute and 40 °C specimens. This median value was significantly different from those of other specimens (P.001). The findings indicate that the postpolymerization condition of 30 minutes and 40 °C affords the highest trueness and precision and the most favorable intaglio surface adaptation of the denture.The postpolymerization conditions influenced the RMSE values of the trueness and precision of a clear photopolymer resin. The RMSE and color map data associated with the 30-minute and 40 °C condition corresponded to the greatest trueness and precision of all the SLA denture specimens considered.

The digital scan accuracy of different intraoral scanners (IOSs) for long-span fixed prosthesis and the effect of the starting quadrant on accuracy is unclear.The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of 6 IOSs for complete-arch and prepared teeth digitally isolated from the complete-arch and to determine the effect of the starting quadrant on accuracy.A maxillary model containing bilaterally prepared canines, first molar teeth, and edentulous spans between the prepared teeth was used. The model was scanned by using a highly accurate industrial scanner to create a digital reference data set. Six IOSs were evaluated: TRIOS, iTero, Planmeca Emerald, Cerec Omnicam, Primescan, and Virtuo Vivo. The model was scanned 10 times with each IOS by 1 operator according to the protocols described by the manufacturers. Five scans were made starting from the right quadrant (ScanR), followed by 5 scans starting from the left quadrant (ScanL). All data sets were obtained in standard tessellation language (STL) file format and were used to evaluate accuracy (trueness and precision) with a 3D analyzing software program (Geomagic Studio 12; 3D Systems) by using a best-fit alignment. The prepared teeth were digitally isolated from the complete-arch and evaluated with the analyzing software program. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests were used to detect differences for trueness and precision (α=.05).Statistically significant differences were found regarding IOSs (P.003) and scanning sequence (P.05). The TRIOS showed the best trueness for the complete-arch, but not statistically different from Primescan, Virtuo Vivo, and iTero (P.003). The lowest median values for precision of the complete-arch were also found using TRIOS, but no significant difference was found among the scanners (P.003). In terms of trueness and precision, Primescan had the best accuracy for preparations. Emerald showed significant differences depending on the scanning sequence for complete-arch accuracy. ScanR for trueness (P=.021) and ScanL for precision (P=.004) showed improved results. However, Emerald, TRIOS, and Virtuo Vivo showed statistically significant differences in precision of preparations depending on scanning sequence. ScanL deviated less than ScanR when scanned with TRIOS (P=.025) and Emerald (P=.004), and the opposite with Virtuo Vivo (P=.008). In terms of preparations trueness, no significant difference was found between the ScanR and ScanL of any IOS (P.05).Based on this in vitro study, the accuracy of the complete-arch and prepared teeth differed according to the IOS and scanning sequence.

Statement of problem The use of reduced platform sets (implants and abutments) can help to control crestal bone loss around implants, which is essential for optimizing esthetics and biomechanical behavior. However, the information available on the fracture resistance of implants with a reduced platform is sparse. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the maximum fracture strength value of implants with different platform designs during quasistatic fatigue, followed by a simulation of different bone levels of cervical insertion. Material and methods One hundred and twenty sets of dental implants and abutments with different diameters and platform designs were tested. All implants had an internal hexagon connection and conical macrogeometry. Four groups (n=30) were studied: O4.0-mm implants with a regular matched platform (rMatch group), O4.0-mm implants with a regular switched platform (PSwitch group), O5.0-mm implants with a wide matched platform (wMatch group), and O5.0-mm implants with a wide switched platform (wSwitch group). Three conditions simulating different levels of bone position around the cervical portion of the implants were proposed: insertion at the implant shoulder level=0 mm (L0), level=3 mm of insertion loss (L3), and level=5 mm of insertion loss (L5). All sets of all groups and proposed insertion level were subjected to a fracture strength test at 30 degrees in relation to the axis of the sets in a universal testing machine. Results Regardless of the insertion levels tested, the switched platform implants (rSwitch and wSwitch groups) showed similar mean fracture strength values (P>.05), while the implants of matched platforms (rMatch and wMatch groups) showed different fracture strength values for all insertion levels tested (P Conclusions The fracture strength values of the switched platform implants were lower at all insertion levels tested. However, for all insertion levels tested, the implants with a switched platform presented less deformation, whereas, in the matched platform implants, there was significant deformation of the implant structure.

Introduction: Ligands of adenosine A1Rs are potential candidates for the development of drugs for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, angina pectoris, hypertriglyceridemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, neuropathic pain, and heart failure. At the same time, there is a deficiency of drugs that can regulate the functions of A1 receptors. A number of A1-antagonists are at the various stages of clinical trials; other drugs are not very selective or are characterized by an insufficient breadth of their therapeutic action. Therefore, the search for new medicinal compounds for the prevention and treatment of A1-depended diseases among nitro derivatives of tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine is of scientific interest. Materials and methods: The search for active compounds was carried out by in silico and in vitro methods. At the first stage, a computer forecast of A1-antagonistic activity was carried out using the Microcosm BioS software. At the second stage, the prediction results were verified in vitro in a model of isolated mouse atria. Results and discussion: Based on the results of the prediction by the method of maximum similarity to standards, the most active compounds III, VIII, and XVII were selected. After testing the prediction results by the isolated atria method, the compound VIII was characterized by A1-blocking effect in vitro at a concentration of 10 μmol/L. Conclusion: The most promising compound with A1-blocking effect in vitro was identified; it is a derivative of tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine under the code of VIII. It is of interest for us for further in-depth study of its pharmacological properties.

PURPOSE To establish a recording method for edentulous jaw relations and to perform quantitative accuracy evaluation in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Maxillary and mandibular edentulous arch models and complete dentures were mounted on an articulator, simulating protrusion (A), left and right laterotrusion (B and C), and small opening jaw relations (D), aided by metal foil wax record. Using the tracking system, 3D trajectories of targets were recorded from intercuspation to A, B, C, and D, then used to rehabilitate digital arch relations of A, B, C, and D in the test group. Axial model surfaces were pasted with six pairs of positioning cylinders. The center points of the bottom surfaces of the cylinders in A, B, C, and D were measured to rehabilitate digital arch relations in the control group. With the maxilla as the common area, arch relations of the test group were registered in the control group; 3D deviations of the mandible were calculated, and displacements in horizontal left/right, horizontal anterior/posterior, and vertical directions were analyzed. RESULTS 3D deviations of the mandible in A, B, C, and D were 131 ± 39 μm, 133 ± 44 μm, 120 ± 51 μm, and 112 ± 52 μm, respectively. Mean absolute values of displacements of the mandible were less than 200 μm. CONCLUSION By using the optical jaw tracking system, the accuracy of jaw relation records as measured on an articulator was acceptable for clinical demand. Further investigations among patients are required to clinically verify the results of this study.

Background/purpose Although several mechanical and chemical debridement techniques have been reported for the management of peri-implantitis, there is no consensus on the most effective method at present. This in vitro study aimed to examine the effects of different mechanical instrumentation techniques on the debridement of hard calcified materials, which are present on the implant surface, as well as the effect of the defect morphology. Materials and methods From a total of 15 implants, five each were assigned to one of three decontamination groups (Rotary titanium brush [Ti], tricalcium phosphate air powder abrasive treatment [Air], and titanium ultrasonic scaler [US] groups); the exposed hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated portion was divided into three 1-mm sections (coronal, middle, and apical). The residual-HA of each portion was measured using a digital microscope. Results The overall percentage of residual HA coating was significantly lower in the US group than in the Ti or Air groups (p Conclusion Ti and US were more effective for shallow defects, whereas US was more effective for deeper defects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial, stain and protein removal efficacy of denture or orthodontic appliance cleansers using in vitro test methods. Experimental cleansers were applied for experimental time in each evaluation method. To evaluate the microorganism removal efficacy, C. albicans and S. mutans removal rate was calculated from the specimen surface. Stain and protein removal rate was calculated using the spectrophotometer. Experimental cleansers significantly affected the microorganism removal rate for both C. albicans and S. mutans, as well as the stain and protein removal rates, at each experimental time (p

Introduction Multiple studies have shown significant heating of fluid within the urinary collecting system with high-power laser settings. Elevated fluid temperatures may cause thermal injury and tissue damage unless appropriately mitigated. A previous in vitro study demonstrated that chilled (4 °C) irrigation slowed temperature rise, decreased plateau temperature, and lowered thermal dose during laser activation with high-power settings. We sought to evaluate the thermal effects of chilled, room temperature, and warmed irrigation during ureteroscopy with laser activation in an in vivo porcine model. Materials and methods Seven female Yorkshire cross pigs (45-55 kg) were anesthetized and positioned supine. Retrograde ureteroscopy was performed with a thermocouple affixed 5 mm from the distal end of the ureteroscope. In two pigs a holmium:YAG laser was activated for 60 seconds at irrigation rates of 8 ml/min, 12 ml/min, and 15 ml/min with chilled, room temperature, or warmed irrigation. In five pigs core body temperature was recorded for one hour with or without continuous chilled irrigation at 15 ml/min. Results At irrigation rates ≥ 12 ml/min, temperature curves appeared uniformly offset, warmed > room temperature > chilled irrigation. The threshold of thermal tissue injury was reached during laser activation for all irrigation temperatures at 8 ml/min. The threshold was not reached with chilled irrigation at 12 ml/min or 15 ml/min, or with room temperature irrigation at 15 ml/min. The threshold was exceeded at all irrigation rates with warmed irrigation. There was no significant change in core body temperature after delivering chilled irrigation at 15 ml/min compared with no irrigation for 60 minutes. Conclusion Irrigation with chilled saline solution during ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy slows temperature rise, lowers peak temperature, and lengthens the time to thermal injury compared to irrigation with room temperature or warmed saline solutions. Core body temperature was not significantly impacted by chilled irrigation.

PURPOSE To compare the accuracy of printed to digital casts produced from various intraoral and extraoral scanners with different scanning technologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A conventional stone cast was fabricated from the reference typodont cast and scanned with two intraoral scanners (TRIOS 3 version 1.4.7.5, and Dental Wings version 2.1.0.421), and two extraoral scanners (S600 Arti, Zirkonzahn, and Ceramill map 600, Amann Girrbach GmbH). All digital scans were saved in the form of STL files and measurements were calculated using Geomagic analysis software. Two types of measurements were assessed on the casts: tooth- and arch-level measurements. Absolute errors were calculated by subtracting the measurements on 3D-printed, digital, and conventional stone casts from the measurements on the reference typodont cast. One-way ANOVA was used for comparing different measurement errors between groups. Linear regression was performed to determine the association between different explanatory variables, and the average measurement errors (dependent variable) adjusted to reference cast measurements. Regression coefficients (B) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS For both 3D printed, and digital casts, Dental Wings showed significantly greater error compared to other scanners and to the conventional stone cast at all measurements except AL (in the 3D printed modality only), while conventional casts showed the lowest error. Error was significantly higher in intraoral than extraoral scanners (B = 0.009, 95% CI = 0.005, 0.02), and in arch level measurements than tooth level measurements (B = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.04), and significantly lower in 3D printed than digital casts (B = -0.04, 95% CI = -0.05, -0.04). There were no statistically significant differences between measurement errors of both arches (maxillary and mandibular arches). CONCLUSIONS Extraoral scanners showed higher accuracy than intraoral scanners, and 3D-printed casts showed higher accuracy than their digital counterparts. Dental Wings scanner had the greatest measurement error. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Purpose To compare the accuracy of three commercially available intraoral scanners when imaging various dental material substrates. Materials and methods A maxillary dentate typodont model with 11 different dental material substrates was prepared and scanned using three intraoral scanners (TRIOS 3, 3Shape; CS 3600, Carestream; and Emerald S, Planmeca). The model was further scanned with a laboratory scanner (7series, Dental Wings) for reference. Files were exported in standard tessellation language format and inserted into a metrology 3D mesh software (CloudCompare). Results In terms of influence of different substrates on IOS trueness, a significant effect on the performance of TRIOS 3 and Emerald S was revealed. Concerning the accuracy of different intraoral scanners when scanning more translucent and reflective materials, pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences among scanners. In terms of complete-arch trueness and precision, pairwise comparisons revealed that TRIOS 3 had significantly higher trueness and precision compared to CS3600 and Emerald S. The complete-arch trueness and precision of CS3600 and Emerald S did not differ significantly. Conclusions Dental material substrates influenced the accuracy of all three tested scanners. The full metal crown exhibited significantly lower trueness compared to other substrates across all three scanners. For the high-translucency substrate group, TRIOS 3 exhibited significantly higher trueness compared to CS 3600. Polished and unpolished class II amalgam restorations of similar dimensions did not exhibit significant differences in trueness regardless of intraoral scanner. In terms of complete-arch accuracy, TRIOS 3 had significantly higher trueness and precision compared to CS 3600 and Emerald S. All three scanners exhibited complete-arch average accuracy below 100 μm.

The trans-cell approach using a low-profile visualized intraluminal support (LVIS) device is sometimes used for aneurysm coil embolization. However, factors related to microcatheter passage remain uninvestigated. We aimed to examine in-vitro factors related to microcatheter passage using the trans-cell approach with an LVIS.Silicone vessel models (inner diameter, 4 mm) were created with different bend segments and a 4-mm hole assuming an aneurysm neck on the side of the greater curvature. The LVIS Blue (4.5 × 32 mm) was deployed at the bend segment, and passability on the trans-cell surface was evaluated by passing the microcatheter along the micro guidewire. A total of 800 passage experiments were performed using two types of microcatheter, ten types of silicone vessel, four cell widths, five cells with the same LVIS device, and two micro guidewire directions in the aneurysm.The Headway Duo microcatheter (35.5%, 142/400) tended to have better passability compared with the Headway 17 microcatheter (29.3%, 117/400) (p = 0.070). As the cell width and angle between the trans-cell surface and microcatheter direction increased, passability significantly increased (p = 0.027 and p 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in passability when the micro guidewire was directed to the proximal side versus the distal side (p = 0.45).A large cell width and an obtuse angle between the trans-cell surface and microcatheter direction facilitated good passability. Although statistically marginal, microcatheters with small ledges and small tips had relatively good passability.

Modern approach towards biodegradable biomaterials involves significant capability of magnesium (Mg) alloys. Being a major constituent of the human body, Mg has extraordinary potential to facilitate as temporary orthopaedic implants. Despite many benefits within Mg and its alloys; such as excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, satisfactory mechanical qualities, its use is still very limited. Rapid corrosion and hydrogen evolution are threats to its limited use. To estimate the mechanism and causes of corrosion in living environments for Mg-alloys accurately, in vitro study is necessary. The present review focuses on factors influencing corrosion rates (bio-corrosion) of Mg-alloys in vivo and in vitro studies. To understand the corrosion behaviour, factors like organic compounds, inorganic ions and some experimental process parameters taken into considerations and are analyzed. It is concluded that some of these factors affect the mechanism of corrosion greatly and their effective management is required to control their corrosion rates. Experimental conditions are most significant because they affect corrosion rates the most and can be helpful to stabilize it. The effects of these factors are summarized at the end of this review.

Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) systems are increasingly used to fabricate removable complete dentures. However, comparisons and analyses of the trueness and adaptation of the socketed surface of denture bases produced by milling (MIL) and digital light processing (DLP) are lacking.The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the trueness and socketed surface adaptation of denture bases fabricated by using additive and subtractive manufacturing.Based on a denture base standard tessellation language (STL) file, a total of 15 denture bases were produced by using DLP (horizontal and vertical direction) and MIL. The intaglio and cameo surfaces of the fabricated denture bases were scanned with a dental scanner. The scanned intaglio and cameo surfaces were overlapped with the corresponding reference denture base STL file for trueness evaluation. In addition, the ridge lap STL file of the diagnostic tooth arrangement, in which reverse normal was performed, was superimposed on the socketed surface of the denture base of all groups to evaluate adaptation.The root mean square (RMS) values of trueness and adaptation showed statistically significant differences (P.05). For the trueness RMS value of the intaglio surface of the denture base, the MIL-denture base (MDB) group had the lowest value of 150 ±6 μm, whereas the vertical denture base (VDB) of the DLP group was the largest with 328 ±4 μm. For the trueness RMS value of the cameo surface, the MDB group was the lowest with 50 ±1 μm, whereas the VDB group was the largest with 334 ±24 μm. For the adaptation RMS value of the socketed surface of the denture base, the MDB group was the lowest with 44 μm, whereas the VDB group was the largest with 117 ±2 μm.Within the limits of this in vitro study, the MDB group showed better trueness and socketed surface adaptation than the DLP groups (HDB and VDB).

Purpose Although mock-ups have been widely used in dental esthetic rehabilitation, their accuracy has not been quantitatively evaluated, and the methods of fabricating mock-ups are various. This in vitro study investigated the thickness accuracy of mock-ups fabricated with different silicone matrices. Methods Mock-ups of maxillary anterior teeth were respectively fabricated by 72 silicone matrices that were equally divided into four groups (n=18 for each group) according to two variables of the silicone matrices: labial margin position (equigingival or cover labial gingiva for 1-2 mm) and palatal notches (with or without notches on the palatal side of silicone matrices). The thickness accuracy of the mock-ups was analyzed using 3D scanning and 3D deviation analysis techniques compared with diagnostic waxing. The thickness change ratios of the mock-ups were compared using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare differences in thickness change ratios between different teeth in each group. Results The thickness accuracy of the mock-ups was significantly affected by the labial margin position and the palatal notches of the silicone matrices, respectively, in the labial area and the incisal area. The most accurate mock-ups were made using silicone matrices with equigingival labial margins and palatal notches. The thickness accuracy of the mock-ups was also inconsistent on different teeth. Conclusions The mock-ups fabricated by silicone matrices were thicker than the diagnostic waxing. The application of silicone matrices to equigingival labial margins and palatal notches was beneficial to the thickness accuracy of mock-ups.

Background/Aim: Appropriate selection of suture material is a crucial step in oral, maxillofacial and periodontal surgery for uneventful healing. We have scarcity of comprehensive studies comparing mechanical properties of commonly used suture material in oral surgeries. The present in vitro study sought to evaluate the effect of saliva on the strength, elongation and stiffness of the commonly used suture material over a period of two weeks. Methods: Three suture materials Silk (SL), polyglactin 910 (PG) and polypropylene (PP) were used in 4-0 gauge. A total of 120 suture samples (40 from each material) were used for the experiment. Artificial saliva was mixed with human serum in 1:1 concentration and maintained at pH of 7.4 to 8.1 to simulate oral environment. All samples were tested at pre-immersion (baseline), 3rd, 7th and 14th day post-immersion periods. Universal testing machine was used to test the selected mechanical properties. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The distribution of mean baseline strength and percentage elongation was significantly higher in PP group (P-value

To evaluate and compare the influence of dissimilar CAD-CAM material on the marginal fitness of endocrown with different cavity depths. Freshly extracted human maxillary first premolar teeth (n = 40) were selected for this study. Teeth were decapitated 2 mm above the cement-enamel junction from proximal surface and endodontic treatment were performed for all teeth. Samples were allocated at two main groups (n = 20), according to cavity depth. Group A: 2 mm cavity depth; Group B: 4 mm cavity depth; and further subdivided into two sub-groups according to material used (n = 10): (A1 and B1) resin-based material; (A2 and B2) ceramic-based material. Teeth were prepared with butt joint margin and 10° internal axial wall divergence. Afterwards, samples scanning was performed using InLab digital scanner. Endocrown restoration fabricated by Sirona Cerec InLab MCXL milling device and adhesively luted with a resin cement (RelyX™ Ultimate ClickerTM, 3 M ESPE). All samples were subjected to thermocycling. After thermocycling, marginal gaps were measured using stereomicroscope at a magnification of 45X. The recorded measurements were collected, scaled and statistically analyzed. A resin-based endocrown showed significantly a smaller vertical marginal gap than ceramic-based, an endocrown with 2-mm cavity depth showed significantly lower marginal gap than one with 4-mm cavity depth. Increasing the cavity depth of endocrown preparation negatively affect the marginal fit. Resin-nanoceramic endocrown showed better marginal fit than glass ceramic endocrown. Both tested CAD/CAM materials showed clinically acceptable vertical marginal gap.

Aim The study aimed to investigate the antifungal effects of herbal extracts and fluconazole on heat-polymerized acrylic denture base resin as a denture cleanser. Materials and methods Several essential oils, such as origanum oil and grape seed oil and commercially available antifungal agent fluconazole were used as denture cleansers and their antifungal efficacy was evaluated using a spectrophotometer. Overall, 68 samples were obtained and were divided into four groups, each containing 17 samples. These samples were immersed in Sabouraud dextrose broth consisting of Candida albicans for 16 hours and later in these antifungal solutions for 8 hours and their antifungal efficacy was measured. Data were subjected to an ANOVA test. Results Among the study groups origanum oil showed the maximum antifungal activity with a mean optical density at 0.072 ± 0.014 followed by fluconazole (0.094 ± 0.155), and least by grape seed oil (0.190 ± 0.071). Conclusion Results of this in vitro study showed that origanum oil was more effective than commercially available antifungal agents, and among the tested groups oregano oil was a potential agent in lowering the C. albicans colony. Clinical significance Origanum oil, being a herbal product, can be considered as a denture cleanser and also be used as an effective alternative to commercially available antifungal agents without any side effects.

AIM This study aimed at evaluating the influence of cortical layer and surgical techniques on the primary stability of implants in low-density bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two solid rigid polyurethane blocks with a density equivalent to 0.32 g/cm3 simulating cancellous bone were used. A short fiber-filled epoxy resin sheet of 2 mm was layered to one block to simulate cortico cancellous bone. A total of 40 implants were used in this study (n = 40). Twenty implants each (n = 20) were inserted in cancellous (Group 1) and cortico-cancellous bone (Group 2), of which 10 implants each (n = 10) were placed using undersized preparation technique with surgical drills-A and osteotomes-B, in both the groups. Insertion torque (IT) and implant stability quotient (ISQ) for each implant placed were assessed to determine the primary stability of each implant using a digital torque meter and resonance frequency analyzer, respectively. The values were statistically analyzed using an independent t-test (p < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to correlate between IT and ISQ. RESULTS Technique B resulted in significantly higher IT and ISQ values in Group 1 (27.69 ± 1.2 N cm; 52.5 ± 1.05 ISQ) and Group 2 (38.8 ± 0.87 N cm; 70.1 ± 1.04 ISQ) compared to those with technique A (22.40 ± 1.62 N cm; 41.75 ± 1.20 ISQ and 33.24 ± 0.67 N cm; 63.72 ± 1.33 ISQ), respectively. Group 2 exhibited significantly higher IT and ISQ values as compared to Group 1 irrespective of the surgical technique employed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The presence of the cortical layer significantly influenced the primary stability and preparing low-density bone with an undersized preparation technique using osteotomes that significantly increased the IT and ISQ. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Undersizing the preparation site considerably will help achieve a significant increase in primary stability in the poor quality bone as in the posterior maxilla, thereby contributing to the success of the implant.

AIM Evaluation and comparison of flexural strength and hardness of heat-cured polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base with polyetheretherketone (PEEK). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 80 samples of PEEK and PMMA were prepared and divided into two groups: group A and group B, of 40 each. Both the groups were further divided into subgroups consisting of 20 samples of PMMA and PEEK. The group A specimens were tested for flexural strength by universal testing machine (UTM), and group B samples were subjected to hardness test using Vickers microhardness tester. The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The readings were subjected to an unpaired t-test for comparison of flexural strength and hardness of PEEK and PMMA. RESULT The flexural strength of PEEK was 183 MPa, while that of PMMA was 84 MPa. The hardness of PEEK and PMMA was 24 VHN and 19.4 VHN, respectively. CONCLUSION It was observed that PEEK can be a potential denture base material with superior properties as compared to PMMA. Further researches are needed to be carried out. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE PEEK as a denture base exhibits adequate flexural strength prolonging its clinical longevity and overcoming the most common reason for the failure of PMMA denture base that results in fracture.

PURPOSE The aim was to evaluate the effect of different preparation depths for inlay-retained fixed partial dentures on the accuracy of intraoral scanners. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tooth preparations for two inlay-retained fixed partial dentures were done and divided according to depth of the preparation. Group A: 2mm pulpal floor depth, 3mm gingival floor depth and Group B: 3mm pulpal floor depth, 4mm gingival floor depth. The CEREC Omnicam4.4.4, Omnicam4.6.2. Trios3 and Medit i500 intraoral scanners were used in this study. Tooth preparations were scanned by each scanner 10 times. The STL files obtained from the intraoral scanners were compared to the reference models (trueness) and within each test group (precision) using a 3D comparison software. Data were then statistically analyzed. RESULTS Regarding trueness, two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between the different types of scanners (p

This in vitro investigation should identify the effect of protective liners on dentine bond strength of a polyacid modified resin composite to dentine of primary teeth.Forty-two extracted caries-free primary molars were randomly assigned to seven groups (n = 6) and flattened. Six test groups were centrally covered with different protective liners/base materials: Kerr Life (KL), IRM zinc oxide eugenol cement (IRM), Ketac Bond (KB), Vitrebond (VB), Dycal (DY), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Specimens were bonded with PrimeBond NT (PB) and restored with Dyract eXtra. The control group (C) did not receive liner pretreatment. After 24-h storage in Aqua dest. (37 °C), specimens were cut and regional microtensile bond strengths of the uncovered areas were tested. Fractography was conducted under a light microscope and further interface/surface analyses were performed under a SEM. Statistical appraisal was carried out using oneway ANOVA (mod. LSD test; p 0.05).Independent of the distance to the applied liner, all groups exhibited inferior μ-TBS to dentine of primary teeth compared to the control group (p 0.05). The results were as follows in MPa(SD)Protective liners significantly reduced μ-TBS to dentine of primary teeth.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of Bacillus subtilis TM3 formulation with botanical pesticides in suppressing Fusarium verticilloides infection in corn. The research was carried out at the Plant Pathology Laboratory and the Experimental Farm of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI) from February to November 2019. The research consisted of two stages, namely an in vitro test of antagonists of botanical pesticides against F. verticilloides using 5 types of plant extracts namely betel leaf extract, turmeric, galangal, cosmos, and clove leaf. The second stage was to test the effectiveness of the combination of the formulation of B. subtilis TM3 with the best 3 types of plant extracts in vitro testing in suppressing F. verticilloides infection in plants. The results of the in vitro study showed that the plant extracts of betel leaf, clove leaf and galangal had the best inhibitory ability on the mycelia growth of F. verticilloides. Meanwhile, the field test found that the application of the B. subtilis TM3 formulation, either alone or in combination with plant extracts, was able to suppress F. verticilloides infection. The combination of B. subtilis TM3 formulation with betel leaf extract showed the best inhibition of 20% against stem rot disease and 13.33% against corn cob rot. This treatment did not affect production quantitatively, but was able to suppress the decline in seed quality due to F. verticilloides infection. Seeds grown by the Plastic Rolled Paper Test (PRPT) method were not only infected with F. verticilloides, but also infected with other seed-borne pathogens, such as Aspergillus niger and A. falvus. The presence of these two pathogens did not inhibit the growth of F. verticilloides in kernels.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the colour stability and mechanical resistance of orthodontic elastic ligature exposed to cigarette smoke. METHODS Four commercial brands were used: Aditek® (GA), Eurodonto® (GE), Morelli® (GM) and Orthometric® (GO). Eight elastic ligature rings (for mechanical analysis) and eight 5×5mm fragments of the material (for colour stability analysis) were separated from each commercial brand for the control group (C) (n=64) and experimental group (E) (n=64). The control group was not exposed to cigarette smoke. Colourimetric status (CIEL*a*b* System) and light transmittance (% transmitted light) were evaluated using Vita Easyshade Compact and CM2600 spectrophotometers, respectively. The mechanical resistance was evaluated using a universal testing machine (EMIC DL), performing tensile testing (speed 5mm/min). The analyses occurred at the following times: T0, before exposure to the smoke; T1, after the 1st exposure; and T2, after the 2nd exposure to cigarette smoke. Comparison between the groups and evaluation of the time effect were performed with the ANOVA/Tukey (a=0.05) and ANOVA-MR tests with Bonferroni correction (α=0.016). RESULTS Significant differences were only observed for colour stability in the GA-E (NBS T2: 15.94±1.88) and GM-E (NBS T2: 16.11±4.54) groups (P

Introduction: Conservative caries removal is the corner stone of minimally invasive dentistry. Ceramic bur is a self-limiting technique for caries removal in pediatric dentistry.Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate microleakage of adhesive restorations (in vitro) using Ceramic bur to remove caries versus conventional drilling method.Materials and methods: forty exfoliated carious primary teeth were allocated at random into two groups according to method of caries removal. Group I (n=20) caries removal by Ceramic bur, Group II (n=20) caries removal by conventional tungsten carbide bur, followed by composite restorations of all prepared cavities. Teeth were thermo-cycled for 500 cycles between 5 C and 55 C, dwell time 10 seconds for 500 cycles and immersed into one percent methylene blue dye for 24h.Teeth were sectioned in a bucco-lingual direction longitudinally and then studied using stereomicroscope at x20 magnification for dye penetration assessment. Data were collected and subjected to Mann Whitney U test. Results: No significant difference was noted in median microleakage scores and distance of stain penetration in millimeters between the two groups (Ceramic bur) and (conventional tungsten carbide bur) at a p value (0.097) and (0.289) respectively.Conclusion: Microleakage of composite restoration is not adversely affected by caries removal using Ceramic bur.

Objectives: To evaluate in vitro, the effect of Nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) toothpaste in comparison with fluoridated toothpaste on remineralization of caries like lesion in the enamel of primary teeth.Materials and methods: sixty sound primary anterior teeth were coated with nail varnish; leaving squares of 3x3 mm on facial surface then 40 teeth of them were divided into two groups. Group (I) n=20 treated by NHA toothpaste and group (II) n=20 treated by fluoridated toothpaste contains sodium monofluorophosphate (1450 ppm F). They were examined with Vickers Microhardness device. The rest 20 teeth were divided into two groups (III and IV). They were sectioned longitudinally in a labiolingual direction into two equal halves, mesial half not treated (sub group IIIA) and distal half treated by NHA (sub group IIIB). Mesial half not treated (sub group IVA) and distal half treated by fluoridated toothpaste (sub group IVB). Specimens were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively with Polarized Light Microscope.Results: The microhardness of teeth significantly decreased following acid exposure but increased again in both groups after exposure to toothpastes. The NHA toothpaste non-significantly increase percent change of microhardness by 1.65 times than Fluoridated toothpaste (p = 0.06). The percent differences in lesion depth between test group IIIB and its control group IIIA was -58.96 ± 9.04, whereas between test group IVB and its control IVA was -56.26 ± 17.43. There was no statistically significant difference between the two values (P=0.67).Conclusion: NHA and Fluoridated toothpastes are equally effective as remineralizing materials for the enamel.

Although temozolomide is the primary chemotherapeutic agent in glioblastoma, current studies have focused on its combinational applications to overcome resistance by targeting multiple pathways. JAK/STAT and WNT are among the essential cancer-related signaling pathways. Ruxolitinib, the first approved JAK1/2 inhibitor, has promise in glioblastoma with its blood–brain barrier (BBB) crossing ability. The mentioned study aims to evaluate the anti-cancer potential of ruxolitinib individually and in combination with temozolomide on glioblastoma cells, brain cancer stem cells (BCSCs), and BBB-forming healthy cells. It also intends to determine the effects of JAK inhibitor treatment in combination with temozolomide on WNT signaling, which is known to cross-talk with the JAK/STAT pathway. The U87MG, BCSC, and HBMEC cell lines were the in vitro models. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of ruxolitinib and the combination were determined by the WST-1 test and Annexin V assay, respectively. The expression level changes of WNT signaling pathway genes caused by ruxolitinib and the combination treatments were defined by the qRT-PCR method. Network analysis of significantly upregulated and downregulated genes was performed via the GO KEGG pathway enrichment module of the String V11.5 database. The IC50 value of the ruxolitinib on U87MG glioblastoma cells was determined as 94.07 µM at 24th h. The combination of temozolomide and ruxolitinib had a synergistic effect on U87MG cells at 24th h. The combination index (CI) was determined as 0.796, and ED60 values of ruxolitinib and temozolomide were determined as 89.75 and 391.48 µM, respectively. Ruxolitinib improves the apoptotic effect of temozolomide on glioblastoma cells and brain cancer stem cells. Ruxolitinib regulates the WNT signaling pathway both individually and in combination with temozolomide. Our study indicates the potential of ruxolitinib to increase the cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of temozolomide in glioblastoma cells, also considering CSCs and healthy BBB-forming cells. As supported by gene expression and network analyses, the BBB-crossing agent ruxolitinib promises the potential to increase the efficacy of temozolomide in glioblastoma by affecting multiple signaling pathways in both cancer cells and CSCs. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Plant extracts and phytochemicals having antimicrobial characteristics could be immensely beneficial in medicinal treatments. The present study deals with the effect of Citrus lemon extract over Periodontal pathogens which are primary etiologic factors for periodontal diseases. The current study took into account periodontal pathogens such as Prevotella Intermedia, Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas Gingivalis. Chlorhexidine is a gold standard antimicrobial agent with a wide antibacterial activity that is commonly used for chemical plaque management. When used for an extended period, however, chlorhexidine is known to stain. As a result, the alternatives are to be explored such as herbal-based agents that can be used regularly. Using the microdilution process and the culture method, the antibacterial effect of citrus lemon extract against periodontal pathogens was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and zone of inhibition (ZOI). According to the findings of this study, citrus lemon extract can be used as a natural supplement for treatment purposes. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Citrus lemon Extract, Chlorhexidine, Periodontal Pathogens.

Aims: The aim of current study is to evaluate adhesive force and qualitative mycological culture analysis of Denture adhesive (DA) after incorporating antifungal agent in various concentrations. Study Design: Experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The current study was conducted at the Department of Prosthodontics, Mansarovar Dental College and Hospital, Bhopal (M. P.) from September 2017 to October 2018. Methodology: A total of 80 specimens were prepared with heat cured acrylic resin, out of which 40 were used for qualitative anti-microbiological test, and 40 were used for Adhesive force measurement test. Both test had four groups: Group A (Control group DA without MN); Group B (DA+MN 10%); Group C (DA+MN 20%); and Group D (DA+MN 30%). Results: The mean zone of inhibition was 8.85 ± 0.28 mm for 10% w/w Miconazole Nitrate (MN), 12.95±0.30 mm for 20% w/w MN, and 22.25 ± 0.38 mm for 30% w/w MN. There was a statistically highly significant (P< .001) difference between the groups, with an F value of 1077.8. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study qualitative anti-microbial property for favorable laboratory performance can be achieved only after the addition of 20% w/w Miconazole Nitrate to denture adhesive paste.

Temporaries are used as placeholders before the permanent crowns are installed. If the temporary crown is not fitted properly the tooth can be subject to increased decay and gums can become inflamed causing gingivitis which leads to other more serious problems. A provisional fixed restoration will provide a template for defining tooth contour, esthetics, proximal contacts, ridge contacts and occlusion. Margins made by the indirect technique are considered to be more accurate than those made by the direct technique. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the marginal accuracy of provisional crowns made from three different biomaterials using the established indirect method in different environments and to evaluate the effect of water absorption on polymerization shrinkage and the effect of polymerization shrinkage occurring in dry storage for a week. Method:Variables used in this study are: a) Revotek LC-light cured composite b) Protemp II c) poly methyl methacrylate. An aluminium master die was machined with dimensions: 5mm length, 10mm gingival diameter, 5 degree taper, and 1mm shoulder then dental stone die was prepared by making an impression of this experimental model using a poly vinyl siloxane material. Both group A and group B consisted of seven specimens each of DPI, ProtempII, Revotek LC. The specimens were evaluated using measuring microscope (Biolux), which had an eyepiece graticule of 1/10th of an mm. The seven specimens in group A (DPI, ProtempII, Revotek LC) were kept in air at room temperature for one week on the dental stone cast and the readings were tabulated and the mean values were obtained. The seven specimens in group B (DPI, ProtempII, and Revotek LC) were kept in water at room temperature for one week and the readings were tabulated in the same manner and the mean values were obtained. Results: Comparative statistics of the mean values of the specimens kept in air at room temperature showed that DPI had the least marginal discrepancies followed by ProtempII, Revotek LC. The values were highly significant (.002) Comparative statistics of the mean values of the specimens kept in water at room temperature showed that DPI had the least marginal discrepancies followed by Revotek LC, ProtempII. The values were highly significant (.009). Conclusion: After one week in air at room temperature and after one week in water at room temperature DPI recorded the minimal marginal discrepancy. When stored in air at room temperature, DPI had the best marginal adaptation. All of the materials showed evidence of continued polymerization shrinkage after storage in air for a week. Water absorption compensated for polymerization shrinkage in DPI and ProtempII whereas Revotek LC was an exception. Keywords: light cured composite, Protemp II-Bis –acryl composite, poly methyl methacrylate, marginal adaptation, provisional restoration.

Aims: The goal of this research is to assess the effect of steam autoclave sterilization due to the impact of Covid-19 on the accuracy of the elastomer impression materials. Study Design: In vitro study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah; Saudi Arabia, between June 2021 and November 2021. Methodology: The following materials were used in this study: fully dentate master cast, metal trays, elastomer impression material (addition silicon), type IV stone. Forte impressions made using the metal tray and elastomer impression materials. The impressions were separated equally into two groups: Control group (C.G), untreated impressions. Sterilized group (S.G): Impressions were sterilized by using the steam autoclave. To make stone castings for each group, they were poured with type IV stone. The traveling microscope was used to evaluate the impression material's dimensional accuracy and detail reproduction with and without autoclave sterilization. Results: The cross-arch distance (X) of the master model was measured (41.29 mm), While the cross arch distance (X) in the control group (C.G) of the untreated impressions had a mean and standard deviation of 41.492 ± 0.150 mm. In the tested group (S.G) : the sterilized impression, we found the cross-arch distance (X) had a mean and standard deviation of 41.628 ± 0.223 mm. The master model's Anteroposterior distance (A-P) was measured (21.12 mm). For the control group (C.G) : we found the mean and standard deviation value reading of the A-P distance were 20.899 ± 0.79 mm. For (S.G) group: we found the mean and standard deviation reading of the A-P distance were 19.992± 0.482 mm. Conclusion: Steam autoclave sterilization of the elastomer impression material should be considered carefully, especially when fabricating fixed partial dentures. If the impression material is to be used in making diagnostic castings, conventional steam autoclave sterilization of the elastomers impression material may be sufficient for patients.

Objective Neuroendovascular procedures rely on successful navigation and stable access to the target vessel. The Stabilizer is a 300 cm long exchange wire with a 0.014 diameter and a soft, flexible stent at the distal end designed to assist with navigation and device delivery. This study aims to assess the efficacy of the Stabilizer for navigation in a variety of challenging environments. Methods The efficacy of the Stabilizer was evaluated using three challenging vascular models: a giant aneurysm model, a severe tortuosity model, and an M1 stenosis model. The Stabilizer was compared with a conventional wire during navigation in each model. Results In the giant aneurysm model, there was no significant difference of success during straightening of a looped wire and significantly higher success rates when advancing an intermediate catheter with the Stabilizer beyond the aneurysm neck compared to a conventional guidewire. The Stabilizer also significantly increased success rates when advancing an intermediate catheter through a model with severe tortuosity compared to a conventional guidewire, as well as exchange maneuver for intracranial stenting in a stenosis model compared to an exchange wire. Conclusions In our experimental model, the Stabilizer significantly improved navigation and device delivery in a variety of challenging settings compared to conventional wires.