Search

Public concerns about the environmental credentials of timber products have led to the introduction of procurement policies that add criteria other than price into the decision-making process. This demand-driven initiative alongside the importance of European markets for timber exports have prompted Cameroon to sign a Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Voluntary Partnership Agreement (FLEGT/VPA) with the European Union. This paper reviews the impacts of this policy. Firstly, the institutional arrangement for timber production is presented with special focus on various legal forms of forest exploitation. Secondly, the estimated costs for the required development and control of various types of forest management are presented. Finally the impacts of the FLEGT/VPA on forest governance, forest management, timber trade and socio-economic and development issues is explored. The positive impact of the agreement will be especially felt by industrial forest concession holders that harvest timber products for exports to international markets, but it will hardly be the case of community forests. However, the implementation of the agreement will engender huge financial costs for forest managers and national governments. Also, the livelihoods of small-scale loggers (who are the main suppliers of national markets) may be adversely affected by the procurement policies.

Cet article porte sur la crise qui affecte depuis plus de 20 ans l’industrie des produits forestiers du Québec. L’approche socioéconomique qui est ici suivie croise, à travers une perspective diachronique, l’analyse des marchés, des modes d’organisation du travail et de la production, et des règles de gouvernance qui s’appliquent aux entreprises de cette industrie. Le diagnostic aboutit à la conclusion que la combinaison systémique de facteurs de changements de types économique, organisationnel et institutionnel se conjugue à une crise sociale. Cette dernière, portée par différents acteurs, a conduit à remettre en cause l’action et la place qu’occupent les grandes entreprises papetières et à réformer le régime forestier du Québec avec la Loi sur l’aménagement durable du territoire forestier (2010)., This article focuses on the crisis that has impacted the forestry products industry in Quebec for more than 20 years. Using a socioeconomic approach and a diachronic perspective, the study examines the market analyses, work organization and production methods, and governance regulations that apply to businesses from this sector. It concludes that a systemic combination of economic, organizational and institutional change factors are combined with a social crisis, affects various types of actors. In that context, the activities and place occupied by the large paper companies have been put into question, in turn leading to the reform of the forest management system in Quebec with the passage of the Sustainable Forest Development Act (2010).

La crise économique de 2008-2009 a eu un impact sévère sur les filières de bois d'oeuvre africaines, qui ont dû faire face à une chute brutale de la demande étrangère. Globalement, on peut en estimer l'impact à une perte d'environ un tiers de l'exportation et de la production. Les entreprises n'ont plus été en mesure de payer les charges fixes que représentent les redevances indexées sur la superficie, et ces dernières ont été suspendues dans plusieurs pays, comme le Cameroun. La brutalité de la crise a souligné l'absence de correcteurs automatiques au sein des systèmes de fiscalité forestière. Une première réponse, bien qu'insuffisante, serait d'indexer la redevance de superficie sur un " panier " de prix FOB des essences représentatives de la production et des exportations de chaque pays. L'absence d'institutions telles que la Banque Mondiale, dans le dialogue entre les gouvernements et le secteur privé sur les mesures à prendre a été saisissante, étant donné leur implication passée dans les réformes fiscales forestières en Afrique centrale. Le fait que, dans le monde forestier, l'accent soit mis actuellement sur la REDD, qui est perçue par beaucoup comme l'instrument d'une entrée dans une ère post-exploitation, pourrait expliquer cette passivité. De grandes compagnies certifiées FSC ont annoncé leur intention de vendre leurs concessions au Gabon et au Congo. Ceci pourrait préfigurer un nouveau paysage, avec le développement de différentes formes de petites entreprises venant remplir le vide laissé par l'industrie formelle, ainsi que le remplacement de concessionnaires certifiés FSC par de grandes compagnies moins responsables du point de vue environnemental.

L’exploitation des forêts en Indonésie a connu un essor considérable à partir de 1967 avec l’arrivée au pouvoir du général Suharto. En quarante ans le pays a traversé trois grandes périodes, plus caractérisées par la recherche de profits immédiats ou la définition de politiques en réaction à des constats d’échecs, que par de véritables politiques d’aménagement à long terme : 1) exploitation du bois brut ; 2) essor de l’industrie du contreplaqué ; 3) essor de l’industrie papetière et soutien au reboisement à grande échelle. La gestion forestière, qui a également été influencée par la crise asiatique de 1997-1998 et par la mise en œuvre de la politique d’autonomie régionale en 1999, se trouve aujourd’hui face à de nouvelles options : revalorisation de la foresterie communautaire, écocertification, mécanismes de « déforestation évitée », des mécanismes prometteurs mais difficiles à mettre en œuvre. En même temps les pressions exercées sur les forêts denses ne cessent d’augmenter avec de vastes incendies pendant les sécheresses prolongées lors des épisodes intenses d’El Niño, et la tentation d’alimenter les usines de pâte à papier par des coupes rases de forêts naturelles ou de produire des agrocarburants avec l’huile de palme. Forty years of forest management policies in Indonesia, 1967-2007. Forests in Indonesia have been managed increasingly since 1967 after Suharto took power and initiated development policies based on the country’s abundant natural resources. During the past forty years three main periods can be identified regarding forest management in Indonesia: (i) roundwood production in primary natural forests, (ii) the development of an export-oriented plywood industry associated to large-scale forest concessions with selected logging systems, (iii) the extremely rapid expansion of the heavily subsidized pulp and paper industry combined with a strong but failed public support to the establishment of forest plantations mostly for pulpwood production. In the past decade forest management in Indonesia has been impacted by the financial crisis of the late 1990s and the abrupt decentralization policy that immediately followed Suharto’s departure. Nowadays forest management thus faces new options for the future: the prioritization of community forestry in order to counterbalance industrial and illegal logging activities, eco-certification of timber companies, the implementation of a new “avoided deforestation” mechanism (REDD), which are all of them promising but difficult options to successfully implement. At the same time dense natural forests keep being pressured by several factors, such as repeated fires related to lengthy droughts, the temptation to allow mega pulp mills to get supplied through clear-cutting of natural forests, and the political will to support investments in the biofuel business.

Cet article revient sur un debat mene en 1996/1997 a propos de l'experience indonesienne d'industrialisation fondee sur une ressource renouvelable, la foret. A la lumiere des evolutions recentes, les liens entre interdiction d'exporter du bois brut, surcapacites de transformation du bois et surexploitation de la foret se trouvent precises. Et les dernieres decisions de l'Indonesie montrent que l'analyse en termes d'irreversibilite economique reste pertinente (Resume d'auteur)

In studies on the creation of corporate production systems, the significance that the proximity of raw material can have on its success and creation is increasingly overlooked. It is true that advances in transportation, among other conditions, make it easy to move the processing plant farther away from where the raw material is supplied. However, in many activities the manufacturing location is still conditioned by the location and characteristics of the materials used in production. A good example is the timber industry. This article specifically focuses on showing the relationship, significance and economic potential of forest raw materials and the wood processing industry in Galicia., En los estudios sobre la conformación de sistemas productivos empresariales se olvida cada vez más, la significación que puede tener para su conformación y éxito la presencia de materia prima cercana. Es cierto, que los avances en los medios de transporte, entre otros condicionantes, facilitan que se aleje el lugar de transformación del de suministro de la materia prima. Sin embargo, en muchas actividades la presencia fabril está todavía muy condicionada por la localización y características de los materiales con los que fabricar. Un buen ejemplo es la industria de la madera. En concreto este artículo se centra en mostrar la relación, significación y potencialidad económica de la materia prima forestal y la industria de transformación de la madera en Galicia. [fr] Les études sur la formation des systèmes productifs commerciaux oublient de plus en plus l’importance que peut avoir pour leur formation et leur succès la présence proche de matières premières. Il est vrai que les progrès des moyens de transport, parmi d’autres autres conditions, facilitent l’éloignement du lieu de transformation de celui d’approvisionnement de la matière première. Cependant, en de nombreuses activités, la présence d’usines est encore fortement influencée par l’emplacement et les caractéristiques des matériaux à employer. Un bon exemple est celui de l’industrie du bois. Cet article prétend, en particulier, montrer la relation, la signification et le potentiel économique des matières premières forestières et de l’industrie de transformation du bois en Galice.

In studies on the creation of corporate production systems, the significance that the proximity of raw material can have on its success and creation is increasingly overlooked. It is true that advances in transportation, among other conditions, make it easy to move the processing plant farther away from where the raw material is supplied. However, in many activities the manufacturing location is still conditioned by the location and characteristics of the materials used in production. A good example is the timber industry. This article specifically focuses on showing the relationship, significance and economic potential of forest raw materials and the wood processing industry in Galicia. En los estudios sobre la conformación de sistemas productivos empresariales se olvida cada vez más, la significación que puede tener para su conformación y éxito la presencia de materia prima cercana. Es cierto, que los avances en los medios de transporte, entre otros condicionantes, facilitan que se aleje el lugar de transformación del de suministro de la materia prima. Sin embargo, en muchas actividades la presencia fabril está todavía muy condicionada por la localización y características de los materiales con los que fabricar. Un buen ejemplo es la industria de la madera. En concreto este artículo se centra en mostrar la relación, significación y potencialidad económica de la materia prima forestal y la industria de transformación de la madera en Galicia. [fr] Les études sur la formation des systèmes productifs commerciaux oublient de plus en plus l’importance que peut avoir pour leur formation et leur succès la présence proche de matières premières. Il est vrai que les progrès des moyens de transport, parmi d’autres autres conditions, facilitent l’éloignement du lieu de transformation de celui d’approvisionnement de la matière première. Cependant, en de nombreuses activités, la présence d’usines est encore fortement influencée par l’emplacement et les caractéristiques des matériaux à employer. Un bon exemple est celui de l’industrie du bois. Cet article prétend, en particulier, montrer la relation, la signification et le potentiel économique des matières premières forestières et de l’industrie de transformation du bois en Galice.

At a global level, forest products consumption appears to follow one of the most general empirical rules whereby the richest consumes the most. When applied to countries, the rule changes into the wealthier the nation, the higher the timber consumption. The macroeconomic data confirms such trend, where the volume of timber consumption of a given country is noticeably related to its Gross Domestic Product. Figure 1 illustrates this trend, with some dispersion explained by different cultures, habits of using wood, marketing, tastes and history in the various countries. Such observation, which matches the intuition, may be related to the common myth that economic development automatically comes from selling products with the highest added value; earning the highest income from exporting the most advanced or expensive products; or being the most competitive by producing the highest quality goods. This article discusses a more nuance approach, taking into account the different realities regarding tropical and temperate forest products.

Local news encouraged furniture exports to China in a big way. The Chinese furniture market potential is not trivial. China®s domestic furniture consumption has grown double-digit on a yearly basis and in 2010, the consumption was equivalent to the US domestic market. Malaysia®s furniture export to China increased from RM40.9mil in 2009 to RM50.2mil in 2010, a growth of 23% within a year. In turn, with 7 billions one fifth of the world®s population, China®s annual GDP growth rate has reached a double- digit in recent years while many developed countries are struggling with various economic problems. The shift from western to eastern market seems unavoidable.

An important indicator of the dynamics of the economy and its day to day evolutions is the performance of stock exchanges market. In the case of Malaysia, the KL Composite Index shows that since the world economic downturn in early 2008, the Malaysian economy started to recover in March 2009 (Fig. 1), while most of the developed countries are now still struggling with their sluggish economies.

The world is in global economic crisis where all exports and imports slow downed in the first two months of 2009. In Malaysia there was a 30% drop of Sarawak logs and timber products exports compared to the same period in 2008 (NST April 15, 2009). All the countries in the world witnessed a slow down of wood products exports. A notable exception is the Italian furniture sector which appears to be more resilient (ITTO MIS 16-30 April 2009).

Le résumé est disponible dans le fichier PDF de l'article.

ISBN 978-979-1412-12-4 52p. This document is jointly produced by the Centre de coopération international en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). We thanks the surveyors for their hard work (Adi Nugroho, Budi Suprojo, Desti Wahyu Kurniawati, Dewi Azizah, Eko Agus Wibisono, Fajar Hery Purwanto, Fauziatul Iffah, Iwan Achmad Ambiya, Muhammad Maksalmina, Rini Puspita Sari, Wachid Nurhadi, Wuri Rahmawati), Maya Dina the field coordinator, Fitri Mulyana who check and clean up the database, and Rosita Go for secretarial support. We thank Peter Frost, who reviewed and provided useful advices to the manuscript, and the team from Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University whom have encouraged us in this effort. This paper would not have been issued without vigilantly work of Gideon Suharyanto and Eko Prianto, who did the layout and cover design. We thank the local district government of Jepara (Pemda Kabupaten Jepara) for supporting this work. Finally, we thank the European Union Commission, CIRAD and CIFOR for their financial support.; In this document, we study the industrial district of Jepara, Indonesia. It is specialised in furniture production, for Indonesian consumption as well as for worldwide exports. We summarize the main features of the dynamics of the firms involved in the Jepara industrial complex with a quantitative analysis of flows among them, and between them and markets elsewhere. A specific method of spatial analysis was designed, and merged with existing methods for the analysis of forest production networks and social networks. This method allows to take into account and to accurately assess the number of very small workshops that cannot be evaluated by classical methods. We demonstrate that both the official statistics and the existing literature about Jepara considerably underestimate the extent of the wood industry and its activities. We present the results through synthesis maps. A total of 15 271 units of production have been identified, employing approximately 170 000 workers in Jepara. The activity generates considerable revenue: between 11 900 and 12 300 billion Rp/year of added value (about 1 billion euros/year), that is to say between 70 and 78 million Rp/worker/year. The district of Jepara consumes between 1.5 and 2.2 million m3/year of roundwood, and in other words, we found that the use of around 9 m3 of roundwood sustains one full-time employee for a year. The organisation of the production is typical of an industrial district, featuring a high level of intertwined relationships and subcontracting among highly specialised production units and a prevalence of small and very small units in various steps of the production rather than bigger, integrated units.