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Health-related information design has made a difference to people’s lives through clear explanation of procedures, processes, disease prevention and maintenance. This paper provides an example of user-centered design being applied to engage people with the prevention of drug-resistant infection. In particular, we focus on antibiotic resistance in the specific location of a community pharmacy in Rwanda. We describe an information campaign, Beat Bad Microbes, and summarize the challenges and opportunities of working in Rwanda on a cross-disciplinary project in which design research and practice are closely integrated.

Yunyun Zhang,1 Hongyu Guan,1 Kang Du,1 Jin Zhao,1 Yaojiang Shi,1 Huan Wang,1 Decai Wang2 1Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China; 2Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hongyu GuanCenter for Experimental Economics for Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 186-9188-9621Email guanhongyu2016@163.comBackground: In rural China, children’s vision problems are very common, with many who would benefit from refractive correction not getting the care they need. This study examines whether a health information campaign that involves vision health education and a free trial of health product with free eyeglasses is effective at raising students’ awareness of myopia and promoting students’ eyeglasses usage.Methods: We conducted an in-the-field randomized controlled experiment of a program providing vision health education and subsidized free eyeglasses to myopic children from 168 primary schools in rural Northwestern China in 2012.Results: A total of 2189 students, mean age 10.5 years (49.3% male), participated in the baseline survey. At the baseline, the average correct response rate for visual knowledge among the sample students was 30.1%, and only 15% who needed eyeglasses used them. Seven months after intervention, the average correct response rate for vision knowledge were 48.5% and 48.3% in the education group and the education plus free eyeglasses group respectively, significantly higher than that of the control group. The rate of eyeglasses usage was 36% and 43% in the free eyeglasses group and the education plus free eyeglasses group respectively, significantly higher than that of the control group. The rate of eyeglasses compliance in the free eyeglasses group and the education plus free eyeglasses group was 19% and 26%, which also were significantly higher than the control group.Conclusion: The information campaign combined with subsidized eyeglasses had a better effect both on vision knowledge and eyeglasses usage. The information campaign improved knowledge by providing the right information, and free eyeglasses changed the perceived utility and experience by the students using the product and getting benefits. Information and the free eyeglasses (subsidized) are complements.Keywords: vision health education, subsidies free eyeglasses, health-seeking knowledge, health-seeking behavior

In the event of an incident involving the release of hazardous material (eg, chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agents), key actions can be taken to reduce harm and protect the people involved. The quicker actions can be taken, the less harm will occur. Guidance is, therefore, needed to help nonspecialist members of the public to act rapidly before emergency responders arrive. The "Remove, Remove, Remove" campaign includes critical information for anyone who is at or near the immediate scene of a hazardous material release. Using a representative sample of 1,000 members of the UK population, this study examined the impact of the information campaign on knowledge and perceptions both before and during the immediate response to an incident. Findings showed that perceptions of the information were positive, with respondents stating that the information was useful and that the recommended actions would be effective. Respondents also stated they would be willing and able to perform the actions during a real incident. Additionally, the respondents' knowledge and confidence in taking protective actions increased significantly after receiving the campaign information, and they overwhelmingly agreed that they would want to receive this information if it were available before an incident. The findings of the survey support the use of the "Remove, Remove, Remove" information before and during hazardous materials incidents.

The authors examine pro-Russian media outlets during the escalation of COVID-19 pandemics in Spring 2020 (March–May). Strategic narratives constructed and disseminated by the Russian Federation for the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) may emphasize: political and economic motives related to the policies of governments of the Baltic states; status-related motives to disrupt the international system and Western-led political institutions through the Baltic states; conflictual motives indicating opposing identities between Russian and Baltic nations, which have often emphasized the Russophobic context of the Baltic identity-building. These strategic narratives are part of Moscow’s strategy that aim is to destroy the unity of West and to increase ideological fragmentation in the European Union. Therefore, Baltic states have become an important target of influence operations conducted by the Russian Federation because of their geopolitical location and strategic importance.

In France information campaigns are periodically conducted within a 10 km radius of nuclear power plants on the protective actions to be adopted in the event of a nuclear accident. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of the inhabitants of the Cattenom PPI area on the recommended actions to be adopted in the event of a nuclear accident after the information campaign that took place from 2016 to 2017 and compare its results with a similar study carried out before the information campaign. We performed a cross-sectional study in the Cattenom PPI area after the 2016-2017 information campaign. We administered questionnaires in ten municipalities selected by lot. These questionnaires contained queries on the general protective actions and required approach to taking potassium iodide (KI). The results obtained were compared with the results of a study conducted before the information campaign in the same area. Out of 200 questionnaires administered, 122 people responded. Only 40% of respondents remembered the information campaign. Only 16% knew all of the recommended protective actions. 78% of households had KI and only 60% knew the objective of KI intake. Compared to the results of the study before the information campaign, KI coverage was better (69% versus 78%, p = 0.02) and the dosage was better known (16% versus 28%, p = 0.0003). This study provides an overview of the effectiveness of information campaigns on the procedure in the event of a nuclear accident. This study highlights the insufficient knowledge of people living in the Cattenom PPI area.

The purpose of this thesis is to create an influence campaign focused on improving nutritional choices of Marines across the Marine Corps. It explores the most current publications from the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services, and the U.S. military to establish a healthy nutrition baseline and identify how the Marine Corps attempts to provide adequate nutrition to its Marines. It demonstrates how optimizing food nutrition equates to combat readiness of the force. It investigates how food affects the body and how nutrients and timing affect a tactical athlete's performance. Since Marines have to choose from the food selections provided, the thesis outlines principles of influence that are and/or could be used to change food behavior. Influencing Marines’ behavior in favor of healthier food types that optimize physical performance and longevity is a pursuit worthy of an organization that must be fit and ready for combat. The thesis culminates with an influence campaign outlining suggestions that would achieve this nutritional increase, and thus combat readiness, in the Marine Corps. Captain, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Water features prominently in discussions on sustainability. The recent Cape Town ‘Day Zero’ drought heightened fears about global cities running dry as the climate changes. During that crisis a campaign was launched to save water at schools, consisting of a basic maintenance campaign and a behavioural campaign. The former was limited to easy fixes, and the latter comprised an information campaign and an information and competition campaign. The impacts of these were assessed immediately after the interventions. This paper revisits the maintenance results by assessing the difference in responses according to affluence levels of the schools, and by evaluating the impacts one year after the campaigns. We find that the poorer schools were not able to sustain the maintenance gains, especially at the primary schools. HIGHLIGHTS Assessed impact of a maintenance campaign at Cape Town schools during ‘Day Zero’ drought.; Short- and long-term impact – a year later – are evaluated.; School affluence is evaluated as a factor in the effectiveness of the maintenance campaign.; Short-term impact was greater at poor schools, but gains diminished a year later.; Affluent schools benefitted from a lower base in the short term, and maintained gains better.

The article discusses in detail the development of West Germany’s image in the Soviet press during the Czechoslovak conflict of 1968. The research is based on the materials of the main Soviet newspapers, as well as regional and city publications of the Sverdlovsk region. The chronological framework is June–October of 1968, the time of the highest intensity of the conflict and the large-scale Soviet propaganda campaign. The author uses both qualitative and quantitative methods of working with the sources. West Germany was perceived as the main enemy and emanated the main threat to Czechoslovakia and the entire socialist system. West Germany was seen in the Soviet press as having the most negative characteristics, as a key element of the «other world». In these conditions, the United States receded into the background. However, at the same time, the theme of cooperation between West Germany and the United States was used to strengthen the negative image of West Germany. The article analyzes the specifics of newspaper articles, and the vocabulary used by journalists. The transformation of the perception of West Germany during the escalating conflict is traced. The article discusses the use of historical subjects in depicting the activities of West Germany in relation to Czechoslovakia. The author characterizes the presentation of the «new Eastern policy» of West Germany in newspapers during the Czechoslovak crisis. The problem of using images to influence the audi-ence is considered. Publications of official newspapers formed the basis of the majority of Soviet citizens’ knowledge about foreign policy. The importance of publications in establishing images of the outside world is stated. © 2020, Perm State University. All rights reserved.

Background: Patients in Belgium needing out-of-hours care have two options: the emergency department (ED) or the general practitioner on call. The latter is often organized in a General Practice Cooperative (GPC). At the ED, there is an overload of patients who could be helped more efficiently by the GPC. Research question: What is the proportion of patients switching from the ED to the GPC (called voluntary switchers) with and without an information campaign? What are the characteristics of these patients?Methods: Single-center prospective intervention trial during the opening hours of the GPC (only weekends: Friday 7.00 pm to Monday 7.00 am). The first 10 weekends there was no intervention. The next 24 weekends, patients in the ED were informed about the out-of-hours care in Belgium. The information contained several topics: characteristics of both services, where to go using examples, practicalities, and costs. This information was distributed through leaflets and broadcasted on a screen in five languages.Results: During the study period, 7,453 patients entered the ED of which 330 are voluntary switchers. The proportion of voluntary switchers was 1.7 percent before and 5.4 percent after the intervention (p < 0.01). This effect remained stable for 10 more months after the study. The average number of patients presenting at the ED per hour was 3.1, whereas on hours with voluntary switchers was 5.1 (p < 0.01). The age distribution and epidemiological profile of the voluntary switchers resembles the one of primary care patients. The general practicioners (GPs) referred 6 percent of the voluntary switchers back to the ED.Conclusion: Co-location of the GPC and the ED and informing patients is a meaningful step toward a more profound collaboration.

Objectives Patient-centered medication lists are a useful documentation method to support safe drug treatment, but they are still inconsistently used and are of varying quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an information campaign on the prevalence and use of medication lists. Material and methods We launched a population-based, low-threshold information campaign within a large region in Germany in order to sensitize the population to the use of medication lists. A survey was sent out at baseline and after 18 months to 5,340 citizens aged ≥ 65 years, covering ~ 4% of the region's population. Results The response rate was 49.4% (N = 2,640) at baseline and 45.4% (N = 2,427) at follow-up. Sociodemographic details of respondents were similar at both time-points as was the possession rate of a medication list among participants with regular medicine intake (51.6%, N = 1,181/2,288 vs. 51.4%, N = 1,082/2,107). Combining baseline and follow-up data, respondents indicated that their general practitioner was involved in issuing the list most often (N = 1,668/2,263, 73.7%), however, in 195 cases (8.6%), respondents indicated being solely responsible for the list. The majority (90.8%, N = 2,055/2,263) indicated having their list in use for longer than 1 year, but for only half of those, the list was updated within the last year. After the intervention, 6% of the respondents indicated being familiar with the campaign those being more likely to possess a list (69.7% N = 83/119 vs. 50.2% N = 999/1,988). Conclusion The campaign did not change overall possession rate, but respondents who were familiar with the campaign were more likely to possess such a list.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease often associated with a significant impairment in the quality of life of affected patients. The Italian Society of Dermatology and Venereology (SIDeMaST) planned a national information campaign, providing direct access to 27 dermatologic centers dedicated to the management of AD. The aim of this study aimed was to outline critical aspects related to AD in the general population. Overall, 643 adult subjects were included in this study, and in 44.2% (284/643) of cases, a diagnosis of AD was confirmed, whereas about 55% of subjects were affected by other pruritic cutaneous diseases. Higher intensity of pruritus and sleep disturbance, as well as an increased interference in sport, work, and social confidence was reported in the AD group compared to the non-AD group. In the AD subgroup, the mean duration of disease was of 15.3 years, with a mean eczema area and severity index (EASI) score of 11.2, and investigator global assessment (IGA) score of 1.9 and an itch numeric rating scale (NRS) of 6.9. Almost 32% of patients were untreated, either with topical or systemic agents, whereas 44.3% used routine topical compounds (topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors), and only 7.0% of patients were systemically treated. Only 2.8% of patients reported complete satisfaction with the treatment received for AD to date. This study reveals a profound unmet need in AD, showing a poorly managed and undertreated patient population despite a high reported burden of disease. This suggests the usefulness of information campaigns with the goal of improving patient awareness regarding AD and facilitating early diagnosis and access to dedicated healthcare institutions.

According to EU regulations, member states shall take measures to encourage the recycling of biowaste in a way that fulfils a high level of environmental protection. In Spain, the separate collection of biowaste is only implemented in some regions. For this reason, a pilot scheme based on an information campaign and the location of a specific brown container for biowaste in specific zones of the city was carried out in Castelló de la Plana (Spain) over a period of six months. In this period, the collection and composition of the biowaste was monitored in depth with the goal of determining the evolution of the efficiency of the new collection system over time. In the zones, the quality rate in the biowaste container increased as the pilot study progressed, finally reaching 90%. The rate of biowaste separation also increased in the three zones over time, although in different ways, which means that there is greater collaboration on the part of citizens. On the other hand, an analysis of the rate of net biowaste daily collection from zones 2 and 3 has shown that their value increases as the rate of containerization of biowaste decreases. Therefore, to obtain better results it will be necessary to increase the containerization of biowaste, that is, to reduce the distance from the citizen to the container. It can thus be said that there is a positive evolution of the experience, which boosts confidence when it comes to implementing the system throughout the city.

This study compares information campaign messages that appeal to personal responsibility versus those that do not, in attempts to promote efforts to reduce the threat of global warming. In two scenarios, self-efficacy moderates the effects of responsibility appeals on behavioral intentions through perceived consumer effectiveness and self-accountability, but with different patterns, such that the appeals might empower people or else trigger their reactance. In the first scenario (Studies 1 and 3), people are induced to believe that the messages are credible, and responsibility appeals empower participants; behaviors associated with high self-efficacy, but not low self-efficacy, increase the effects of responsibility appeals relative to non-responsibility appeals. In a second scenario, without cues signaling strong credibility, such as when identifiable sources are not present (Study 2) or are not highly credible (Study 3), responsibility appeals trigger reactance; behaviors associated with low/high self-efficacy decrease/increase the effects of responsibility appeals.

Background: Public awareness of stroke symptoms is a key factor to ensure access to reperfusion strategies in due time. We designed and launched a regional theory-informed and user-centered information campaign and assessed its impact on emergency medical services (EMS) calls for stroke suspicion, time-to-call, and public attitudes and awareness concerning stroke.Methods: A controlled before-and-after study was conducted during 3 sequential time-periods in 2 separate counties. Key messages of the campaign were underpinned by stroke representations and the theory of planned behavior, and focused on recognition of stroke warning signs and the need to call EMS urgently. The campaign included posters, leaflets, adverts and films displayed in bus and subway stations, internet, social networks, and local radio. Outcome measures on behavior, attitudes, and knowledge were assessed before the launch of the campaign, at 3 months, and 12 months.Results: The number of EMS calls for stroke suspicion increased by 21% at 12 months in the intervention county and this change was significantly different to that observed in the control county (p=0.02). No significant changes were observed regarding self-reported attitudes in case of stroke. An 8% significant increase in recognizing at least 2 stroke warning signs was observed in the intervention county (p=0.04) at 3 months, while it did not change significantly in the control county (p=0.6). However, there was no significant difference in warning sign recognition between both counties (p=0.16).Conclusion: The campaign significantly improved public’s behavior of calling EMS, although stroke knowledge was not improved as much as expected. Repeating these campaigns over time might further help improve timeliness and access to reperfusion strategies.Clinical Trial Registration-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02846363.

Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting urology health-care worldwide. Reduced emergency room visits resulting in adverse outcomes have most recently been reported in pediatrics and cardiology. We aimed to compare patients with emergency room visits for pyelonephritis in 2019 (pre-COVID-19 era) and within the first wave of pandemic in 2020 (COVID-19 era) with regard to the number of visits and severe adverse disease outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective multicentre study comparing characteristics and outcomes of patients with pyelonephritis, excluding patients with hydronephrosis due to stone disease, in 10 urology departments in Germany during a 1-month time frame in March and April in each 2019 and 2020. Results: The number of emergency room visits for pyelonephritis in the COVID-19 era was lower (44 patients, 37.0%) than in the pre-COVID-19 era (76 patients, 63.0%), reduction rate: 42.1% (p = 0.003). Severe adverse disease outcome was more frequent in the COVID-19 era (9/44 patients, 20.5%) than in the pre-COVID-19 era (5/76 patients, 6.6%, p = 0.046). In detail, 7 versus 3 patients needed monitoring (15.9 vs. 3.9%), 2 versus no patients needed intensive-care treatment (4.5 vs. 0%), 2 versus no patients needed drain placement (4.5 vs. 0%), 2 versus no patients had a nephrectomy (4.5 vs. 0%), and 2 versus 1 patient died (4.5 vs. 1.3%). Conclusion: This report of collateral damage during CO­VID-19 showed that emergency room visits were decreased, and severe adverse disease outcomes were increased for patients with pyelonephritis in the COVID-19 era. Health authorities should set up information campaign programs actively encouraging patients to utilize emergency room services in case of severe symptoms specifically during the actual second wave of pandemic.

The City of Cape Town (CoCT) experienced three years of drought, which necessitated the implementation of water demand management strategies by one of the universities in CoCT to reduce water consumption. This study used persuasive system (persuasive information campaign (PIC) disseminated to students using Short Messaging Service (SMS), email and both SMS and email) in three residences and tested its effectiveness in increasing students' intention to save water. The extended Theory of Planned Behaviour and Partial Least Square Path Modelling were used for data collection and analysis. The factor loading showed that students who received the PIC by both SMS and email were the most persuaded to increase their intention to save water. Overall, PIC significantly influenced students' attitude towards water-saving, and students' attitude was the strongest predictor of intention to save water. This study highlights the importance of persuasive system in encouraging the sustainable use of scarce natural resources.

Статтю присвячено проблемі інформаційного протистояння упродовж російсько-грузинського конфлікту 2008 р. Україна, як і будь-яка країна світу, має вагому потребу в створенні ефективної системи протидії інформаційним викликам та загрозам. У наш час деякі держави розглядають інформаційну війну як ефективний інструмент реалізації зовнішньої політики. В розрізі сучасної гуманітарної ситуації, що склалась в Україні, важливим кроком у формуванні стратегії інформаційної безпеки є вивчення, осмислення та врахування здобутків досвіду зарубіжних країн новітнього часу. Особливий інтерес становить досвід, отриманий в аналогічних міжнародних ситуаціях. Таким, зокрема, є російсько-грузинський конфлікт 2008 р., а саме його інформаційна складова. Більшість вчених схильні вважати, що інформаційне протистояння в цьому конфлікті, незважаючи на явну військово-технічну перевагу РФ, залишилось за грузинською стороною. Передумовою для ведення ефективної інформаційної війни 2008 р. проти РФ було проведення реформ на початку ХХІ ст., утвердження свободи слова та формування системи ЗМІ в країні. Грузинська стратегія інформаційної війни була спрямована на подачу альтернативної, «неросійської», точки зору світовій спільноті; орієнтована на уникнення внутрішніх конфліктів в рамках політики демократизації країни. Важливим передвісником успішності інформаційної кампанії грузинської сторони стала ефективна робота ЗМІ, яка мала системний характер, хоча і не була позбавлена суб’єктивних оцінок. Суголосні сучасним українським реаліям спроби РФ показати Грузію як «агресора» щодо власних громадян і сусідньої держави не увінчались успіхом, навіть більше, грузинські ЗМІ разом з іноземними журналістами зуміли показати окупаційний характер дій з боку РФ. «Грузинські уроки» інформаційної війни варто розглядати важливим підґрунтям у розбудові стратегії інформаційної безпеки України. Вочевидь, їх аналіз має бути системним та неупередженим, врахувати здобутки та помилки реалізаторів, а головне – дати можливість об’єктивного та адекватного прогнозу щодо ймовірних майбутніх гуманітарних викликів., The article is devoted to the consideration of the specifics of information confrontation during the Russian-Georgian conflict of 2008. Ukraine, as any country in the world, has a strong need for an effective system to counter information challenges and attacks. Nowadays, some countries consider the information war as an effective tool for foreign policy implementation. The development of information security in the current humanitarian situation of Ukraine requires studying and taking into account relevant achievements of the modern foreign countries. Thus, especially valuable is the experience gained in similar international situations, namely in the Russian-Georgian conflict of 2008, its information component being of particular interest. The majority of scientists support the idea that the information confrontation in this conflict, despite the apparent military and technical superiority of the Russian Federation, remains on the Georgian side. A prerequisite for conducting an effective information war against the Russian Federation in 2008 was the implementation of reforms in the early 21st century, strengthening of freedom of speech, and further establishment of the media system in the country. An effective, systematic work of media, although not free from subjective assessments, served the success of the information campaign of the Georgian side. Russian attempts to show Georgia as an aggressor, similar to those undertaken in modern Ukraine, were not successful; moreover, Georgian media, together with foreign journalists, managed to disclose the occupational character of the Russian Federation’s actions.“Georgian lessons” of information war should be considered as an important foundation for the development of the information security strategy of Ukraine. Evidently, their analysis should be systematic and unprejudiced, should take into consideration all achievements and mistakes of the performers, and, above all, allow for an objective and adequate forecast of new humanitarian challenges.

The energy efficiency in the building sector, a widely accepted point inside world energy sustainability, can be pursued in a variety of complementary ways, being energy consumption reduction one of them. Specifically, the residential buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the total energy consumption of the European Union. Therefore, this residential sector is an important target for optimizing the use of energy. This paper examines the energy saving measures for multi-family residential building thermal systems in the city of Granada. The state and usage patterns of such systems in a middle-size city are surveyed and analysed in order to propose sounded saving measures. The proposed measures were quantified according to two parameters: energy saved and CO2 emissions reduction. This quantification enables the identification of best measures either cost or energy effective, concluding that the biggest benefits are obtained adopting solar/biomass energy, while other zero-cost measures like the information campaign have more impact than, for instance, boiler replacement. Finally, it is concluded that an extension of mandatory installation of solar systems to existing buildings should be considered.

This study evaluates the effect of the documentary Under the Dome on the concern and responsive behaviors of the public regarding air pollution in China, with two surveys conducted before and after watching the documentary. Employing difference-in-differences regression, this study answers two research questions: (1) Does Under the Dome change public concern about air pollution? (2) Does Under the Dome change public behaviors in response to air pollution, including protective behaviors (i.e., wearing face masks) and mitigation behaviors (i.e., reducing car driving)? We find that the information campaign (1) protects against the decline of public concern about air pollution in Beijing and (2) moderates the degree to which people's perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, and sense of self-efficacy influence protective behaviors and moderates the degree to which people's belief in the cooperative behaviors by others influences mitigation behaviors. This study provides evidence that information campaigns of the Under the Dome type are effective in raising public awareness; however, the information campaign did not directly influence public protective and mitigation behaviors.

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a public information campaign, which was conducted on a major Greek Island (Syros), aimed at reducing plastic waste - and specifically plastic bags - in the local coastal/marine environment. A choice experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects on individual preferences for reducing plastic waste pollution under different status of environmental awareness, after the information campaign. The evaluation process was quite independent of the information campaign. Two samples of respondents were taken; one consisting of participants in the environmental campaign and the other consisting of non-participants. The results show: (a) significant differences between the preferences of the two samples; (b) variations in the willingness to pay values between the two samples for protection of the coastal/marine environment, but; (c) not significant differences in their commitment to take action (i.e. in their willingness to alter their current plastic bag use behavior).

Biotech news coverage in English-language Russian media fits the profile of the Russian information warfare strategy described in recent military reports. This raises the question of whether Russia views the dissemination of anti-GMO information as just one of many divisive issues it can exploit as part of its information war, or if GMOs serve more expansive disruptive purposes. Distinctive patterns in Russian news provide evidence of a coordinated information campaign that could turn public opinion against genetic engineering. The recent branding of Russian agriculture as the ecologically clean alternative to genetically engineered foods is suggestive of an economic motive behind the information campaign against western biotechnologies.

Urgency of the research. The growth of the consciousness of society and the development of social networks have created a new type of business, which is called a social enterprise, that is rapidly developing in the world and in Ukraine. Target setting. The problem of misunderstanding of the sense of social business lies in the combination of social and commercial. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Such researchers as G. Dis, J. Boshe, G. Schulier, J. Meyr, I. Marty made an important contribution into the development of social entrepreneurship development problems. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Solving the social problem as the main direction of the information campaign in advancing social business, new forms of strategies and tactics in this segment is an interesting object for the researches. The research objective. In the article the following tasks were determined: to define the categorical apparatus of «social entrepreneurship», to analyze the activities of social enterprises in the West of Europe, Israel and Ukraine, to explore effective ways to promote social entrepreneurship in social networks. The statement of basic materials. The differences between social entrepreneurship and charity, traditional business, social responsibility of business are shown in the article. Moreover, the types and models of social entrepreneurship are highlighted and a new marketing methodology is proposed. Conclusions. The effectiveness of promoting social business through the idea of a locomotive was proved in the article as well as six stages of the information campaign were distinguished.

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2013 published data of the number of hypertensive patients in Indonesia which reached 25.8% of the total population. It means that about 100 million people aged 18 years and over are in a hypertensive condition. Hypertension is a non-spreading disease that causes a person to experience an imbalance of life control and management that results in other severe diseases such as kidney failure, coronary heart disease, and the human nervous system damage (Bozorgmanesh et al, 2014). One factor that causes a person susceptible to this disease is psychological symptoms. Psychological factors are sometimes not easily known and anticipated so that people’s awareness is needed to anticipate them. Community-based intervention is very effective in changing subject’s attitude, knowledge, and behavior to be better (Torlasco et al., 2017). This intervention program is conducted primarily when it aims to provide information on the psychological symptoms developed by a person affected by hypertension. Based on a preliminary study of 50 random subjects in the Psychology Faculty of UGM, the results show that there is a tendency of students being affected by hypertension due to psychological factors. This is derived from the small scores on the scale of The Health-Promoting Lifestyle (HPLP) and The Management Strategic Scale (MSS). Psychological factors that should be concerned are stress management, self-regulation and emotion, and also personality attributes.

Energy efficiency information campaigns are key to promote energy savings and reduction of air pollutants. The study’s aim is to assess the impact of an information campaign on heating systems maintenance implemented in a province of Northern Italy conducted developing ad hoc communication material, including posters, brochures, online advertising and media communication. Our analysis considered selected outcomes over the period 2008-2014. We report decreasing heating systems irregularities (from 52% to 31%; p

International audience; Several factors, such as emotion and uncertainty of the outcome, influence decision-making. We assessed decision-making during a risky event (natural hazard, focusing here on two types of volcanic threats) by manipulating the certainty of lethal threat in an information campaign. We hypothesized that the reduction of uncertainty of lethal threat in an information campaign would improve behavior through more suitable choices by reducing the use of emotional choices. In the scenario that occurred in a familiar place, participants who received information with uncertainty of lethal threat presented more emotional and comfortable choices, such as staying at home, rather than detached ones, such as leaving the area. These were either appropriate (for volcanic ash cloud) or inappropriate (for pyroclastic flow). The certainty hypothesis was partially validated, as certainty influenced the quality of choice in the scenarios that took place at home. Furthermore, participants in the volcanic disaster context presented less suitable decisions compared to those in the neutral context, which was discussed in terms of the presence of emotions, such as fear of volcanic eruption. Our results highlight the importance of controlling the comforting emotional aspect of the home environment in any information communication.

Decades of campaigns have cautioned households in Bangladesh about waterborne contaminants such as arsenic. In addition to switching water sources, mothers can protect young children from contaminated water by breastfeeding longer. We exploit time series variation in whether children were born before or after a nationwide information campaign and geographic variation in exposure to arsenic. We find that mothers breast-feed children longer in response to the campaign, especially when they have less access to uncontaminated wells, and that infants are more likely to be exclusively breast-fed. We find consistent evidence of lower mortality rates and diarrheal incidence for infants.

Compared to other European and Balkan countries, the first institutions for the medical inspection of student health were established relatively late in Greece. Following several European and Balkan examples, Greek doctors and educators began an information campaign during the late 19th century to establish a School Medical Service. The Greek state's emerging interest in children's health was dependent upon a number of factors. Networks of experts played a considerable part in shaping a public discourse on childhood. National defeats generated a discourse that denounced the state's indifference to the degeneration of the younger generation. Finally, European paradigms may have influenced the establishment of the School Medical Service through the experiences gained abroad by doctors and high state officials.

We study the role of beliefs about experts' honesty in a market for credence goods with second opinions and overtreatment. Experts are honest or dishonest. The population shares a common belief about the share of honest experts, which may be incorrect. We characterize the belief that maximizes consumer's expected utility and show that it is generically different from the true share of honest experts and larger than the one that maximizes the equilibrium level of honesty. We then analyze the decision of an authority that has learned the actual share of honest experts whether to publicly reveal it through a costless information campaign, thus correcting people's beliefs, and show that it does not depend on how wrong beliefs are. We further show how increasing market transparency (making experts more aware of the number of opinions collected) affects the optimal belief and may have a positive as well as a negative effect on overtreament. Finally, we briefly see how a successful campaign run in Switzerland in the mid '80s to reduce excessive hysterectomy rates can be read through the lenses of our model and how accounting for beliefs about honesty might allow theoretical predictions to better fit experimental evidence.

Romanian abstract: Raportul de fața analizeaza rezultatele unui sondaj realizat in doua valuri. 341 respectiv 346 persoane au fost anchetate in cursul anului 2019 și 2020 inainte respectiv dupa campania de informare a factorilor interesați in cadrul proiectului „Elaborarea planului de management integrat al siturilor Natura 2000 Munții Ciucului - ROSCI0323 și Depresiunea și Munții Ciucului - ROSPA0034”. Inaintea prezentarii informațiilor despre rețeaua Natura 2000 și particularitațile locale ale siturilor vizate in proiect a avut loc sondajul ex ante, respectiv dupa susținerea evenimentelor de catre echipa de proiect am masurat efectul acestora prin sondajul ex post in cadrul populației ținta. Am folosit metoda anchetei, participanții fiind rugați sa completeze un chestionar scurt despre tema ariilor protejate Natura 2000. Chestionarele au conținut in total nouasprezece intrebari, dintre care primele cinci s-au referit la datele socio-demografice ale respondenților, patru intrebari s-au concentrat asupra activitații agricole potențiale ale persoanelor prezente la intâlnirile de informare, opt intrebari au incercat sa masoare competențele teoretice respectiv practice ale populației ținta legate de siturile Natura 2000, iar ultimele doua au oferit posibilitatea aprecierii subiective a existenței siturilor Natura 2000 in imprejurimea lor respectiv formularea unor sugestii care pot fi incluse in planul de management al sitului. English abstract: The present report analyzes the results of a survey realized in two waves. 341 respectively 346 persons from 29 settlements were surveyed in 2019 and 2020 before and after an information campaign related to the Natura 2000 areas. The ex ante study was taken before the presentation of information about Natura 2000 network and local particularities of the areas, and after the events their effect was polled among the target group by the ex post analysis. The participants of the surveys were asked to fill a short questionnaire about the protected areas belonging to the Natura 2000 network. The questionnaire contained nineteen questions, the first part referred to the socio-demographical background of the participants, the second part focused on potential agricultural activities of the respondents, the third part measured the theoretical and practical competences of the target group related to Natura 2000 areas, while the last part offered place to the subjective perceptions of the existence of Natura 2000 areas in their surroundings respectively the subjects could formulate suggestions in order to be included in the management plan.

Health and science controversies surrounding Covid-19 pandemic have been politicized by state actors to manipulate international relations and politics. China is no exception. Using a package of communication tactics, the Chinese government has been engaging in an English-language information campaign to create an “Us vs US” world during the pandemic on social media. While the world is scrutinizing the accuracy of and the intention behind the information disseminated by China’s state actors, this commentary urges scholars to also focus on the influence of such information on global audiences, as well as on global power dynamics.

We examine the impact of a randomized Girls' Education Challenge project implemented in rural Zimbabwe. The multifaceted project initially provided information about girls' rights and education barriers to girls, caregivers, teachers, and other community members. Later, the project introduced a learn-to-read program and provided resources such as bicycles and books. The information campaign significantly improved mathematics performance and school enrolment in a short time frame. The subsequent provision of resources and curriculum changes corresponded to improvements in literacy but did not correspond to any additional improvements in mathematics and enrolment beyond what was observed following the information provision alone.

Vaccinating 12-year-old girls against human papilloma virus (HPV) was included in the Danish vaccination program in 2009. Since 2014 safety concerns resulted in a dramatic decrease in uptake. In order to nuance the debate, inform parents’ decision-making and increase uptake, we launched a national HPV vaccination information campaign in May 2017. Before designing the campaign, we investigated parents’ knowledge, attitudes and decision patterns regarding HPV vaccination. Results showed that 34% parents were vaccine hesitant. Mothers were the primary decision makers regarding their daughters’ HPV vaccination, and their primary source of information was online media, particularly Facebook. Finally, parents had a lack of knowledge on several HPV-related facts and a high proportion requested more information before deciding on HPV vaccination for their daughters. Based on these findings, we designed and launched an information campaign in partnership with the Danish Cancer Society and the Danish Medical Association. The campaign, “Stop HPV - stop cervical cancer”, was given a designated website and a public Facebook page posting infographics, written case stories, short movies with cases and experts, and updates on vaccination uptake. The overall strategy was to bring back focus on preventing cervical cancer and put faces on the cancer statistics. Following the campaign, the proportion of hesitant parents and parents against HPV vaccination had declined and 70% of parents were now in favor of HPV vaccination. The number of vaccinated girls had doubled in 2017 compared to 2016 with nearly 31000 girls receiving their first doses. However, the remaining proportion of hesitant parents indicated that they still felt a lack of information and continuously worried about adverse events. Henceforward, effort will be put into guiding hesitant parents to the website and to disseminate the campaign throughout the country by organizing information meetings for parents locally.

This paper provides an explanation for why many information campaigns fail to affect decision-making. The authors experimentally show that a large information intervention about a profitable and climate-friendly household investment had limited effects if it only provided generic data. In contrast, it caused households to make new investments when it followed a campaign strategy designed to minimize information processing costs. This finding is consistent with a model of selective attention, where individuals prioritize information believed to be valuable after accounting for the costs of attending to the data that arise due to limited mental energy and time. The paper studies a range of possible mechanisms and finds corroborative evidence of selective attention as an inhibitor to learning.

Motivated by current topics in health economics, we apply the theory of salience to consumer policy. If a government intends to encourage healthier diets without harming consumers by raising taxes, it could initiate information campaigns which focus consumers’ attention either on the healthiness of one item or the unhealthiness of the other item. According to our approach, both campaigns work, but it is more efficient to proclaim the unhealthiness of one product in order to present it as a “ bad.” Our findings imply that comparative advertisement is particularly efficient for entrant firms into established markets.

In the event of a hazardous chemical release incident in the UK, affected members of the public would undergo improvised and interim forms of decontamination (the “Initial Operational Response” (IOR)). To enable members of the public to take recommended actions quickly, the Home Office and National Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Centre have developed the “Remove, Remove, Remove” pre-incident information campaign. This is designed to raise awareness amongst a broad range of people with a public safety role, as well as members of the general public. The paper aims to discuss these issues.,Public perceptions of the utility of “Remove, Remove, Remove” pre-incident information materials were assessed using focus group discussions and questionnaires.,Perceptions of the “Remove, Remove, Remove” campaign poster were generally positive, and the groups agreed that releasing this type of information prior to an incident occurring is a positive step. There was consensus that the poster contains useful information, and that members of the public would benefit from receiving this information prior to a chemical incident occurring.,The findings from this study have been used to inform the development of the “Remove, Remove, Remove” materials. These materials have been disseminated to all emergency services in the UK to further embed IOR principles, as well as to crowd safety professionals.

History is strongly linked to the country and its citizens. It identifies the nation and the country, it helps to preserve the identity by reminding the people of their legacy. That is why it is a perfect means of building a country's brand and evoking associations with its location and society. Poland is constantly searching for new markets for its products, even in countries in which it is barely present. One of the countries whose market Poland is trying to get into is Japan, a country whose citizens do not know much about Poland. In order to facilitate the relations between these two countries, the Polish government decided to launch an information campaign about Poland's past and present, its possibilities, its significance in the international arena, and its people. Considering the character of Japanese culture a comic has been chosen to be the adequate medium.

How should we support marginalized individuals? By providing nutritional support for their body or by supporting their mind and allowing them to see their potential? This paper explores ways to improve the welfare of women living with HIV, by addressing two obstacles that they face: the body and the mind. We use a randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of three information-focused treatments: a standard nutritional information campaign, cookery demonstrations and role models. We find that providing information on nutrition leads to an improvement in nutritional intake and overall health. Participatory information interventions, such as the cookery demonstrations and exposure to role models, are found to empower and inspire participants to become more ambitious and invest in income-generating activities. As such, these types of interventions have the potential to have longer-term effects on welfare than passive information campaigns.

The Czech economy is ready to adopt the euro. The reasons for the postponement of the euro adoption process are merely political. People are skeptical when it comes to the euro (also in the light of the existing debt crisis in the euro area); consequently, political institutions do not promote the euro introduction. Concerns thus remain. We can expect analogical development in the Czech Republic as that of Slovakia or Slovenia, as these economies are similar. Actual inflation did not increase in either of the two countries; however, the perceived inflation was quite high. The prospect of the euro introduction depends on how to avoid worries about inflationary implications of the introduction of the euro. The communication and information campaign should focus on eliminating the concerns about the euro introduction.

Ethnographic snapshots from borderscapes in the Greater Mekong Subregion suggest that the information campaign to promote ASEAN Economic Community, with its promise of open borders from the end of 2015 onward, had reached the borderlanders. But the region’s borders, though transgressed daily, remained firmly in place. These snapshots raise questions concerning whether anything was in fact opening up; if so, what was opening up; and for whom it was opening up. Limited agreements, whose implementation has lagged, promise to facilitate tourism, large-scale trade and the cross-border employment of skilled personnel, but national governments continue to manage the heavy flows of low-skilled migrants tightly.

This study assessed the contributions of the youth leaders or Sanguniang Bayan (SK) officials to the development of selective barangays in the municipality of Naval, Biliran, Philippines in terms of: Programs: cleanliness; beautification; cultural activities; information campaign; Projects: sports equipment; indoor games equipment; barangay literacy; day care center; youth/SK Center; infrastructure Activities; Youth Related (SK) Activities: youth sports development; fund raising; talent/ skills recognition. One hundred twenty youth and barangay officials from the eight barangays of the municipality of Naval served as respondents. The descriptive method was used to attain the objectives. The instrument used in this study was a researcher-made survey questionnaire.The results showed that the youth leaders or SanguniangKabataan has moderately implementedprojects, slightly implemented programs and other youth related activities, and moderately implemented the sources of budget allocation to carry out the programs, projects, and activities to the development of the youth. Moreover, it can be drawn that the youth leaders significantly needed the support of the Barangay Chairperson particularly in terms of budget allocation in realization of their programs, projects and other related youth activities.

Introduction Breastfeeding is an approved standard of infant nutrition and has proven short- and long-term benefits for the health of the baby and its mother. Objectives Assessment of the implementation of Polish infants nutrition scheme's (2007) guidelines in terms of breastfeeding duration and determination of the influence of selected factors on breastfeeding in the region of Western Pomerania. Material and methods A survey study was performed in the group of 200 accidentally selected women aged 19–46 years with children up to 5 years, living in the region of Western Pomerania. The survey concerned the infant feeding practices, the factors determining breastfeeding and the sources of information about infant nutrition. Results The analysis showed that 87.5% of served mothers started feeding naturally. Breastfeeding was maintained in 48.5% of 6-month-old children. Significantly more infants in the 6th month of life were breastfed when they had siblings (p Conclusions There is a significant difference between the infant feeding recommendations and their realization. In the region of Western Pomerania the prevalence of breastfeeding is still too low in the first six months of life. In the last few years in the studied region an increased prevalence of breastfeeding by mothers living in smaller towns and villages has been observed. There is a clear need for an information campaign on infant nutrition. It is highly important to increase the role of health care providers in sharing knowledge about infant feeding techniques and the multidimensional benefits of breastfeeding.

ObjectiveTo assess the acceptability and adherence to daily doses of lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) among children and micronutrient powder (MNP) among children and pregnant and lactating women.DesignHousehold interviews and sachet counting were conducted to measure acceptability and adherence, 15 and 30 d after product distribution. Qualitative information on product acceptability was collected using focus group discussions.SettingSaharawi refugee camps, Algeria, August–October 2009.SubjectsLNS was distributed to 123 children aged 6–35 months (LNS-C), and MNP to 112 children aged 36–59 months (MNP-C) and 119 pregnant or lactating women (MNP-W).ResultsAt the end of the test 98·4 % of LNS-C, 90·4 % of MNP-C and 75·5 % of MNP-W participants reported that they liked the product (PPPConclusionsAcceptability, consumption and adherence were higher in participants receiving LNS compared with MNP. However, both products were found to be suitable when compared with predefined acceptability criteria. Acceptability studies are feasible and important in emergency nutrition programmes when the use of novel special nutritional products is considered.

Information operations are considered a central element of modern warfare, yet there remains little, if any, systematic evidence of their effectiveness. Using a geographic quasi-experiment conducted during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, we demonstrate that civilians exposed to the government’s information campaign resulted in more civilian security cooperation, which in turn increased bomb neutralizations. These results are robust to a number of alternative model specifications that account for troop presence and operations and other confounding factors. The core findings are also corroborated with evidence from a nationwide survey and large-scale analysis of intelligence reports and counterinsurgent operations. This note demonstrates that information campaigns can lead to welfare-enhancing attitudinal and behavioral changes in an adversarial environment and can substantially improve battlefield outcomes.

There are no reports of coordinated action plans to combat all allergic conditions, including asthma, in a defined population. The Finnish Allergy Programme 2008–18 was based on new scientific data of immune development and changed avoidance strategy to tolerance strategy at population level. Medicalization and psychological tolerance were also considered. Severe allergy and asthma were in focus, and allergy health —good life even with allergies—was promoted. Implementation was carefully planned, organized and monitored to help health care adapt the new ideas and improve provision of care. Almost 21,000 health care professionals have taken part in more than 300 educational sessions. An information campaign targeted lay public and 2.3 million Finns were reached. The general messages of the programme were widely accepted and the midterm results indicated that the goals set at the beginning were pragmatic and obtainable. The successes and pitfalls of the Finnish initiative is a lesson to learn, to be adjusted, modified and improved according to local and national needs. Allergic conditions are a heterogenous group of common symptoms causing a lot of disability and costs. A systematic approach can significantly reduce the burden at population level.

This chapter analyses the relationship between the United Nations and the global mobilisation against apartheid. It suggests that we should move the perspective from the power hierarchies to democratic process of the organisation. Only this perspective will allow us to re-asses the role of the organisation in bringing apartheid to the end. The General Assembly rather than Security Council should be the main focus in this regard. Through the activity of the UN Special Committee Against Apartheid, an action-orientated body, who progressively expanded the scope of its responsibilities, the organisation was pivotal to the emergence of the international campaign against apartheid. From the late 1960s, it launched an information campaign on apartheid, then brought about the coordination of anti-apartheid networks before developing its own worldwide campaigns. At the same time, anti-apartheid organisations proved to be influential in the fulfilment of the aims of the UN itself. On the one hand, they translated norms into specific actions and discourse. On the other, they acted as channels through which the UN could disseminate information about apartheid, monitor the activity of member states with regard to apartheid before becoming an important element in the enforcement mechanisms. The relationship between the organisation and the non-state actors was complex and negotiated.