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The public anthropologist grapples with not one but many overlapping digital transformations, which influence how anthropologists access, produce, and disseminate knowledge. The digital turn reshapes the social fields with which the anthropologist engages; the political opportunities and risks arising from the engagement of the public anthropologist; and the methodological approach of the public anthropologist as they access, produce, and disseminate knowledge. This entry examines how digital transformations—as processes of social change—bring new possibilities and challenges for public anthropology.

In reaction to the epistemic crisis, efforts to restrict free expression and access to information have not only failed to preserve the truth, but sometimes also suppressed it. Libraries’ commitment to intellectual freedom creates unique opportunities to deliver alternative solutions. By renewing the emphasis on intellectual freedom in core library functions like collections, education, and programming, libraries can provide the epistemic resources that patrons need amidst a broader context of distrust, manipulation, and censorship. This essay examines the epistemic crisis in the USA in light of intellectual freedom and the IFLA Statement on Libraries and Intellectual Freedom. Organized into three parts, this piece explores plurality as normative in the human condition, considers the impact of information and communications technology on free expression and the legitimacy of information institutions, and reconciles the emerging tensions by applying concepts from virtue epistemology to intellectual freedom. The essay concludes with considerations for library practice.

Traversing scientific information has become increasingly fraught, as the new information landscape allows anyone to access endless information with a few keystrokes. However, those trying to find information, understand authorities and navigate experts need a deeper understanding not only of the information itself, but also of how and why information is shared. Increasingly, questions of expertise, locale and bias are driving the scientific information ecosystem and creating or expanding disinformation, misinformation and propaganda efforts. Librarians are in the centre of this maelstrom of information and are obligated to help people learn to be critical of information. This article presents an illustrative case study, using the example of scientific information around the safety and efficacy of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine to demonstrate how modern scientific information sharing is shaped by the ways in which misinformation and fake news spread.

This article explores the history of two Tanzanian publishing houses and the remarkable life and career of Walter Bgoya, former general manager of Tanzania Publishing House (1972–90) and managing director of Mkuki na Nyota, which he founded in 1991. Using the lens of microhistory, and drawing from extensive interviews with Bgoya and conversations with two colleagues and three authors, the article first chronicles his early life and ideological formation and what influenced his career in book publishing. It then examines the key achievements and challenges faced by these publishing houses in different times of austerity (e.g. Structural Adjustment Programmes, foreign investment with conditionalities, declining state support and high printing costs), along with the complex ways in which Bgoya has navigated the shifting, often uncertain, political, financial and legislative landscapes, while retaining his intellectual freedom and core Pan-Africanist beliefs. Constraints have not hampered Bgoya's pursuit of ambitious projects or his commitment to publishing relevant and progressive books, either written by African authors or on African matters. I suggest that reducing the scale and identifying how specific conditions of austerity have affected the choices made by a publisher over time can yield insights into the ways in which cultural institutions have contributed to knowledge production and dissemination in postcolonial Africa.

This paper was invited as a commentary on the keynote paper for this special issue by Simon Marginson and Lili Yang. The paper begins by noting the importance of a fully balanced approach to compar...

The recent incidents involving Dr. Timnit Gebru, Dr. Margaret Mitchell, and Google have triggered an important discussion emblematic of issues arising from the practice of AI Ethics research. We offer this paper and its bibliography as a resource to the global community of AI Ethics Researchers who argue for the protection and freedom of this research community. Corporate, as well as academic research settings, involve responsibility, duties, dissent, and conflicts of interest. This article is meant to provide a reference point at the beginning of this decade regarding matters of consensus and disagreement on how to enact AI Ethics for the good of our institutions, society, and individuals. We have herein identified issues that arise at the intersection of information technology, socially encoded behaviors, and biases, and individual researchers’ work and responsibilities. We revisit some of the most pressing problems with AI decision-making and examine the difficult relationships between corporate interests and the early years of AI Ethics research. We propose several possible actions we can take collectively to support researchers throughout the field of AI Ethics, especially those from marginalized groups who may experience even more barriers in speaking out and having their research amplified. We promote the global community of AI Ethics researchers and the evolution of standards accepted in our profession guiding a technological future that makes life better for all.

Converging communication technologies offer merizing potentialities for global access to local culture. However, concerns about controversial images and ideas on the Internet have inspired both political and technological challenges to open access. Over the past two or three years, a bewildering array of software products has appeared on the U.S. and Canadian markets that claim to be able to either "filter or 'rate' Intemet-based contenL Typical product claims are couched in the rhetoric of child protection and parental guidance. In the cyberspace universe of instant access to information and in ages of all kinds, how should school librarians around the world respond to these commercial products? How can they find a reasonable balance between the sometimes conflicting goals of parental responsibilities, children's educational and developmental interests, media literacy, and community standards? In view of what appears to be a growing political resolve in many countries to impose technological controls on Internet content, and a trend towards more and more labeling of creative expression in just about every other medium of communication, it is timely for librarians in all sectors to examine these issues and address the implications for information access. The topic of Internet filters is an exciting one for librarians because it represents the intersection of our roles as advocates for intellectual freedom, as organizers of infomation, and as promoters of media literacy. It gives us the opportunity to share our knowledge and expertise, and to increase our contribution to society at large and around the world.

“The American Library Association affirms that rights of privacy are necessary for intellectual freedom and are fundamental to the ethical practice of librarianship,” reads a position paper by the ...

Humanists were understood as somebody in possession of love for humankind, also as someone who learned humane arts to achieve assumptive level of knowledge, writing or speaking eloquence and, of course, the understanding of the world and history.We can see humanistic ideals in Shakespeare’s plays for instance Hamlet and Julius Ceaser. W.Shakespeare demonstrated the ideas of Renaissance humanism; even his tragic plays and he also presented characters lively the principles and ideals of Renaissance humanism. Shakespeare was an artist who could understand deeply the humanity and an uncanny ability for self-expression who openly practiced and celebrated the ideals of intellectual freedom. It is clear that, Shakespeare did not study like other dramatists who lived at that period. In spite of this, his knowledge is regarded as the grounded in humanism.

Intellectual freedom means the basic ethical framework for information and records management education, which aims to provide students with the knowledge and skills related to the process of obtaining, organizing and presenting information to those who need it through scientific and professional methods. Therefore, intellectual freedom education is among the most important components of information and records management education. The purpose of this study is to evaluate content and practices in undergraduate and graduate education in Information and Records Management departments in Turkey, in the context of intellectual freedom education. Within the scope of the research, first of all, all course contents in the Bologna Information (ECTS) Packages of the undergraduate and graduate programs of 10 departments were examined, and it was determined that there were courses related to intellectual freedom in 9 departments. The determined 9 undergraduate and 2 graduate courses were evaluated by content analysis method through the Bologna Information Packages and also interviews with 5 of the lecturers who give these courses were conducted. As a result of the study, it was understood that the education on intellectual freedom given in departments showed some differences depending on the policies and approaches of the departments. In line with the results obtained through the study, some suggestions were made on the subject.

El flujo de conocimiento de una industria basada en riesgos (aeroespacial) hacia otra encargada de producir objetos habitables terrestres, es necesario para ilustrar la función democrática de la arquitectura- En ese orden, el objetivo de este artículo es determinar cómo esa dinámica ilustra la acción liberadora de la profesión, usando una metodología de análisis que toma los conceptos autenticidad, policromía, exactitud, responsividad y habitabilidad (estrategias seminales aeroespaciales); aplicados a la planificación arquitectónica. Como resultado, se descubren principios originarios, componentes intangibles (informadores) y tangibles (formadores) que hacen de la arquitectura un campo eficaz para expandir libertad intelectual.

Este artigo consiste, fundamentalmente, em uma análise do pensamento de Max Weber, de maneira a buscar uma possível contribuição ao campo da educação na atualidade. Ao expor sua compreensão sobre o processo de racionalização, tendo na burocracia uma de suas manifestações mais contundentes, Weber compreende as ações humanas como constituídas de uma tensão permanente. Não haveria no mundo um sentido, com validade universal, que orientasse a existência. Neste aspecto, a educação precisa adquirir um outro significado, isto é, uma educação que faça o clinamen surgir e ressurgir, introduzindo no mecanismo determinista o espaço de libertação, que consiste em romper o determinismo inerente a qualquer situação objetiva e, de forma desviante, abrir espaço para o exercício da autonomia. Se ao professor cumpre fornecer alguma esperança para a vida de seus alunos, esta deve ser estabelecida a partir do reconhecimento do caráter agonístico da existência. Agir assim é garantir a integridade e a liberdade intelectual.

Censorship is a centuries-old issue for the United States. The importance of intellectual freedom and the freedom of speech is particularly evident in libraries, organizations dedicated to the access and spread of information. Issues regarding censorship and intellectual freedom have even reached the US Supreme Court. The following essay serves as a history of censorship in the United States, particularly in its libraries, and how the same issues of censorship have now transitioned into the digital age.

Reviewing every issue of “Censorship Dateline” in the Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom and Journal of Intellectual Freedom and Privacy alongside ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom’s annual reports on censorship and the EBSCO ban in Utah, this article considers reasons for the significant rise in the targeting of libraries by individual anti-sexuality activists. Then the author considers what can be applied from the history of anti-sexuality censorship campaigns and offers possible plans for librarians.

PurposeThis writing reveals Hong Kong’s role as the center of China research. Before Reform and Opening in 1979, the British colony was the only place in the world where all international China experts stopped over and obtained the latest and the most accurate accounts of PRC.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes how Hong Kong serves as the intellectual mecca through examining the lives of China scholars amid building up their international profiles. What prompted them to join the China field? How were their lives like in the British crown colony? This paper also unveils the roles of the two research institutions played on Communist China studies: University Services Center (USC) and Union Research Institute (URI). In addition to relying on archival correspondences, personal interviews were also conducted in the last two years.FindingsDespite being the mecca of PRC research, Hong Kong was not the first destination for most aspiring China scholars from the West. Most of these Western scholars did not even plan to devote their whole working lives to the study of China. Through luck, draft avoidance and generous grants from Ford and Carnegie Foundations, these young men and women became internationally iconic figures of East Asian research. To complete their Ph.D. theses and subsequent China-related projects, Hong Kong was a “must-go” destination for them. Under the full protection of the Union Jack, these scholars enjoyed the freedom to speak, write, research and publish. God blessed Hong Kong with such a unique political status amid the Cold War.Originality/value155 Argyle Street was the Art Deco compound where Red China experts produced most groundbreaking scholarships. It was not only a two-story structure where they acquired their first-hand resources but a platform where any China-related topics were discussed openly under the auspices of British colonial rule of law. Despite claiming themselves as apolitical, both USC and URI were products of US containment policy against communism. Even so, the colonial government never prohibited the two’s operations. Through this paper, readers will also discover how young men and women became inspired into a career in China studies.

Research suggests fear of parental backlash is a primary reason why teachers preemptively censor books, yet parents’ beliefs about challenged children’s books are understudied. This study’s purpose...

Internet filters are a method to block access to web content (Lawrence & Fry, 2016). Instantaneously, the word ‘blocks’ causes advocates of intellectual freedom to stand at attention. Intellectual freedom is one of the core values of librarianship which guide the decisions librarians make, as outlined within the American Library Association’s (ALA) Code of Ethics (1939/2008). The ALA’s Library Bill of Rights (1939/2019) states that, “a person’s right to use a library should not be denied or abridged because of origin, age, background, or views” (para. IV). More specific to the topic at hand: “the use of Internet filters to block constitutionally protected speech … compromises First Amendment freedoms and the core values of librarianship” (ALA, n.d., para. 1). This paper will investigate and discuss the function of and methodology behind internet filters, with specific attention to their application in Canada. Following a general overview, a discussion follows of what library professionals in public and school libraries should do to uphold and protect intellectual freedom.

A commentary on a recent controversy in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, when a speaker considered to be transphobic was allowed to book a meeting room at Vancouver Public Library. The library defended the right of the speaker to her freedom of expression, though certain conditions were placed on the event and the library publicly distanced itself from her views. The library has experienced a fractured relationship with the transgendered and gender non-confirming community since the event which it is attempting to mend. This article is an exploration of the arguments on both sides in the library community and beyond and of the larger questions about the use of public meeting rooms and freedom of expression in the 21st century. It is also about the personal journey of the author, an advocate for both intellectual freedom and LGBTQ+ rights, and her conversations to those attempting to find a new definition of what constititutes intellectual freedom.

On 25 August 2019, the Executive Committee of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) endorsed and published a new IFLA Statement on Censorship. The statement had been drafted by the IFLA Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Advisory Committee over the course of the previous year. The present article describes the process of creating the statement, highlighting several questions that the committee had to consider along the way. For example, in choosing a definition of censorship, the committee decided to create one that was conceptually limited and linguistically neutral (in the sense of not simply borrowing the existing definition of a national association). As well, the committee needed to explain why censorship was problematic, essentially proposing that it offends against the library principle of equity of access to information. The committee also had to consider how to account for the apparent acceptability in most societies of some forms of censorship, in spite of the generally problematic nature of censorship, and proposed that, as suggested by the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 29, some limitations on liberties may be permissible for the general welfare of society – though not to the extent that the general concept of FAIFE is significantly compromised.

Ecology, economy, equity. Exemplars, educators, enablers. Librarianship centres around the values ofcommunity-building, access to information, and advocating for the public good, and so librarians arepoised to be leaders when it comes to environmentally-friendly and sustainable practices and policies.Our commitment to intellectual freedom demands that we ensure facts about climate change reach thepublic, while social responsibility asks that we consider the harm that can be done by the spread ofdisinformation like climate change denial—the kind of harm that has led to the devastating, irreversiblecircumstances we’re in today. To ensure there will continue to be a community for libraries to serve,librarians must allow sustainability to underpin all their choices, especially with regard to educating thepublic, devaluing disinformation, and advocating for concrete collective action.

Adopted in the late 1930s, the Library Bill of Rights grounded the profession in the core value of intellectual freedom. This core value was challenged in the 1930s, the 1960s, the 1990s, and again in recent years by calls for social responsibility within our ranks. The re-occurrent discomfort with upholding intellectual freedom is particularly evident today in the case of public library third party meeting room bookings by controversial speakers. Both the Toronto Public Library and the Vancouver Public Library (as well as the Edmonton Public Library for lending its support) have come under scrutiny by both specific voices within the field as well as the community more broadly. This is not the first time, nor will it be the last time, that publicly funded libraries are faced with controversy surrounding intellectual freedom. Using critical information theory, this presentation examines important questions: How is intellectual freedom defined, redefined and confined today? What is the relationship between the core value of intellectual freedom and sister core values such as social responsibility, diversity and democracy? How do we uphold professional ethics (e.g., IFLA Code for Librarians and Other Information Workers) in instances when our personal, professional, institutional and/or association commitments do not align? As a 2019-20 SLIS research assistant, these questions are rooted in my ongoing academic explorations with Dr. Samek of the nature and extent LIS curricula (for both professionals and paraprofessionals) prepares graduates to negotiate the perpetually complicated core value of intellectual freedom from a position of confidence, and not fear, defensiveness or divisiveness.

Recent years have seen much interest in positive education. In this article, we will show how person-centred education, like positive education, is concerned with the promotion of human flourishing...

This essay examines the campus sanctuary movement that launched in response to the 2016 US presidential election. It focuses on the case of my employer to illuminate the broader context of the campus sanctuary movement's nationwide emergence, including the neoliberal evisceration of higher education and right-wing attacks on intellectual freedom and demands for social justice. Recognizing that the institution will not save us, sanctuary organizers not only demand that institutions use their resources for the public good, but they also work beyond the confines of institutions to build the resources that we need through community-based organizations.

Conservatives in the United States have grown increasingly critical of universities and their faculty, convinced that professors are ideologues from the political left. Universities, for their part, have increasingly adopted a mantra of diversity and inclusivity, but have shown little interest in diversifying the political and ideological profile of their faculties. This essay argues that the lack of political diversity among American university faculty hampers the ability of universities to fulfill their core mission of advancing and disseminating knowledge. The argument is advanced through a series of four questions: Is it true that university faculty are not ideologically diverse? Why might it be true? Does it matter? How might it be fixed.

One of the key goals of this book is to explore concepts in deep learning as an analytical art – the computing environment is your canvas, and deep learning design is your brush. A strong grasp of analytical creativity and imagination is integral to understanding deep learning at an instinctive, visceral level. This book aims to provide you with that understanding. As the world of deep learning constantly changes, those that attach their knowledge of deep learning to only the tools of today will find it difficult to work with deep learning when new syntaxes and libraries are introduced. An intuitive sense of playfulness and intellectual freedom and curiosity, though, can get us closer to working with deep learning closely, personally, and successfully beyond an interdependence on any one specific model architecture or framework.

College and university education has long been a material and intellectual luxury in American life. Fewer than 38 percent of Americans have ever attended college, and only about half that number hold bachelor's degrees. While post-World War Two legislation greatly democratized higher education, the editors of this volume contend that the system has never been a public stewardship. Many universities are devoted to private sector research rather than public learning, to productivity rather than democratic discourse, and because of diminished financial opportunities, increasingly exclude poor, working and lower middle class students, many of them people of color. The contributors to this volume recognize that the American system of higher education is the most open and egalitarian in the world. Largely for this reason, it is the only American institution which today enjoys a positive balance of trade. Many more foreign students come to study at American universities than do Americans go to study abroad. The study of higher education in an information age means examining higher education. The place of economics in decision-making is as a vehicle for social mobility. The volume covers a myriad of themes: the role of media ranking universities, and their contribution to low expectations of universities; the disjunction between massive support for college and university sports events and the intellectual and presumed academic missions of these institutions of higher learning; and boosterism as a general phenomenon in funding. Yet, editors and contributors alike emphasize new currents in the educational agenda. The essays cover efforts to close the gap between the mutual recriminations of universities and media leaders. The theme of this volume is that there is a crisis in higher education and a crisis hi knowledge--who produces it, controls it, uses it, and benefits by it. Properly understood, the issues common to both higher education and the media have profound implications for public life. This volume is critical of current practices, but also mindful that the university remains a place in which civil forms of discourse are central, and hence of great potential benefit to the dissemination of information and ideas as such. It will be of interest to professional interested hi communication and education.

Background: Censorship of library materials denies people's right to access, use, retrieve, and store materials of their desire. Intellectual freedom is critical to eliminating the constraint of censorship. Issues such as illiteracy, societal standards, and selection policy hadbeen identified as challenges to intellectual freedom. The existing body of literature revealed that library materials are subjected to censorship and this denies readers’ rights to access desirable information at any point in time. Aim: This research examined the perception of librarians on combating the challenges of intellectual freedom. Methodology: The target population for this study included professional librarians working in eight (8) selected academic libraries in Kwara State, Nigeria. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select 60 respondents from the 8 academic libraries involved in the study. A questionnaire of 6 research questions was developed for the collection of data. Findings: The results indicated: the majority of the respondents agree that there are equal opportunities for library users to access library materials, obscene and controversial materials are subjected to censorship, library selection policy restricts library users’ access to desired materials. Lifting restriction of access to library materials was identified as the way to combat the challenges of intellectual freedom. Recommendations: The authors recommends that government should ensure that the Freedom of Information Bill (FOI) is passed to enable library patrons’ have access to all information materials and that library stakeholders should create awareness, publicity, or enlightenment on intellectual freedom to inform the users of their rights to hold, use, and access information materials of their choice.

The current study is an in-depth case study of these two cases of censorship in southern Mississippi correctional facilities. Through a series of qualitative interviews with individuals connected to the cases, the study seeks to better understand the current phenomenon of censorship in prisons. Participants included prison employees, lawyers, and others involved in the two cases. Whether it be through services such as an actual library or information center provided by the prison facility, or the facility allowing books and other materials to be sent to inmates, incarcerated individuals have the right to access information. This study seeks to enlighten and act as a catalyst for change regarding censorship that is occurring within prisons today.

Resumen El siguiente artículo de reflexión surge del trabajo de tesis en curso que busca rastrear las representaciones sobre las mujeres en el ensayo titulado Una habitación propia, de Virginia Woolf (2001), en el cual se exponen algunos aspectos que ella sugirió a las mujeres escritoras. Un elemento que cruza este ensayo es la hipótesis que la autora demuestra a lo largo de su texto: una mujer debe tener dinero, espacio, independencia y libertad intelectual para dejar por escrito sus ideas. El artículo se compone de dos momentos: en una primera parte se muestran las dificultades que han tenido las mujeres en el oficio de escribir y, en una segunda, se señala cómo precisa situarse una escritora en dicha labor, desde lo inédito de la mirada de las mujeres que narran el mundo desde su lente. En conclusión, la escritura es el arte a través del cual algunas mujeres narran el mundo desde sus voces todavía nuevas, reinventándose a la vez, pero al mismo tiempo es el arma con el que se señala la falta de igualdad en derechos que todavía pervive. Abstract The following reflection article, which arises from the ongoing thesis work that seeks to track representations about women in the essay A Room of One's Own of Virginia Woolf (2001), where she exposes some aspects that she suggested to women writers. One element that crosses this essay is the hypothesis that she demonstrates throughout her text: women must have money, space, independence and intellectual freedom to leave her ideas in writing. The article consists of two moments: in the first part the difficulties that women have had in writing craft are shown and, in a second part, the article points out how it is necessary to position yourself as a writer in that work, from the unpublished look of the women who narrate the world from their lens. In conclusion, writing is the art through which some women narrate the world from their still new voices, reinventing it at the same time, but simultaneously it is the weapon with which the lack of equality is pointed out that still lives on. Resumo O artigo de reflexão a seguir, que emerge do trabalho de tese em andamento que busca traçar as representações das mulheres no ensaio intitulado Quarto Próprio de Virginia Woolf (2001), expõe alguns aspectos que ela sugeriu às mulheres escritoras. Um elemento que atravessa este ensaio é a hipótese que ela demonstra ao longo de seu texto: que uma mulher deve ter dinheiro, espaço, independência e liberdade intelectual para escrever suas ideias. O artigo é composto de dois momentos: na primeira parte, são mostradas as dificuldades que as mulheres tiveram na profissão de escrever e, na segunda parte, o artigo indica como é necessário posicionar-se como escritora no referido trabalho, a partir do inédito. olhar das mulheres que narram o mundo através de suas lentes. Em conclusão, a escrita é a arte através da qual algumas mulheres narram e reinventam o mundo com suas vozes ainda novas, mas ao mesmo tempo é a arma que aponta à falta de equidade em direitos que ainda vivenciam.

A Review of: Oltmann, S. M. (2019). Important factors in Midwestern public librarians’ views on intellectual freedom and collection development: Part 2. The Library Quarterly, 89(2), 156-172. https://doi.org/10.1086/702203 Abstract Objective – To explore how librarian attitudes regarding intellectual freedom and demographic factors influence collection development decisions. Design – Online survey. Setting – Public libraries in the Midwestern United States. Subjects – 645 collection development library professionals employed in public libraries. Methods – An electronic survey was distributed to 3,018 public library directors in nine Midwestern states and completed by the library professional primarily responsible for collection development (Oltmann, 2019, p. 6). The survey had a 21.37% response rate. The survey focused on intellectual freedom in the management of collections and probed the participants for their experiences and influences in making collection development decisions. The survey also asked participants to make hypothetical purchasing and holdings decisions for library materials based on a short description of the material. Main Results – Participants indicated that they used a variety of different tools for the selection of materials including patron requests. Of the participants, 45.7% indicated that their library had a policy, practice, or metric to assess the balance of their collections, while 54.3% indicated that their libraries did not have policy or method in place for ensuring that their collection was balanced. Of the respondents, 73.4% felt that local community values should be considered in collection development decision, but 62.3% said that this should not be the most important factor in decisions. Overall, the political leaning of the community did not have an impact on participants’ alignment with the ALA's stances on intellectual freedom. Most respondents (73.4%) felt that government library funding bodies should have an influence over collection development decisions. Some respondents indicated they felt internal pressure from other library staff or the library board to purchase particular materials (28.1%) or relocate materials (14.1%). Respondents also indicated that they felt external pressure from their communities to purchase (32%) or restrict or withdraw (19.1%) materials. In the hypothetical purchasing scenario, most librarians indicated that they would purchase the majority of items. Some participants (39.8%) felt tension between their personal and professional views on intellectual freedom. Conclusion – The first part of this article found that holding an MLS degree had a significant impact on participants' stance on intellectual freedom and alignment with the American Library Association (ALA) principles. This part indicated that they also felt greater pressure to withdraw, acquire, and manage particular materials in their collections and felt more tension between their personal and professional stances on intellectual freedom. Age, gender, duration of work, and community political affiliations significantly impacted only some of the participants' responses. Overall, there was general support for intellectual freedom and alignment with the ALA principles; however, 40% of respondents indicated tension between their personal and professional beliefs about intellectual freedom.

In 2000, city residents of Wichita Falls, Texas, who were members of a church sought removal of the two children’s books Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy’s Roommate from the children’s sec...

Research Summary We consider the role of individual‐level diversification as a mechanism through which skilled researchers engage in successful exploration—recognizing and integrating new knowledge external to one's domains of expertise. To approach an ideal experiment, we (a) employ a matching procedure and (b) exploit the unexpected adoption of Microsoft Kinect as a motion‐sensing technology in research. We evaluate the impact of Kinect and its embodiment of new knowledge on a set of ability‐matched, diversity‐varying researchers without prior experience in motion‐sensing and find that diversified researchers explore more successfully than their more specialized peers. We also examine the role of personal preferences and professional incentives as antecedents of diversification and find that culture, age and intellectual freedom are positively associated with the propensity to diversify successfully. Managerial Summary Organizations where R&D is core to driving competitive advantage face important tradeoffs when hiring researchers. Specifically, diverse combinations of knowledge generate the most impactful discoveries. Yet, coordinating such combinations increasingly requires larger teams as knowledge accumulation causes researchers to specialize in narrower areas. How should organizations achieve the best balance? We argue and show evidence that diversified researchers, individuals routinely criticized for their lack of knowledge depth, are more likely than specialized researchers of similar ability to integrate new knowledge from beyond their domains of expertise to create impactful innovations. Therefore, organizations aiming to create competitive advantage by pushing the boundaries of knowledge should carefully consider the nuanced tradeoffs between specialized and diversified researchers when strategizing about hiring the optimal types of expertise.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reveal how instructors discuss student data and information privacy in their syllabi. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected a mixture of publicly accessible and privately disclosed syllabi from 8,302 library and information science (LIS) courses to extract privacy language. Using privacy concepts from the literature and emergent themes, the authors analyzed the corpus. Findings Most syllabi did not mention privacy (98 percent). Privacy tended to be mentioned in the context of digital tools, course communication, policies and assignments. Research limitations/implications The transferability of the findings is limited because they address only one field and professional discipline, LIS, and address syllabi for only online and hybrid courses. Practical implications The findings suggest a need for professional development for instructors related to student data privacy. The discussion provides recommendations for creating educational experiences that support syllabi development and constructive norming opportunities. Social implications Instructors may be making assumptions about the degree of privacy literacy among their students or not value student privacy. Each raises significant concerns if privacy is instrumental to intellectual freedom and processes critical to the educational experience. Originality/value In an age of educational data mining and analytics, this is one of the first studies to consider if and how instructors are addressing student data privacy in their courses, and the study initiates an important conversation for reflecting on privacy values and practices.

For nearly three years the Colorado Library Consortium (CLiC) has been accused as a “purveyor of pornography” for its cooperative purchasing services – licensing resources from EBSCO, Gale/...

In 1998, a group of adult library patrons and individuals in Loudoun County, Virginia, brought a suit against library trustees, board members, and the director of the county’s public library, claim...

According to the American Library Association, book censorship is on the rise. While many censored books are adolescent novels, some titles for younger children are challenged as well. Books dealing with difficult social issues have been targets for censors historically, but recent attacks have focused on books portraying members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, and other sexual identities (LGBTQ+) community. The goal of this qualitative study was to build prospective teachers’ (PTs’) knowledge of censorship while also providing an opportunity for them to take a sociopolitical stance. Students in a children’s literature course read source materials and reacted by creating a transmediation that used some form of art. Lenses for data analysis included qualitative research, critical discourse analysis, and visual discourse analysis. The first major theme focused on freedom and democracy and the threat censorship poses. Within this category, two subthemes were identified: (1) children having freedom to learn about real-world issues and (2) children having freedom to read books that meet their personal needs. A second major theme focused on how PTs thought people should respond to censorship. Responses expressing fear and/or confusion about censorship were coded as demonstrating a teacher dilemma, while examples showing a challenge to censorship were coded as demonstrating resistance. Findings indicate that PTs were shocked by what they learned about censorship, and many of them engaged in culture jamming, which involves using the arts to challenge oppressive systems. Many used art to critique censorship and advocate for children’s rights. This study challenges the common cultural assumption that teaching is an apolitical or neutral activity.

Little Free Libraries have sprung up in a plethora of communities across the United States, and national library and literacy organizations have showered them with accolades. The Little Fre...

The creativity, innovation and diversity of original features and traditional crafts and artistic heritage, as well as an intellectual freedom organization for an artisanal miner is $150-230 per in what devised by the creative ornamental designs and diverse and sophisticated renewed which earn technical character and heritage of tradition and modernity Various ornamental designs were generally associated with most of these traditional crafts associated with Islamic architecture not undertaken as wood (mashrabia), and metal is like carving on copper, pots, Stone Crafts marbles and stone.

Australian library and information science (LIS) professionals face conflicting legal and ethical obligations in relation to copyright. As law-abiding citizens, they have a legal duty to adhere to the Australian Copyright Act 1968. However, as LIS professionals, they are expected to uphold the principles of intellectual freedom and access of information as outlined by the code of conducts of professional associations such as the Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) and the American Library Association (ALA). This article explores the paradoxical relationship between copyright compliance and LIS’s professional ethics. A comparison between the Australian Copyright Act 1968 and core LIS values reveals that legislative guidelines contradict the aims and principles of the LIS profession. Consequently, a case can be made for collective copyright disobedience within the LIS profession. Collective acts of copyright disobedience such as online piracy and the Freedom of Access to Information and Resources (FAIR)’s Cooking for Copyright campaign have influenced major copyright reforms and the advent of new scholarly communication models. Based on these results, it can be argued that collective copyright disobedience by LIS professionals is not only justified, but necessary to fulfilling professional and ethical responsibilities.

This research examined the beliefs and actions of US midwestern librarians concerning intellectual freedom and collection development. The results are presented in two complementary article...

Intellectual freedom—the idea that all people have the right to express themselves freely and access the expressions of others—is a core value of librarianship. But every value, every institution, must go through a kind of rediscovery with each generation. This “re-valuing” is necessary and right. Do our institutions serve us, or are we forced to serve them? Do we practice what we say we believe? An example of this re-evaluative process concerns the promise, the vision, of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson wrote, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” But that clear statement of “self-evident truths” was on the one hand immediately contradicted by the explicit endorsement of slavery (3/5ths of a human being), and by the denial of a vote to women. Nonetheless, the underlying idea was so powerful and compelling that subsequent generations returned to it again and again, edging closer to the original vision.I believe that intellectual freedom is under such a review by librarians now. I believe, too, that the value remains an abiding and powerful call to service.In this article I will present three snapshots from my own intellectual freedom journey. Each has a context in time that may lend depth of understanding to today’s challenges. Perhaps, too, it will point the way to a new place for intellectual freedom in our work.

Learning analytics involve the process of gathering data about students and using the information to intervene in their lives to improve learning and institutional outcomes. Many academic libraries now participate in learning analytics. However, such practices raise privacy and intellectual freedom issues due to sensitive data practices. But, few research studies address how library practitioners perceive the ethical issues. This article does so by analyzing interviews with library practitioners. The findings suggest that library professionals seek ethical “bright lines”—that is, clearly defined standards—where few exist and that ethical guidance is limited. Though library practitioners recognize that data practices should be scoped and justified, their efforts have come under severe scrutiny—and sometimes harassment—from their professional peers. The article highlights why ethical dissonance has emerged in the profession regarding learning analytics and how library practices might better account for the harms and benefits of learning analytics.

This research project examined the beliefs and actions of US midwestern librarians concerning intellectual freedom and collection development. The results are presented in two complementary...

This study investigated self-service holds in Maine’s public libraries. Survey data were collected to assess the trend, evaluate patron privacy, and associate implementation with the director’s lev...