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Climate and its effects need to be examined within a more planned and comprehensive framework to prevent the unfavorable impact of climate change. Thus, climate effects on the ecosystem can be identified by determining the geographical boundaries of different climate types. The Köppen, Trewartha, Thornthwaite, Erinc, Aydeniz, De Martonne, and De Martonne–Gottman methods are used in the classification of climates. These methods enable the regional differences of climate types to be determined and their changes over the years to be examined. A number of studies examining climate classes have produced graphic findings and maps. The absence of new approaches has resulted in climate classifications still being carried out via manual studies. However, a program for identifying and representing these methods in a convenient, fast, and automated way could facilitate the completion of analyses in a shorter time. The programming languages developed in recent years have made it easy to design interface models that can perform analyses faster and easier than prolonged manual methods. In this study, a climate boundary determination interface model, designed using the Python programming language, was developed for use in the ArcGIS 10.6 program to determine geographical climate boundaries automatically. The provinces of Artvin, Ordu, Rize, Trabzon, Giresun, Bayburt, and Samsun (Turkey) were chosen as the study area to test the interface model. The resulting interface model design is expected to: (1) address the dimensions of climate change in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change studies; (2) identify the climate changes in our country as an objective of the National Climate Change Strategy; and (3) determine the land-use changes caused by climate boundaries and examine the ownership dimension of the adaptation process in the declaration published by the International Geodesy Federation in 2014.

In this paper, we investigate the wellposedness of the non-isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes/Allen-Cahn system with the heat-conductivity proportional to a positive power of the temperature. This system describes the flow of a two-phase immiscible heat-conducting viscous compressible mixture. The phases are allowed to shrink or grow due to changes of density in the fluid and incorporates their transport with the current. We established the global existence and uniqueness of strong solutions for this system in 1-D, which means no phase separation, vacuum, shock wave, mass or heat or phase concentration will be developed in finite time, although the motion of the two-phase immiscible flow has large oscillations and the interaction between the hydrodynamic and phase-field effects is complex. Our result can be regarded as a natural generalization of the Kazhikhov-Shelukhin's result ([Kazhikhov-Shelukhin. J. Appl. Math. Mech. 41 (1977)]) for the compressible single-phase flow with constant heat conductivity to the non-isentropic compressible immiscible two-phase flow with degenerate and nonlinear heat conductivity.

At present, the relevant test data and training indicators of athletes during rehabilitation training lack screening and analysis, so it is impossible to establish a long-term longitudinal tracking research system and evaluation system. In order to improve the practical effect of sports rehabilitation activities, this paper successively introduces the matrix normal mixed model and the fuzzy clustering algorithm based on the K-L information entropy regularization and the matrix normal mixed model. Moreover, this paper uses the expectation maximization algorithm to estimate the parameters of the model, discusses the framework, key technologies and core services of the development platform, and conducts certain research on the related technologies of the three-tier architecture. At the same time, according to the actual needs of sports rehabilitation training, this paper designs the functions required for exercise detection and prescription formulation. In addition, this paper analyzes and designs the database structure involved in each subsystem. Finally, this paper designs experiments to verify the performance of the model constructed in this paper. The research results show that the performance of the model constructed in this paper meets the expectations of model construction, so it can be applied to practice.

We study the dynamics of visco-elastic materials coupled by a common cohesive interface (or, equivalently, {two single domains separated by} a prescribed cohesive crack) in the anti-plane setting. We consider a general class of traction-separation laws featuring an activation threshold on the normal stress, softening and elastic unloading. In strong form, the evolution is described by a system of PDEs coupling momentum balance (in the bulk) with transmission and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions (on the interface). We provide a detailed analysis of the system. We first prove existence of a weak solution, employing a time discrete approach and a regularization of the initial data. Then, we prove our main results: the energy identity and the existence of { solutions} with acceleration in $L^\infty (0,T; L^2)$.

In this research paper, the complex interaction mechanism between different components of CPRF was simulated through 3D finite element analyses using the nonlinear interface and soil model for thre...

Overhead contact wires on electrified railways often have to deviate from their standard height to pass over road crossings or under overbridges. Long height transitions are usually needed to ensure safe and reliable operation, otherwise line speeds need to be restricted. This paper sets out how data analysis combined with advanced simulation of the dynamic interaction between pantograph and overhead contact line proved that a location on the Great Western railway electrification programme in the UK could operate at much higher line speeds despite having a very steep wire gradient. The modelled results for Steventon in Oxfordshire showed a strong correlation with physical testing, enabling line speeds to nearly double. This approach could be used in future electrification projects to achieve significant time and cost savings.

A system of partial differential equations for a diffusion interface model is considered for the stationary motion of two macroscopically immiscible, viscous Newtonian fluids in a three-dimensional bounded domain. The governing equations consist of the stationary Navier–Stokes equations for compressible fluids and a stationary Cahn–Hilliard type equation for the mass concentration difference. Approximate solutions are constructed through a two-level approximation procedure, and the limit of the sequence of approximate solutions is obtained by a weak convergence method. New ideas and estimates are developed to establish the existence of weak solutions with a wide range of adiabatic exponent.

This paper presents an analytical description of frictional contact hysteresis behavior between two flat rough surfaces in partial and gross slip. Couplings between shear and normal forces in the contact interface are included by considering spherical asperities in oblique contact. In the oblique contact, the relation between shear and normal interface forces is determined using asperities tangential friction forces and Hertzian normal contact forces. The Mindlin elastic spherical contact solution is modified in this study using the rod contact model leading to higher maximum tangential friction force and pre-slip limit compared to the classical solution. Based on the proposed modified Mindlin spherical contact solution, this paper develops a modified two rough interface (MTRI) model using the multi-asperity contact theory. The MTRI model provides accurate estimates of the contact interface behavior in an explicit form by including the oblique contact effects and the rod solution. In obtaining the hysteresis behavior of two flat rough interface contact, the contact regions associated with the pre-slip and sliding state at different tangential loading phases, i.e., virgin loading, unloading, and reloading, are determined. Then by the integration of pairs of asperities contact forces over the contacting regions at each state, restoring forces of contacting surfaces are obtained. The proposed MTRI model predictions are validated against experimental observations and found to be in good agreement.

In this work our objective is to understand the failure behaviour of unreinforced masonry under in-plane cyclic loading. For this purpose we proposed a plasticity based interface model consists of a single yield surface criteria which is a direct extension of Mohr-Coulomb criteria with a tension cut and compression cap and a back stress vector is introduced as a mixed hardening law variable in the adopted yield surface to capture the unloading/reloading behaviour of masonry under cyclic loading. A simplified micromechanical interface modelling approach is adopted to capture all the failure modes of masonry. The integration of the differential constitutive equation is done by using implicit Euler backward integration approach and the obtained non-linear set of equations are solved by a combined local/global Newton solver. The proposed constitutive model is implemented in ABAQUS by writing UMAT (user-defined subroutine) and the obtained numerical results are compared with experimental results available in the literature.

Surface groove morphology of structure and particle distribution of soil had a significant effect on the surface friction of structure. In order to investigate the interface shear stress-shear displacement curves, interface model and interface shear strength index when normal stress, groove width, and groove angle change, the interface shear tests of standard sand with steel plates are performed using an improved direct shear apparatus. Test results indicate that the peak shear stress increases with normal stress and the intersection angle between groove direction and shear direction. When the angle increases by 45°, the peak shear stress increases range from 4% to 13%. The peak shear stress increases with groove width, for every 1 mm increase in groove width, and the increasing extent of peak shear stress ranges from 4% to 22%, 3% to 13%, and 1% to 6%, respectively. When the groove angle is 45° and 90°, the increasing extent of peak shear stress decreases with groove width, but when the groove angle is 0°, the decrease regularity of peak shear stress increasing extent is not obvious. The hyperbolic model and Gompertz-C model are used to study the shear stress-shear displacement curves of sand-steel interface. The ratio of the interface peak shear stress of the hyperbolic model and Gompertz-C model to that of the shear test ranges from 0.90 to 1.03 and 0.88 to 0.98, respectively. The interface friction angle at the sand-steel interface ranges from 22° to 29°, and the friction angle of the rough interface is larger than that of the smooth interface. The interface friction angle increases with the intersection angle between the groove direction and the shear direction, the largest at 90°, the second at 45°, and the smallest at 0°. Under the same groove angle, the interface friction angle increases with the groove width, for every 1 mm increase in groove width, and the increasing extent of interface friction angle ranges from 4% to 15%, 4% to 7%, and 2% to 3%, respectively. The increasing extent of interface friction angle decreases with groove width, and this change rule is more obvious at the groove angle of 45° and 90° than at 0°.

The accurate prediction of the behaviour of soil–structure interfaces that accounts for shear coupling is of concern in the design and analysis of soil–structure interaction problems. In this study, an interface constitutive model capable of simulating the non-linear behaviour of granular soil–structure interface systems under three-dimensional loading conditions is proposed. The proposed constitutive model is a state-dependent elasto-plastic model, and it is formulated in the framework of two-surface plasticity and critical state soil mechanics. The interface model considers the effect of shear coupling and is capable of predicting the monotonic behaviour of soil–structure interfaces over a wide range of normal and shear stresses, and under different stress paths using a single set of model parameters. It also captures other complex behaviour characteristics such as strain hardening and softening, volumetric compaction and dilation, and phase transformation responses of granular soil–structure interfaces under orthogonal shear application. The performance of the proposed constitutive model is evaluated by comparing its predictions for both gravelly and sandy soil–structure interfaces with available experimental results.

Close attention was paid to contact effect between dam body and dam foundation of high earth rockfill dams. A soil–bedrock interface model is developed based on hyperbolic hardening rule of coarse-...

International audience; We introduce and study a diffuse interface model describing cell motility. We provide a detailed rigorous analysis of the model in dimension 1 and formally derive the sharp interface limit in any dimension. The model integrates the most important physical processes involved in cell motility, such as incompressibility, internal stresses exerted by the cytoskeleton seen as an active gel, and dynamic contact lines. The resulting nonlinear system couples a degenerate fourth order parabolic equation of Cahn-Hilliard type for the phase variable with a convection-reaction-diffusion equation for the active potential. The sharp interface limit leads to a Hele-Shaw type free boundary problem which includes the effects of surface tension and an additional destabilizing term at the free boundary. This additional term can be seen as a nonlinear Robin type boundary condition with the "wrong" sign. Such a boundary condition reflects the active nature of the cell, e.g., protrusion formation. We rigorously investigate the properties of this model in one dimension and prove the appearance of nontrivial traveling wave solutions for the limit problem when the key physical parameter exceeds a certain critical value. Although minimal, this new Hele-Shaw model, with Robin's unconventional boundary condition, is rich enough to describe the universal property of migrating cells that has been recently described by various theoretical biophysical models.

The prediction of the structural response of masonry structures under extreme loading conditions, including earthquakes, requires the use of advanced material descriptions to represent the nonlinear behaviour of masonry. In general, micro- and mesoscale approaches are very computationally demanding, thus at present they are used mainly for detailed analysis of small masonry components. Conversely macroscale models, where masonry is assumed as a homogeneous material, are more efficient and suitable for nonlinear analysis of realistic masonry structures. However, the calibration of the material parameters for such models, which is generally based on physical testing of entire masonry components, remains an open issue. In this paper, a multiscale approach is proposed, in which an accurate mesoscale model accounting for the specific masonry bond is utilised in virtual tests for the calibration of a more efficient macroscale representation assuming energy equivalence between the two scales. Since the calibration is performed offline at the beginning of the analysis, the method is computationally attractive compared to alternative homogenisation techniques. The proposed methodology is applied to a case study considering the results obtained in previous experimental tests on masonry components subjected to cyclic loading, and on a masonry building under pseudo-dynamic conditions representing earthquake loading. The results confirm the potential of the proposed approach and highlight some critical issues, such as the importance of selecting appropriate virtual tests for model calibration, which can significantly influence accuracy and robustness.

In a learning process to help students remember and understand the material, one effort can be made to provide essential points. Students are less interested in delivering essential points based on text because they are considered monotonous. Nowadays, many students tend to read comic books rather than books. Comics can wash away the emotions of readers in the storyline. Therefore, we need supporting media to help teachers visualize essential points in the book in comic form. So that to help teachers in this regard, a user interface model is needed. This research was conducted with a Goal-Directed Design approach to gain user perspective in developing supporting tools to visualize the material's crucial points in the form of comic strips. Testing the resulting model was carried out twice and each test involved 15 respondents to get maximum results. Based on the evaluation results using the USE Questionnaire evaluation method for the prototype made and the results were in the excellent category. Thus, the resulting user interface model supports teachers in delivering learning material in comic form following the expected objectives.

Orientation relationships {110}Nb||{100}γ and 〈111〉Nb||〈001〉γ between the crystal lattices of the Nb solid solution and particles of γ-silicide Nb5Si3 were determined by transmission electron microscopy. The following two types of matching planes were found: {110}Nb||{100}γ and {111}Nb||{001}γ. The former planes form steps at an angle of 120°. The correctness of the calculated orientation relationships was confirmed and these relationships were compared with experimental electron diffraction patterns using methods of mathematical modeling, which enable one to obtain superimposed electron diffraction patterns of several phases and tilt the model crystal. An interface model in two sections was constructed. The morphology of the interface between the particle and the matrix was explained in terms of structural features. The lattice misfit between the matrix and γ-silicide was calculated.

In this paper, we analyze finite element methods applied to pulsed electric model arising in biological tissue when a biological cell is exposed to an electric field. Considering the cell to be a c...

Z. Qiao’s work is partially supported by Hong Kong Research Council GRF grant No. 15325816. S. Sun and T. Zhang gratefully acknowledge that the research reported in this publication was supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) through the grant BAS/1/1351-01 and National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 51874262).

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a numerical model for the simulation of the dynamics of nanoparticles (NPs) at liquid–liquid interfaces. Two cases have been studied, NPs smaller than the interfacial thickness, and NPs greater than the interfacial thickness. Design/methodology/approach The model is based on the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in addition to phase field (PF) method, through which the discrete model of particles motion is superimposed on the continuum model of fluids which is a new ide a in numerical modeling. The liquid–liquid interface is modeled using the diffuse interface model. Findings For NPs smaller than the interfacial thickness, the results obtained show that the concentration gradient of one fluid in the other gives rise to a hydrodynamic drag force that drives the NPs to agglomerate at the interface. Whereas, for spherical NPs greater than the interfacial thickness, the results show that such NPs oscillate at the interface which agrees with some experimental studies. Practical implications The results are important in the field of numerical modeling, especially that the model is general and can be used to study different systems. This will be of great interest in the field of studying the behavior of NPs inside fluids and near interfaces, which enters in many industrial applications. Originality/value The idea of superimposing the molecular dynamic method on the PF method is a new idea in numerical modeling.

The hydrodynamic limit of the Ginzburg–Landau ∇ ϕ interface model was derived in Funaki and Spohn (1997) and Nishikawa (2003) for strictly convex potentials. This paper deals with non-convex potentials under suitable assumptions on the free energy and identification of the extremal Gibbs measures which have been recently established at sufficiently high temperature in Cotar and Deuschel (2012). Because of the non-convexity, many difficulties arise, especially, on the identification of equilibrium states. We show the equivalence between the stationarity and the Gibbs property under quite general settings, and we complete the identification of equilibrium states. We also establish some uniform estimates for variances of extremal Gibbs measures.

We consider a model of a two phase flow proposed by Anderson et al. taking into account possible thermal fluctuations. The mathematical model consists of the compressible Navier–Stokes system coupled with the Cahn–Hilliard equation, where the latter is driven by a multiplicative temporal white noise accounting for thermal fluctuations. We show existence of dissipative martingale solutions satisfying the associated total energy balance.

Summary The majority of the models in the literature for the steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD) process solve the problem of conductive heat transfer ahead of a moving hot interface using a quasisteady-state assumption and extend the solution to the base of the steam chamber where the interface is not moving. This approach, as discussed by Butler (1985) and Reis (1992), results in inaccurate or sometimes infeasible estimations of the oil-production rate, steam/oil ratio (SOR), and steam-chamber shape. In this work, a new approach for the analytical treatment of SAGD is proposed in which the problem of heat transfer is directly solved for a stationary source of heat at the base of the steam chamber, where the oil production occurs. The distribution of heat along the interface is then estimated depending on the geometry of the steam chamber. This methodology is more representative of the heat-transfer characteristics of SAGD and resolves the challenges of those earlier models. In addition, it allows for the extension of the formulations to the early stages of the process when the side interfaces of the chamber are almost stationary, without loss of the solution continuity. The model requires the overall shape of the steam chamber as an input. It then estimates the movement of chamber interfaces using the movement of the uppermost interface point and by satisfying the global material-balance requirements. Oil-production rate and steam demand are estimated by Darcy's law and energy-balance calculations, respectively. The result is a model that is applicable to the entire lifetime of a typical SAGD project and provides more-representative estimations of in-situ heat distribution, bitumen-production rate, and SOR. With the improved knowledge obtained on the fundamentals of heat transfer in SAGD, the reason for the discrepancies between the various earlier models will be clarified. Results of the analytical models developed in this work show reasonable agreement with fine-scale numerical simulation, which indicates that the primary physics are properly captured. In the final section of the paper, the application of the developed models to two field case studies will be demonstrated.

For solid-fluid interaction, one of the phase-density equations in diffuse interface models is degenerated to a “0=0” equation when the volume fraction of a certain phase takes the value of zero or unity. This is because the conservative variables in phase-density equations include volume fractions. The degeneracy can be avoided by adding an artificial quantity of another material into the pure phase. However, nonphysical waves, such as shear waves in fluids, are introduced by the artificial treatment. In this paper, a transport diffuse interface model, which is able to treat zero/unity volume fractions, is presented for solid-fluid interaction. In the proposed model, a new formulation for phase densities is derived, which is unrelated to volume fractions. Consequently, the new model is able to handle zero/unity volume fractions, and nonphysical waves caused by artificial volume fractions are prevented. One-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical tests demonstrate that more accurate results can be obtained by the proposed model.

A dynamic magneto-viscoelastic interface model is proposed to study the effective magneto-mechanical responses of magnetorheological nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotubes. It is incorporated with the fundamental micromechanics principles, microstructural magnetic and mechanical coupling, and computational homogenization procedures. The field-dependent effective dynamic stiffness and damping of randomly dispersed, chain-structured nanocomposites are investigated with the consideration of imperfect interfacial conditions among nanofillers, micro-particles and the matrix. Comparisons are performed between the model prediction and experimental data for a specific type of Fe particle-reinforced elastomer nanocomposites filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes to demonstrate the capability of the proposed model framework.

Mixed reality (MR) is an emerging technology which could potentially shape the future of our everyday lives by its unique approach to presenting information. Technology is changing rapidly and information can be presented on traditional computer screens following a WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing) interface model, by using a head-mounted display to present virtual reality, or by MR which the process of presenting information through a combination of both virtual and physical elements. This paper classifies MR interfaces by applying a text mining method to a data base of 4296 relevant research papers published over the last two decades. The classification reveals the trends relating to each topic and the relations between them. This paper reviews the earlier studies and discusses the recent developments in each topic area and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the MR interface. Our objective is to assist researchers understand the trend for each topic and allows them to focus on the research challenges where technological advancements in the MR interface are most needed.

We consider the asymptotic limit of a diffuse interface model for tumor-growth when a parameter $\varepsilon$ proportional to the thickness of the diffuse interface goes to zero. An approximate solution which shows explicitly the behavior of the true solution for small $\varepsilon$ will be constructed by using matched expansion method. Based on the energy method, a spectral condition in particular, we establish a smallness estimate of the difference between the approximate solution and the true solution., 35 pages

The performance of film cooling is influenced by many parameters, and the nonuniform flow caused by the internal cooling system is found to largely affect the film cooling, which further complicates the in-hole flow and draws new difficulties in predicting the cooling performance. In this study, we find a very interesting phenomenon that there always exists an in-hole interface, on which distributions of many parameters, including the velocity and kinetic energy, are seldom affected by the mainstream. The existence of this specific interface can be observed for both cylindrical and shaped film cooling holes under most operating conditions. The theoretical analysis of this interface is conducted in this study based on the characteristic decomposition of the Navier–Stokes equation, and this interface is named as the characteristic interface. Theoretical analysis and numerical observations suggest the film cooling system can be simplified to two weakly coupled regions separated by this interface. It also explains why existing source term models for film cooling may fail. Based on these findings, a new prediction model is developed, which uses the convolutional neural networks (CNN) model to predict the boundary conditions on the characteristic interface. The new model outperforms existing source term models and yields similar accuracy as full-mesh computational fluid dynamics (CFD), while reducing the computational cost by one order of magnitude. This model is further evaluated in large eddy simulation (LES), showing moderate success. To sum up, the current work reports the characteristic interface phenomenon in the film cooling hole, based on which a new and efficient prediction model is developed and verified.

The purpose of this paper is clarifying the deform mechanism of CuTa/Cu and CuTa/Ta nanolaminates during nanoindentation test. Firstly, two kinds of amorphous and nanocrystalline interface model were built. Additionally, the Cu layer thickness in CuTa/Cu are λ between 3 A and 12 A. The Ta layer thickness in CuTa/Ta are μ between 3 A and 12 A. Secondly, nanoindentation test were introduced to get the elastic modulus and hardness of nanolaminates. As the results claimed that different deform mechanisms play the dominant role during the indentation load and unload. More exactly, when the Cu layer is less than 7 A the Cu layer dominate the deform mechanism, the elastic modulus and harness increase with increasing A. As A increasing much more, the CuTa layer will dominate the deform mechanism. In the contrast, the elastic modulus and hardness will decrease with increasing A. Similarly as CuTa/Cu model, CuTa/Ta model has an obviously change in the dominant role of deform mechanism. In the end, the influence of penetrate rate was discussed.

In this paper, the microscopic mechanisms of the transition metal oxides/RuO 2 memristor showing great performance in the recent advances were presented using ab initio theoretical methods. The calculations of oxygen vacancy formation, the Schottky barrier height, and the migration barriers for the HfO 2 /RuO 2 interface model suggest that there is mediated oxygen balance at the interface which contributes to the improvement of the device.

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Adhesive joints have similar geometric characteristics and dimensions inmany technical applications. Often, flat thin-walled substrates are bonded by thin adhesive layers across comparatively large surfaces.

Lattice Boltzmann simulations along with a diffuse interface model are used to simulate the capillary driven, symmetric spreading of a fluid drop on another fluid-fluid interface. While the equilibrium shapes of the drops with negative spreading coefficient are comprehensively represented on a phase diagram, the dynamics leading to equilibrium shapes are shown to be universal with power-law behaviors exhibited only in the limit of the small spreading coefficient.

peer-reviewed The diffuse-interface model (DIM) is a tool for studying inter facial dynamics. In particular,it is used for modeling contact lines,i.e.,curves where a liquid, gas, and solid are in simultaneous contact. As well as all other models of contact lines, the DIM implies an additional assumption:that the flow near the liquid-gas interface is isothermal.In this work, this assumption is checked for the four fluids for which all common models of contact lines fail. It is shown that, for two of these fluids (including water), the assumption of isothermality does not hold.

The HW/SW interface is a common and crucial component in System-on-Chips, enabling the interaction between software and hardware. Generating architecture and firmware code of the interface from extended IP-XACT, SystemRDL, or proprietary formalism is an established technology. This paper describes a new area and performance optimization step in the HW/SW interface generation process that reduces the silicon area and hardware access time through firmware. Three improvements of the underlying formalism are applied to achieve the optimization: First, a decoupling of bit fields from registers, which allows the rearrangement of the memory layout easily. Second, the specification of hardware accesses, which constraints the bit field arrangement. Third, different implementations of bit field accesses, such as memory-mapped or via CPU special registers. The used generation framework follows the approach of model-driven architecture, which includes optimization. Initially, abstract models specify the requirements of the IP or the HW/SW interface. Transformations turn these models into platformindependent models of hardware and firmware. These models are further transformed into implementation-specific models of a target language, such as hardware description languages or C. The proposed optimization has been successfully applied to peripheral variants of a CPU subsystem used in an industrial demonstrator. An area reduction of 19% and a performance gain of 11% has been achieved by optimizing the interfaces.

The spiral growth model was applied to predict the crystal morphology of 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene (HNS). We selected solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), and nitric acid (NA) to control the crystal morphologies of HNS. Molecular dynamic simulations were used to relax the constructed interface model. The relative growth rate of important face is calculated by the spiral growth expression. The predicted crystal shapes are flaky in three solvents. Only (100), (001), and (011) faces are generated in DMF, NMP, and NA. The aspect ratios of the predicted HNS crystal morphologies in DMF, NMP, and NA are 23.00, 15.45, and 4.85, respectively. In addition, we analyzed the properties on each face using periodic bond chain, molecular arrangement, and roughness model. The excellent agreement between the predicted morphologies and the experimental images is clearly evident. These simulation results can provide guidance for the recrystallization of HNS. Graphical abstract.

While it is widely acknowledged that phonological processes may be restricted to certain domains, appearing in a particular location or spanning some - but not all - junctures within (morpho-)syntactic structure, debate centers on how to derive phonological domains. There are three main models in the current literature: Relational Mapping, Syntax-Driven Mapping, and Syntactic-Spell Out. Comparisons between specific approaches have been made, but the only side-by-side test of all three approaches using the same data is found in Miller 2018. As part of that study, extreme morpho-syntactic complexity or "polysynthesis" is argued to be the crucial test for any interface model. A side-by-side test using data from Kiowa and Saulteaux Ojibwe shows that no current model is entirely successful. Building on those results, this paper introduces the foundations for Tri-P Mapping, a new model of the phonology-syntax interface.

The article assesses how human computer interfaces are conceptualized in HCI textbooks and proposes a revised model for understanding user interfaces. In the last decade a variety of novel user interfaces has been introduced. Both new input and output technologies allow users to communicate with digital artifacts in almost limitless ways. However, our understanding of the human computer interface originates from early HCI research, based on the desktop metaphor, including the user, the system, input and output. This article raises the question, how do we conceptualize user interfaces in our own research and for our teaching. The review reveals that there is no consistent understanding of interface concepts in HCI textbooks and that there is a bias towards the desktop metaphor. As a candidate for an updated interface definition, I propose a revised interface model, including 5 concepts: interface paradigm, interaction technique, interaction style, interface platform and interface device. Finally, I report on two examples, how I have used the interface model in the classroom.