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This paper aims to explore the process of digitalization of the financial services provided by Malaysian banks and FinTech companies and to address the issues and challenges they face. Both secondary and primary sources are used in this study, where the latter represented by questionnaires and in-depth interviews with the banking and FinTech practitioners. The qualitative aspects of the Analytical Network Process method are used to identify and analyze economic, regulatory, and operational issues faced by banks and FinTech institutions in the process of digitalizing financial services. The findings provide useful insights on whether the policies set by Bank Negara of Malaysia either accelerate or hinder the growth of Malaysia’s digital finance sector. The challenges faced by banks and FinTech companies, while digitalizing their financial services, are quite similar. They include the concerns of cyber security, lack of customer readiness in utilizing the financial services, particularly in rural areas, and the need for financial authorities to maintain stronger consumer and investor protection due to high pace of evolution of financial technology. It was also noted that customers have evolving expectations towards digital financial services, because they want seamless digital banking solutions to meet their daily needs. Previous studies had their focus on the benefits and impact of digital finance on financial inclusion as well as financial innovation. This research takes a different approach as it reflects on the impact of digitalization of financial services provided by banks and FinTechs through the prism of customer perspective.

Citizen engagement is not a new concept in the world of development. Notions of social accountability, citizen participation, voice, have been around development programs for many years. Adopted in 2014, The Strategic Framework for Mainstreaming Citizen Engagement in World Bank Group operations was developed to systematically mainstream citizen engagement by including beneficiary feedback in WBG-supported operations. The Strategic Framework defines citizen engagement as a two-way interaction between citizens and governments or the private sector within the scope of WBG interventions. This approach gives citizens a stake in decision-making to improve the intermediate and final development outcomes. Evidence suggests that engaging citizens can improve accessibility, coverage and quality of service delivery. Egypt's Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services Program for Results aims to strengthen institutions and policies to increase access to and improve rural sanitation services in the governates of Beheira, Dakahlia and Sharkiya. The program also demonstrates an innovative model for WBG’s commitment to citizen engagement. With high level buy-in and ownership from the Government, the program’s design and implementation challenged the conventional centralized model of service delivery solely oriented to investment

A method for the estimation of urinary testosterone is described. This depends on acid hydrolysis, a modified form of the Girard separation and chromatography on an alumina column and on paper. The final method of detection is by gas -liquid chromatography. The reliability critlria of the method have been investigated. The recovery of added testosterone was approximately 80%. The method is reasonably precise, the coefficients of variation being 6.4% and 8.0% for male and female urine respectively. The chromatographic, chemical and physical behaviour of the compound estimated in the final fraction is similar to that of authentic testosterone. Accordingly, the method which is also practicable, appears to be specific. When testosterone assays were performed in normal men and in normally menstruating women, considerable variations were found from one subject to another. However, levels in males were consistently higher than those in females, there being no overlap between the two groups. Serial assays of urinary testosterone in normal male subjects showed the presence of peaks of excretion at fairly regular intervals. In two cases studied sekual intercourse had no effect on the occurrence of such peaks but caused an overall rise in testosterone output. Testosterone excretion values in normal young men aged from 16 to 20 were generally higher than those of the elder group of subjects aged from 21 to 63 years. Serial assays of urinary testosterone in normally menstruating women have shown an elevation of levels during the luteal phase probably associated with the presence of a functioning corpus luteum. A second rise was also noted at the time of ovulation, and a slight increase was observed during the follicular phase in two of the cycles studied. The assay method for urinary testosterone is now being applied to conditions such as acne vulgaris, sex chromosome abnormalities, athersclerosis in males and hirsutism in females. Progesterone has been isolated from the urine of a woman in late pregnancy. A modification of the Girard reaction was used by which it was :possible to separate the 'conjugated ketone' fraction both from non-ketonic fraction and from the bulk of the saturated ketones. The final separation was made using gas-liquid chromatography with a stream splitter. Work is proceeding on the use of the modified Girard separation technique to estimate plasma steroids with a Δ⁴-3-ketone structure. By this method the majority of the biologically active neutral steroid can be estimated simultaneously in one sample.