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ObjectivesIn order to reduce the use of emergency departments, computer-assisted initial assessment was implemented at the medical on-call service 116117. Our study assessed compliance and patient satisfaction.DesignCross-sectional observational postal survey.SettingMedical on-call service 116117 by eight Associations of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians in Germany.ParticipantsThe intervention was observed between January 2020 and March 2021. Minors and patients with invalid contact data were excluded. A random sample of eligible patients received standardised questionnaires by mail.Outcome measuresWe analysed associations of sociodemographic data, health status, previous service use, health literacy, and recommended settings with compliance and patient satisfaction by multivariable, multilevel logistic regression.InterventionsBased on symptoms and context factors, the computer software suggested service levels. Staff and patient discussed if higher levels were indicated, services were available and self-transport was possible. They then agreed on recommendations for treatment settings.ResultsOf 9473 contacted eligible patients, 1756 patients (18.5%) participated. Median age was 66 years (IQR=50–79), and 986 (59.0%) were women. At least one recommended setting was used by 1397 patients (85.4%). General practitioner (GP) practices were used by 143 patients (68.4%). Generally, better compliance was associated with lower depression levels (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.17, p=0.003), fewer previous hospital stays (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.23, p=0.003) and recommendations for any setting other than GP practices (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.29, pConclusionsMost patients were compliant and satisfied. Lowest compliance and satisfaction were found in GP practices, but nonetheless, two of three patients with respective recommendations were willing to use this setting.Trial registration numberGerman Clinical Trials Register DRKS00017014.

ImportanceUptake of vaccination against COVID-19 is strongly affected by concerns about adverse effects. Research on nocebo effects suggests that these concerns can amplify symptom burden.ObjectiveTo investigate whether positive and negative expectations prior to COVID-19 vaccination are associated with systemic adverse effects.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study analyzed the association of expected benefits and risks of vaccination, adverse effects at first vaccination, and observed adverse effects in close contacts with severity of systemic adverse effects among adults receiving a second dose of messenger RNA (mRNA)–based vaccines between August 16 and 28, 2021. A total of 7771 individuals receiving the second dose at a state vaccination center in Hamburg, Germany, were invited to participate; of these, 5370 did not respond, 535 provided incomplete information, and 188 were excluded retrospectively. The mobile application m-Path was used for data collection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcome was a composite severity index of systemic adverse effects in 12 symptom areas measured once daily with an electronic symptom diary over 7 consecutive days. Data were analyzed by mixed-effects multivariable ordered logistic regression adjusted for prevaccine symptom levels and observation times.ResultsA total of 10 447 observations from 1678 individuals receiving vaccinations (BNT162b2 [Pfizer BioNTech] in 1297 [77.3%] and mRNA-1273 [Moderna] in 381 [22.7%]) were collected. The participants’ median age was 34 (IQR, 27-44) years, and 862 (51.4%) were women. The risk for more severe adverse effects was higher for persons expecting a lower benefit of vaccination (odds ratio [OR] for higher expectations, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.63-0.83]; P P P P = .004), and if the vaccine mRNA-1273 was given rather than BNT162b2 (OR, 2.45 [95% CI, 2.01-2.99]; P Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, several nocebo effects occurred in the first week after COVID-19 vaccination. The severity of systemic adverse effects was associated not only with vaccine-specific reactogenicity but also more negative prior experiences with adverse effects from the first COVID-19 vaccination, more negative expectations regarding vaccination, and tendency to catastrophize instead of normalize benign bodily sensations. Clinician-patient interactions and public vaccine campaigns may both benefit from these insights by optimizing and contextualizing information provided about COVID-19 vaccines.

Background Patient numbers in emergency departments are on the rise. The DEMAND intervention aims to improve the efficacy of emergency services by computer-assisted structured initial assessment assigning patients to emergency departments or primary care practices. The aims of our study were to evaluate patient satisfaction with this intervention and to analyse if reduced patient satisfaction is predicted by sociodemographic data, health status or health literacy. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional patient survey in emergency departments and co-located primary care practices. Each intervention site was planned to participate for two observation periods, each with a duration of one full week. Study participants were recruited by the local staff. The patients filled out a written questionnaire during their waiting time. Patient satisfaction was assessed by agreement to four statements on a four point Likert scale. Predictors of patient satisfaction were identified by multilevel, multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for random effects at the intervention site level. Results The sample included 677 patients from 10 intervention sites. The patients had a mean age of 38.9 years and 59.0% were women. Between 67.5% and 55.0% were fully satisfied with aspects of the intervention. The most criticised aspect was that the staff showed too little interest in the patients’ personal situation. Full satisfaction (“clearly yes” to all items) was reported by 44.2%. Reduced patient satisfaction (at least one item rated as “rather yes”, “rather no”, “clearly no”) was predicted by lower age (odds ratio 0.79 for ten years difference, 95% confidence interval 0.67/0.95, p = 0.009), presenting with infections (3.08,1.18/8.05,p = 0.022) or injuries (3.46,1.01/11.82,p = 0.048), a higher natural logarithm of the symptom duration (1.23,1.07/1.30,p = 0.003) and a lower health literacy (0.71 for four points difference, 0.53/0.94,p = 0.019). Conclusions The patients were for the most part satisfied with the intervention. Assessment procedures should be evaluated a) regarding if all relevant patient-related aspects are included; and whether patient information can be improved b) for patients with strong opinions about cause, consequences and treatment options for their health problem; and c) for patients who have problems in the handling of information relevant to health and healthcare. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register (https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do) no. DRKS00017014.

In den Notaufnahmen wachst die Arbeitsbelastung durch Patienten ohne medizinischen Notfall. Unterstutzungsangebote aus dem ambulanten Sektor haben sich noch nicht ausreichend etabliert. Um festzustellen, inwieweit es sich bei Patienten in Notaufnahmen um echte medizinische Notfalle handelt, sollen Patienten mit mindestens 2 und solche mit maximal 1 chronischen Erkrankung verglichen werden. Zudem sollen Einflussfaktoren auf die vorherige Inanspruchnahme ambulanter Strukturen identifiziert werden. Die Studienklientel stammt aus der Querschnittsstudie „PiNo-Nord“. In 5 Notaufnahmen wurden zwischen 10/2015 und 07/2016 alle „nicht sofort“ oder „nicht sehr dringend“ Behandlungsbedurftigen interviewt. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte explorativ und mithilfe multivariater logistischer Regression. Die 293 Patienten mit ≥2 chronischen Erkrankungen stellten verglichen mit den 847 Patienten mit max. 1 chronischen Erkrankung etwa genauso haufig einen medizinischen Notfall dar. Konsultationsanlasse (und Entlassungsdiagnosen) waren v. a. Traumata am Bewegungsapparat (33 %, n = 293 vs. 42 %, n = 847) oder der Haut (11 %, n = 293 vs. 13 %, n = 847). In beiden Gruppen spielten die haus- oder facharztliche Versorgung sowie diagnostische oder Behandlungsmoglichkeiten fur das Aufsuchen der Notaufnahme selten eine Rolle. Starkste Pradiktoren fur eine vorherige ambulante Behandlung waren langere Beschwerdedauer, subjektiv hohe Behandlungsdringlichkeit, mindestens zwei chronische Erkrankungen und eine den Bewegungsapparat betreffende Konsultation. In beiden Patientengruppen wurde kein Anhaltspunkt fur unnotiges Aufsuchen der Notaufnahme gefunden. Zum grosten Teil werden vorab ambulante Strukturen genutzt und die Notaufnahme nur bei tatsachlichem medizinischen Notfall aufgesucht.

Background Sore throat is a common reason for consultation of primary care physicians, pediatricians, and ENT specialists. The updated German clinical practice guideline on sore throat provides evidence-based recommendations for treatment in the German healthcare system. Methods Guideline revision by means of a systematic search of the literature for international guidelines and systematic reviews. All recommendations resulted from interdisciplinary cooperation and were agreed by formal consensus. The updated guideline applies to patients aged 3 years and over. Results In the absence of red flags such as immunosuppression, severe comorbidity, or severe systemic infection, acute sore throat is predominantly self-limiting. The mean duration is 7 days. Chronic sore throat usually has noninfectious causes. Laboratory tests are not routinely necessary. Apart from non-pharmacological self-management, ibuprofen and naproxen are recommended for symptomatic treatment. Scores can be used to assess the risk of bacterial pharyngitis: one point each is assigned for tonsil lesions, palpable cervical lymph nodes, patient age, disease course, and elevated temperature. If the risk is low ( 3 points), antibiotics can be taken immediately. Penicillin remains the first choice, with clarithromycin as an alternative for those who do not tolerate penicillin. The antibiotic should be taken for 5-7 days. Conclusion After the exclusion of red flags, antibiotic treatment is unnecessary in many cases of acute sore throat. If administration of antibiotics is still considered in spite of consultation on the usual course of tonsillopharyngitis and the low risk of complications, a risk-adapted approach using clinical scores is recommended.

Background From 2015 to 2016 Germany faced an influx of 1.16 million asylum seekers. In the state of Hamburg Primary Care walk-in clinics (PCWC) were commissioned at refugee camps because the high number of residents (57,000 individuals) could not be provided with access to regular healthcare services. Our study aims were (1) to describe the utilization of a PCWC by camp residents, (2) to compare episodes of continuous care with shorter care episodes and (3) to analyse which diagnoses predict episodes of continuous care in this setting. Methods A retrospective longitudinal observational study was conducted by reviewing all anonymized electronic medical records of a PCWC that operated from 4th November 2015 to 22nd July 2016 at a refugee camp in Hamburg. Episodes of care (EOC) were extracted based on the international classification of primary care-2nd edition (ICPC-2). Outcome parameters were episode duration, principal diagnoses, and medical procedures. Results We analysed 5547 consultations of 1467 patients and extracted 4006 EOC. Mean patient age was 22.7 ± 14.8 years, 37.3% were female. Most common diagnoses were infections (44.7%), non-communicable diseases (22.2%), non-definitive diagnoses describing symptoms (22.0%), and injuries (5.7%). Most patients (52.4%) had only single encounters, whereas 19.8% had at least one EOC with a duration of ≥ 28 days (defined as continuous care). Several procedures were more prevalent in EOC with continuous care: Blood tests (5.2 times higher), administrative procedures (4.3), imaging (3.1) and referrals to secondary care providers (3.0). Twenty prevalent ICPC-2-diagnosis groups were associated with continuous care. The strongest associations were endocrine/metabolic system and nutritional disorders (hazard ratio 5.538, p Conclusion A wide spectrum of acute and chronic health conditions could be treated at a GP-led PCWC with few referrals or use of medical resources. But we also observed episodes of continuous care with more use of medical resources and referrals. Therefore, we conclude that principles of primary care like continuity of care, coordination of care and management of symptomatic complaints could complement future healthcare concepts for refugee camps.

ObjectivesAim of this study was to analyse if subjectively perceived treatment urgency of patients in emergency departments is associated with self-reported health literacy and the willingness to use the general practitioner (GP) as coordinator of treatment.DesignA multicentre, cross-sectional, observational study.SettingEmergency departments in five hospitals. Each hospital was visited 14 times representing two 8-hour shifts on each day of the week. Calendar dates were randomly assigned.ParticipantsAll patients of legal age registered at the emergency department or hospital reception desk. Exclusion criteria included immediate or very urgent need of treatment, high level of symptom burden and severe functional impairments in terms of hearing, vision and speech. We conducted standardised personal interviews. Additionally, clinical data were extracted from patient records.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOur target variable was subjectively perceived treatment urgency. Predictor variables included age, sex, education, health-related quality of life (EuroQol Five-Dimension Scale, value set UK), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), somatic symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire, 15 items version), self-reported health literacy (European Health Literacy Questionnaire, 16 questions version) and the commitment to the GP (Fragebogen zur Intensität der Hausarztbindung, ‘F-HaBi’). Data were analysed by multilevel, multivariable linear regression adjusted for random effects at the hospital level.ResultsOur sample comprised 276 patients with a mean age of 50.1 years and 51.8% women. A low treatment urgency (defined as 0–5 points on a Numerical Rating Scale) was reported by 111 patients (40.2%). In the final model, lower subjective treatment urgency was associated with male sex (β=0.84; 95% CI 0.11/1.57, p=0.024), higher health-related quality of life (−2.27 to –3.39/−1.15, pConclusionsA lower level of subjectively perceived treatment urgency was predicted by a lower willingness to use the GP as coordinator of treatment. Self-reported health literacy did not predict the patients’ urgency rating.