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INTRODUCCIÓN. El Ecuador es uno de los países más biodiversos del mundo por lo que el estudio de su diversidad es de prioridad mundial. El 16 de marzo de 2020 el gobierno ecuatoriano decretó el estado de excepción, restricción de movilidad, suspensión de la jornada laboral y cierre de fronteras en el territorio nacional como medidas de protección y mitigación ante la declaratoria de pandemia por la enfermedad del COVID-19. La toma de estas resoluciones tuvo un efecto directo en el desarrollo y avance de estudios de la biodiversidad en el país. OBJETIVO. Esta investigación busca evaluar los efectos de las medidas para enfrentar el COVID-19 en el desarrollo de investigaciones relacionadas a la biodiversidad del Ecuador. MÉTODO. Se empleó metodología cuantitativa. Se realizó un cuestionario de 14 preguntas a 130 investigadores dentro de este campo de estudio. El cuestionario fue anónimo y difundido por email y redes sociales. RESULTADOS. Hasta el momento de publicación, los investigadores se encuentran realizando en su mayoría actividades científicas, tales como escritura (56%) y análisis de datos (61%). Sin embargo, proyectan una reducción de presupuestos (55%) y producción científica (46%). Si analizamos la producción científica esperada por género, las mujeres esperan publicar menos (58%) que los hombres (36%) Hasta un 25% de los investigadores han considerado cesar las actividades de su proyecto de investigación antes de su culminación y esta tendencia es mayor en el caso de estudiantes de posgrado (52%). DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES. Nuestra encuesta identifica un ambiente de incertidumbre entre los investigadores, en el que se espera una reducción en la producción científica, que posiblemente afecte en mayor medida a mujeres y a estudiantes.

The technological breakthroughs and developments made both online and on mobile devices has enabled the deployment of services that can be used by users without being in a fixed physical location or require transporting equipment with high computational processing power channel , this release has allowed people greater mobility and generating new business models based on e-commerce, to ensure an adequate service level a constant monitoring action is required to detect failures and shortcomings in timely manner without implying that staff is permanently in the management center . This paper presents the methodology, development and benefits of a prototype that allows visual access and ubiquitous real-time behavioral information and status of network devices from a mobile device requiring only a Web browser that can run the HTML5 and JavaScript protocol.

Background This study aimed to describe the state of the art in surgical robotics for spinal interventions, a challenging problem for which robots can provide valuable assistance. Methods Multiple electronic databases were searched for articles published during the last 10 years (2002–2012). Results were refined by defined inclusion criteria. Results A total of 18 different robots were found. Among them, five are commercially available systems: one specifically designed for spinal surgery, one for percutaneous needle-based interventions, two are radiosurgical systems with reported applications on the spine and another is a commercial robot which has been experimentally tested on spinal surgery. The remaining projects are research prototypes which are still on validation stages. Conclusions A comprehensive state of the art is presented, showing that spinal robotic surgery is still at an early stage of development but with great potential for improvement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Este trabajo presenta la estrategia de control implementada en un nuevo sistema robotico de asistencia para cirugia de fijacion transpedicular, la cual es un tipo de cirugia en la espina dorsal que consiste en la inmovilizacion de dos o mas vertebras por medio de tomillos y barras metalicas. El prototipo presentado emplea un brazo robotico industrial PA-IO, para la validacion de los algoritmos planteados. La estrategia de control posee dos modulos principales: un primer modulo en el que se ha implementado un controlador en admitancia y un segundo modulo para la generacion de restricciones virtuales de movimiento, las cuales asisten al cirujano y previenen que este entre en contacto erroneamente con estructuras criticas del paciente. Con el proposito de mejorar la precision en la implantacion de los tomillos pediculares, se emplea un planificador quirurgico con el cual el cirujano puede simular el procedimiento y luego transferir al robot la informacion obtenida en la planificacion, para generar en base a esta las restricciones virtuales de movimiento. A diferencia de otros sistemas de asistencia quirurgica, el sistema propuesto en este trabajo posee un alto grado de versatilidad y un amplio espacio de trabajo, lo cual permite su futura adaptacion a otros tipos de cirugia.

Haptic interfaces are robotic devices that let the user touch virtual reality scenarios. Comparing with classic industrial robotics, in which robots are confined in workcells doing repetitive tasks, we can say that the haptic interfaces have a handle as end-effector to let the user grasp it. That is why, haptic interfaces are also considered as human-computer interface, that not only let a cursor in the computer move in a virtual 3D space, but also if this cursor ‘collides’ to a virtual object, the user will perceive this interaction as if they were interacting to real objects.Typical applications of haptic robotics are in video games, CAD design tools and simulators (ex. driving, machine assembly, surgery planning, etc) where the aim is to achieve a higher immersion level.Thus the aim of this paper is to present the control board EOS v.2.0, providing a low cost solution for the control of haptic systems.The EOS was implemented using FPGA technology (Field Programmable Gate Array).

This study aimed to describe the state of the art in surgical robotics for spinal interventions, a challenging problem for which robots can provide valuable assistance.Multiple electronic databases were searched for articles published during the last 10 years (2002-2012). Results were refined by defined inclusion criteria.A total of 18 different robots were found. Among them, five are commercially available systems: one specifically designed for spinal surgery, one for percutaneous needle-based interventions, two are radiosurgical systems with reported applications on the spine and another is a commercial robot which has been experimentally tested on spinal surgery. The remaining projects are research prototypes which are still on validation stages.A comprehensive state of the art is presented, showing that spinal robotic surgery is still at an early stage of development but with great potential for improvement.

This work presents the control system strategy implemented in a new cooperative human-robot system for transpedicular fixation, a type of spine surgery consisting in the immobilization of two or more vertebrae by means of screws and metal bars. The prototype uses a PA-10 robotic arm. The main parts of the control strategy are the admittance module and the generation of virtual fixtures (active constraints) that assist the surgeon and prevents contact with surrounding critical areas. The virtual fixtures are obtained directly from the surgical plan with the purpose of increasing the precision in screw insertion and having safer interventions, reducing radiation doses, invasiveness and the probability of error. Differing from other surgery robotic assistants, the one proposed in this work offers a larger workspace and a degree of versatility that permits its adaptation to different types of surgeries.