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This study aims to what extent the community involvement in the development of agricultural road infrastructure through the PNPM-PPIP program. This study lasted for 3 months from September until November 2017. The research location is in Kini Village, Hilipuk Sub-District, Yahukimo Regency. The type of data were collected in this research is primary data and secondary data. Selection of the sample used purposive sampling method. The number of respondents is 20 people who are Community Leaders in the implementation of Local Community Organization (CSO) activities. The analysis technique used in this research is qualitative descriptive. The results showed that community participation in the development of agricultural road infrastructure in Kini Village is in the medium category. Because of the three stages of infrastructure development, only the maintenance phase is the stage that involves the most participation of the community while the planning stage and the implementation stage there is no participation from the community. Community involvement in the maintenance phase because at this stage the community has felt the result of the development of agricultural road access infrastructure.

This study aims to determine the social mobility of female workers in Tara-tara Dua Village, Tomohon City. The research was conducted for 4 months, from February until May 2017. The data collected in this research are primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from interview to the respondents’ ie female labor based on the prepared list of question. Secondary data obtained by Tara-tara Dua Village Office, Tomohon City. Analysis of data used in this research is Descriptive Analysis, where the data collected will be presented in tabular form. The results show that upward vertical social mobility on the type of housekeeper's job is to be a cake seller, food seller, selling rice, stall owner. When viewed from the previous occupation as rice farmers there is a vertical mobility that upward mobility with the supporting income and the more promising types of jobs as household servants, cooperative employees, stall owners, State Civil Servants (ASN), vegetable traders in the market, village equipment, and rice sellers.

This study aims to (1) find out the factors that affect the occurrence of labor migration in the village Tatelu, Dimembe Sub-district, North Minahasa Regency, (2) to know the socio-economic background of labor migration from agriculture to non agricultural. (3) to know whether after changing the expectation of labor is realized. This study was conducted from February to April 2016 in Tatelu Village, Dimembe District, North Minahasa Regency. Data collections have used survey method. Techniques of collecting data through interviews used a questionnaire. Sources of data in this study were labor migrants who moved from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors. Secondary data is obtained from Tatelu Village office government. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The variables measured in this study were (1) Revenue, (2) Education level, (3) Area of agricultural land, (4) Occupational conditions in non-agricultural, (5) Reasons for labor migration, (7) Number of dependents, (8) Social activities that are usually followed by labor in the village. Data Analysis Method used Primary data obtained is processed descriptively. The results showed (1) the factors that encourage the migration of labor from agriculture to non-agriculture namely; reduced agricultural land, low wages in agriculture, age, and non-farm employment are more promising, (2) Most of the respondents who follow social activities in the village of Tatelu such as harmonious because in addition to beneficial for the respondent can also strengthen the rope fraternity among members of the rukun. By participating in the rukun in the village, the respondent must have more income because they have to spend money in every meeting that is always held. (3) After migrating from agriculture to non-agricultural sector, all expectation of interviewed respondents is realized because besides earning big enough they also feel comfortable working in non-agricultural sector.