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Since the appearance of AR and VR, the model of the metaverse technology has emerged. Until now, metaverse technology has developed rapidly. There is still no definite answer to the question that how metaverse technology can achieve the symbiosis of virtuality and reality, reduce costs and increase efficiency[1]. However, all countries in the world have shown a positive and friendly attitude towards the metaverse policy. Now the world's major enterprises are competing to implement the strategic layout of the meta-universe, striving to be the leader of the development of meta-universe technology, The answer would be provided in the near future [2]. All countries in the world have shown a positive and friendly attitude towards the metaverse policy.

A ternary nanocomposite photoelectrode composed of CdS, PANI, and BiVO4 was successfully designed by combining cyclic voltammetry with electrochemical deposition and high-temperature calcination.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated rapid development of drug screening tools. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a promising target due to its essential functions in replication and transcription of viral genome. To date, through minimal RNA synthesizing machinery established from cryo-electron microscopy structural data, there has been development of high-throughput screening assays for directly screening inhibitors that target the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. Here, we analyze and present verified techniques that could be used to discover potential anti-RdRp agents or repurposing of approved drugs to target the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. In addition, we highlight the characteristics and application value of cell-free or cell-based assays in drug discovery.

With the development of wireless communications and the pervasiveness of location-aware mobile electronic devices, location-based services (LBS) which can provide a convenient lifestyle for people have attracted considerable interest recently. However, there still exists the privacy disclosure problem of LBS today. To solve this problem, in this paper, we present a novel privacy-preserving LBS search scheme in outsourced cloud. In the proposed LBS search scheme, the LBS providers data are first outsourced to the cloud server in an encrypted method. Then, a registered user constructs a query model to obtain accurate LBS query results without divulging his/her location information and query attribute to the LBS provider and the cloud server. Specifically, based on the designed matrix encryption technology, the LBS search scheme can achieve privacy preservation of users query and confidentiality of LBS data in the outsourced cloud server. Through security analysis, we show that our scheme can resist various known security threats. The experimental results further show that our LBS search scheme greatly reduces the communication overhead and provides convenient search experience to the users.

Promoting the growth of sulfide particles by regulating heterogeneous nucleation and aggregation to facilitate their sedimentation and separation.

Data deduplication can efficiently eliminate data redundancies in cloud storage and reduce the bandwidth requirement of users. However, most previous schemes depending on the help of a trusted key server (KS) are vulnerable and limited because they suffer from revealing information, poor resistance to attacks, great computational overhead, etc. In particular, if the trusted KS fails, the whole system stops working, i.e., single-point-of-failure. In this paper, we propose a Secure and Efficient data Deduplication scheme (named SED) in a JointCloud storage system which provides the global services via collaboration with various clouds. SED also supports dynamic data update and sharing without the help of the trusted KS. Moreover, SED can overcome the single-point-of-failure that commonly occurs in the classic cloud storage system. According to the theoretical analyses, our SED ensures the semantic security in the random oracle model and has strong anti-attack ability such as the brute-force attack resistance and the collusion attack resistance. Besides, SED can effectively eliminate data redundancies with low computational complexity and communication and storage overhead. The efficiency and functionality of SED improves the usability in client-side. Finally, the comparing results show that the performance of our scheme is superior to that of the existing schemes.

This work demonstrated high-performance and fast-reprocessing dynamic cross-linked polymers (DCPs) based on a synergistic catalytic system of triple dynamic bonds.

This paper studies the resilient group consensus of continuous-time second-order multi-agent systems (MASs) with malicious agents. Adopting the idea that each normal agent ignores the most extreme values from neighbors, synchronous resilient impulsive algorithm based on sampled data is proposed for normal agents with bounded communication delays to achieve group consensus. Meanwhile, asynchronous resilient impulsive algorithm is also proposed for MASs where each agent has its own time clock. Sufficient topological conditions are obtained for solving resilient group consensus under synchronous and asynchronous settings, respectively. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

Online diagnosis is one of the data services, which can use the machine learning model placed on the cloud and collected physical data from internet of medical things (IoMT) for better medical services. However, the collected user data, diagnosis results and the deployed machine learning model contain sensitive information of users and the healthcare provider, which may lead to serious privacy leakage. To achieve a secure outsourced diagnosis, both high security and low burden for users should be considered. However, the existing works can not solve these problems simultaneously. In this paper, based on two non-colluding servers, a privacy-preserving cloud-aided diagnosis scheme for IoMT is proposed. Concretely, a hybrid data encryption method based on homomorphic encryption and AES is used to generate user requests in an efficient way. Besides, we propose a class of secure two-party protocols using homomorphic encryption, such as secure kernel function computation, secure multiplication, and secure comparison, and a privacy-preserving diagnosis scheme based on multi-class SVM with these building blocks is constructed, which can keep users offline in the diagnosis process. Finally, the security analysis and evaluation further illustrate that our scheme is superior to the prior works in terms of security and user-friendliness.

This study presents the preparation of cellulose micro-nanofibrils (CMNFs) from Enteromorpha (EP) and the application in PVA/acetylated distarch phosphate (ADSP)/CMNFs composite films. The Micro-nano scale, hydrophilicity, and strong hydrogen bond characteristics of CMNFs prepared form EP by acid hydrolysis were confirmed through the granular statistics, XRD analysis and chemical structure analysis. With the addition of CMNFs, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break of composite films are increased by 42.4 % and 90.3 %. An original Weibull statistical analysis shows the impact of CMNFs' added amount on strength distribution and ultimate stress. SEM and polarizing microscope images show the CMNFs' dispersion state in that films is optimal, when their addition was to be 2 %-3 % of total dry weight of PVA/ADSP matrix， which is consistent with the results of Weibull modulus analysis. The main thermal weight-loss process of the composite film is divided into four stages, CMNFs can significantly increase the thermostability at 280 °C to 400 °C. The experiment of water contact angle and water vapor transmission rate of the composite films confirmed that CMNFs can improve films' hydrophilicity. This study provides basis for the preparation of hydrophilic CMNFs and mechanism of modification study PVA-based composites.

Pteris cretica L. var. nervosa is one of the most well-known Chinese medicines. Although it is widely used to treat jaundice hepatitis, the main ingredient for its treatment was not thoroughly explored until recently. Essentially, the purpose of this study is to find the monomer compound in Pteris cretica L. var. nervosa, which is most likely to be effective in treating liver injury. Through the model of LPS/D-gal-induced liver injury in mice, the best therapeutic site of the total extract was explored, the chemical components of the parts with the best therapeutic effect were separated, a total of 10 flavonoids were isolated, and the RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS were used as the experimental model to explore the preliminary anti-inflammatory activity of NO production in vitro. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity and the highest content in this plant Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside (LUT) were selected, as the object of study in vivo. It was found that LUT could not only reduce alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, but also significantly reduce the release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and inhibit PI3K/AKT/AMPK/NF-κB pathway. In addition, LUT can increase levels of SOD and GSH to reduce oxidative stress. It has an obvious therapeutic effect on acute liver injury induced by LPS/D-gal in mice. Therefore, infer LUT is a functional substance in Pteris cretica L. var. nervosa.

Lambl's excrescences (LEs) are excrescences with an extremely low incidence, mainly ultrasound diagnosed. Increasingly, LEs are detected by transesophageal echocardiography before catheter ablation, which raises safety concerns on whether LEs were associated with an embolism event during or after ablation, but clinical data are still lacking.We consecutively recruited 8081 patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from Jan 1, 2017 to Dec 31, 2019. Total 21 patients (0.3%) were diagnosed as LEs with an average age of 70.8 ± 8.9 years, and 38.1% were male. Persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) accounted for 57.1% (12 cases) and 42.9% (nine cases), respectively. LEs were mostly frequently observed on the aortic valve (18 cases, 75%) and mitral valve (six cases, 25%). Precisely, the noncoronary cusp is ranked first in terms of the LEs presence (seven cases, 29.2%), followed by the right coronary cusp (six cases, 25.0%), the left coronary cusp (five cases, 20.8%), the anterior mitral valve (four cases, 16.7%), and the posterior mitral valve (two cases, 8.3%). During the ablation for LEs patients, the average procedure time was 96.0 ± 22.4 min; the average fluoroscopy time was 4.2 ± 0.8 min; the average total ablation time was 20.6 ± 5.6 min; and the mean hospital stay was 3.3 ± 0.6 days. No patients suffered from serious complications during the procedure. Furthermore, no cardiovascular event was observed during a follow-up of 19.1 ± 11.8 months.There was no clear association between LEs with intraoperative embolism events or cardiovascular events during the follow-up period.

Beetroot is a homodimeric in vitro selected RNA that binds and activates DFAME, a conditional fluorophore derived from GFP. It is 70% sequence-identical to the previously characterized homodimeric aptamer Corn, which binds one molecule of its cognate fluorophore DFHO at its interprotomer interface. We have now determined the Beetroot-DFAME co-crystal structure at 1.95 Å resolution, discovering that this RNA homodimer binds two molecules of the fluorophore, at sites separated by ~30 Å. In addition to this overall architectural difference, the local structures of the non-canonical, complex quadruplex cores of Beetroot and Corn are distinctly different, underscoring how subtle RNA sequence differences can give rise to unexpected structural divergence. Through structure-guided engineering, we generated a variant that has a 12-fold fluorescence activation selectivity switch toward DFHO. Beetroot and this variant form heterodimers and constitute the starting point for engineered tags whose through-space inter-fluorophore interaction could be used to monitor RNA dimerization.

The Yangtze River Basin (YRB) is the birthplace of Chinese civilization and is rich in traditional village resources. Studying their spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors can guide the protection, inheritance, and development of traditional villages in YRB. This study takes 5 batches of 3346 traditional villages in YRB since 2012 as the research object. Using the nearest neighbor index, kernel density analysis, standard deviation ellipse, and Geodetector model, we analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages in YRB and detected their influencing factors. The results show that the distribution of traditional villages in YRB exhibited a spatial pattern of cohesive clusters, forming a high-density area and development center in the junction zone between Guizhou and Hunan provinces and southeast of Anhui Province, and secondary-density areas in Northeast Yunnan Province and east Jiangxi Province. The results of the Geodetector show that the formation of the spatial distribution pattern of traditional villages in YRB is affected by the combined effects of natural and socio-economic factors, among which elevation and NDVI were the main factors, and the interaction of multiple factors showed an enhanced trend. The findings of this study can provide scientific decision-making support for the development and protection of traditional villages in YRB.

RNA detection is important in diverse diagnostic and analytical applications. RNAs can be rapidly detected using molecular beacons, which fluoresce upon hybridizing to a target RNA but require oligonucleotides with complex fluorescent dye and quencher conjugations. Here we describe a simplified method for rapid fluorescence detection of a target RNA using simple unmodified DNA oligonucleotides. To detect RNA, we developed Lettuce, a fluorogenic DNA aptamer that binds and activates the fluorescence of DFHBI-1T, an otherwise nonfluorescent molecule that resembles the chromophore found in green fluorescent protein (GFP). Lettuce was selected from a randomized DNA library based on binding to DFHBI-agarose. We further show that Lettuce can be split into two separate oligonucleotide components, which are nonfluorescent on their own but become fluorescent when their proximity is induced by a target RNA. We designed several pairs of split Lettuce fragments that contain an additional 15–20 nucleotides that are complementary to adjacent regions of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA, resulting in Lettuce fluorescence only in the presence of the viral RNA. Overall, these studies describe a simplified RNA detection approach using fully unmodified DNA oligonucleotides that reconstitute the Lettuce aptamer templated by RNA.

Subretinal fibrosis is a major cause of the poor visual prognosis for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Myofibroblasts originated from retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells through epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) contribute to the fibrosis formation. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been implicated in the EMT process and multiple fibrotic diseases. The role of m6A modification in EMT-related subretinal fibrosis has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we found that during subretinal fibrosis in the mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, METTL3 was upregulated in RPE cells. Through m6A epitranscriptomic microarray and further verification, high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) was identified as the key downstream target of METTL3, subsequently activating potent EMT-inducing transcription factor SNAIL. Finally, by subretinal injections of adeno-associated virus vectors, we confirmed that METTL3 deficiency in RPE cells could efficiently attenuate subretinal fibrosis in vivo. In conclusion, our present research identified an epigenetic mechanism of METTL3–m6A–HMGA2 in subretinal fibrosis and EMT of RPE cells, providing a novel therapeutic target for subretinal fibrosis secondary to nAMD.

Aims Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have an increased risk of cardiovascular events and dementia, even if anticoagulated. Hypertension is highly prevalent in AF population; however, the optimal blood pressure (BP) target for AF patients remains unknown. Methods and results We conducted subgroup analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) to examine whether AF modified the treatment effects of intensive BP control on cardiovascular and cognitive outcomes using Cox proportional hazards regression and likelihood ratio tests. Among 9361 randomized participants, 778 (8.3%) had baseline AF, and 695 (89.3%) completed at least one follow-up cognitive assessment. Intensive BP control reduced the similar relative risk of cardiovascular events irrespective of the presence of AF, with all interaction P-values > 0.05. Patients with AF experienced a greater absolute risk reduction in the composite primary cardiovascular outcome (12.3 vs. 5.6 events per 1000 person-years) with intensive treatment, compared with those without AF. However, intensive BP control increased the risk of probable dementia in patients with AF [hazard ratio (HR), 2.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–4.80], while reducing the dementia risk in patients without AF (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60–0.95; P = 0.009 for interaction). There were no significant interactions between the presence of AF and intensive BP treatment for mild cognitive impairment. Conclusion Patients with AF experienced greater absolute cardiovascular benefits with intensive BP treatment, but may need to be cautious of an increased risk of dementia. This post hoc analysis should be considered as hypothesis generating and merit further study. Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01206062.

Caspase-11 detection of intracellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from invasive Gram-negative bacteria mediates noncanonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. While avirulent bacteria do not invade the cytosol, their presence in tissues necessitates clearance and immune system mobilization. Despite sharing LPS, only live avirulent Gram-negative bacteria activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Here, we found that bacterial mRNA, which signals bacterial viability, was required alongside LPS for noncanonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Concurrent detection of bacterial RNA by NLRP3 and binding of LPS by pro-caspase-11 mediated a pro-caspase-11-NLRP3 interaction before caspase-11 activation and inflammasome assembly. LPS binding to pro-caspase-11 augmented bacterial mRNA-dependent assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, while bacterial viability and an assembled NLRP3 inflammasome were necessary for activation of LPS-bound pro-caspase-11. Thus, the pro-caspase-11-NLRP3 interaction nucleated a scaffold for their interdependent activation explaining their functional reciprocal exclusivity. Our findings inform new vaccine adjuvant combinations and sepsis therapy.

Compared with the classical structure with only one controller in software-defined networking (SDN), multi-controller topology structure in SDN provides a new type of cross-domain forwarding network architecture with multiple centralized controllers and distributed forwarding devices. However, when the network includes multiple domains, lack of trust among the controllers remains a challenge how to verify the correctness of cross-domain forwarding behaviors in different domains. In this paper, we propose a novel secure multi-controller rule enforcement verification (BlockREV) mechanism in SDN to guarantee the correctness of cross-domain forwarding. We first adopt blockchain technology to provide the immutability and privacy protection for forwarding behaviors. Furthermore, we present an address-based aggregate signature scheme with appropriate cryptographic primitives, which is provably secure in the random oracle model. Moreover, we design a verification algorithm based on hash values of forwarding paths to check the consistency of forwarding order. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BlockREV mechanism is effective and suitable for multi-controller scenarios in SDN.

TTE is used to regulate the Li+-solvation sheath structure in the low-concentration electrolyte (LCE). This work demonstrates the decisive role of Li+-solvation sheath structure in stabilizing the interfaces between the LCEs and cathodes.

The excited-state proton transfer processes and the formation mechanism of quinone methide of (1-naphthyl)phenol were investigated by combining static electronic structure calculations and non-adiabatic dynamics simulations in vacuum. The results indicated the existence of two minimum energy structures (S0-ENOL-1 and S0-ENOL-2) in the ground and excited states, which correspond to two ESIPT pathways. Upon excitation of S0-ENOL-1 to the bright S

Frequent itemsets mining and association rules mining are among the top used algorithms in data mining area. Secure outsourcing of data mining tasks to the third-party cloud is an effective option for data owners. However, due to the untrust cloud and the distrust between data owners, the traditional algorithms which only work over plaintext should be re-considered to take security and privacy concerns into account. E.g., each data owner may not be willing to disclose their own private to others during the cooperative data mining process. The previous solutions are either not sufficiently secure or not efficient. Therefore, we propose a Secure and Efficient Data Mining Outsourcing (SecEDMO) scheme for secure outsourcing of association rules mining over the joint database in the paradigm of cloud computing. Based on our customized lightweight symmetric homomorphic encryption algorithm and a secure comparison algorithm, SecEDMO can ensure strong privacy protection and low data mining latency simultaneously. Moreover, the well-designed virtual transaction insertion algorithm can hide the information of the original database while still preserving the cloud s ability to perform data mining over the obfuscated data. By evaluation of a numerical experiment and theoretical comparisons, the correctness, security, and efficiency of SecEDMO are confirmed.

Background The early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis (BM) in young infants was very critical. But, it was difficult to make a definite diagnosis in the early stage due to nonspecific clinical symptoms. Our objectives were to find the risk factors associated with BM and develop a prediction model of BM especially for young infants. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of young infants with meningitis between January 2011 and December 2020 in Children’s Hospital of Soochow University. The independent risk factors of young infants with BM were screened using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The independent risk factors were used to construct a new scoring model and compared with Bacterial Meningitis Score (BMS) and Meningitis Score for Emergencies (MSE) models. Results Among the 102 young infants included, there were 44 cases of BM and 58 of aseptic meningitis. Group B Streptococcus (22, 50.0%) and Escherichia coli (14, 31.8%) were the main pathogens of BM in the young infants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified procalcitonin (PCT), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose, CSF protein as independent risk factors for young infants with BM. We assigned one point for CSF glucose ≤ 1.86 mmol/L, two points were assigned for PCT ≥ 3.80 ng/ml and CSF protein ≥ 1269 mg/L. Using the not low risk criterion (score ≥ 1) with our new prediction model, we identified the young infantile BM with 100% (95% CI 91.9%-100%) sensitivity and 60.3% (95% CI 46.4%-72.9%) specificity. Compared with BMS and MSE model, our prediction model had larger area under receiver operating characteristic curve and higher specificity, the differences were statistically significant. Conclusion Our new scoring model for young infants can facilitate early identification of BM and has a better performance than BMS and MSE models.

With the rapid development of new energy in China, the large-scale grid connection of new energy continues to rise, and the operation safety of new energy power systems is facing a severe test. Therefore, correct identification and assessment of security risks become an important prerequisite to effectively improve the operation safety level of the new energy power systems. In order to accurately and effectively complete the security and stability assessment of the new energy power system operation, a new energy power system operation security assessment model based on the fuzzy DEMATEL-AEW cloud model was built. Firstly, the paper collects the index set that affects the safe and stable operation of the new energy power system, and selects 15 indexes that have a great impact on the safe and stable operation of the system through the association rules mining algorithm (Apriori), and establishes the evaluation index system for the safe and stable operation of the new energy power system. Then, the fuzzy decision-making laboratory analysis method (DEMATEL) is used to determine the interaction between the evaluation indicators, draw the network structure diagram between the evaluation indicators, and determine the subjective weight of each evaluation indicator. The objective weight of each evaluation index is determined by using the anti-entropy weight (AEW) method, and the comprehensive weight of the evaluation index is calculated by using the dynamic weighting of cooperative game theory; Finally, the weight results are combined with the evaluation layer of cloud model to evaluate the safety of all levels of safety assessment indicators, and the simulation analysis of the example is completed through MATLAB. The results show that the operation security status level of the power system is between average and good, not only taken some effective measures to control some risk factors, but also normal inspection and monitoring are arranged; At the same time, carried out the comparative analysis of the simulation results in the security assessment of power system operation to verify the feasibility and accuracy of evaluation methods, and has guiding significance for the security assessment of power system.

Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics are emerging pollutants in aquatic environments. MPs can absorb antibiotics in the environment, resulting in compound pollution. The relationship between the physicochemical properties of aged microplastics and the adsorption of CIP was investigated to assess the control on the fate and transport of CIP in the environment. The adsorption capacity decreased in the following sequence: aged PLA > PLA > aged PE > PE. The experiment data matched the pseudo-secondary dynamics and the Langmuir isotherm model well, implying that adsorption was primarily governed by monolayer chemisorption. When the solution's pH was close to the dissociation constant (pKa) of CIP, the sorption capacity of MPs increased. The greater the concentration of Na+ and fulvic acid, the stronger the inhibition of adsorption. The adsorption effect of microplastics on CIP was more strongly inhibited by norfloxacin (NOR) at lower concentrations (CNOR＜CCIP). Based on the adsorption data, FTIR, and XPS spectra, we demonstrated that the adsorption process was a non-spontaneous heat absorption reaction, with chemical and physical mechanisms including hydrogen bonding, π-π conjugation, ion exchange, and electrostatic interactions controlling it. This study's discovery of the mechanism of interaction between MPs and CIP serves as a foundation for assessing the environmental risk of MPs and antibiotic complex contamination.

Background Anemia is a common comorbidity in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Reports on the association of anemia and adverse events in patients with AF, especially from Asia, are limited. Methods and Results Based on data from the Chinese Atrial Fibrillation Registry Study (CAFR), a total of 18,106 AF patients enrolled between August 2011 and December 2018 had hemoglobin (Hb) values recorded at baseline. Patients were classified into three groups according to Hb levels: 15,606 patients (86.2%) into the no anemia group (male Hb≥130 g/L; female Hb≥120 g/L), 1800 (9.9%) with mild anemia (male 110≤Hb

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (M. anguillicaudatus) is a widely cultivated fish. However, in M. anguillicaudatus breeding, the frequent cold stress during daily breeding could induce immune suppression and increase the risk of infection, causing serious economic loss. Based on existing findings, CpG Oligonucleotides (CpG-ODNs) may be an ideal protective agent for low temperature fish breeding, performing anti-infective when faced with cold stress with cold shock proteins Y box binding proteins (YBX). Although YBX has pleiotropic functions, its roles in CpG-ODNs-mediated immunity (especially under cold situations) remain largely unexplored. To clarify the relationship among them, we identified the YBX1/YBX2 in M. anguillicaudatus and analyzed using a series of bioinformatics methods. After that, we immunized the fish with 3 types of CpG-ODNs and challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Here we showed that the best anti-bacterial effect of CpG-B was accompanied by the significant upregulation of YBX1. And the detection of the YBX1 downstream effectors confirmed that CpG-B induced the YBX1-mediated Th1 oriented responses to A. hydrophila by regulation of the NLRP3 (Caspase-A/-B), IL-1β, IL-12 and IFN-γ. Afterwards, we found that under cold stress, CpG-B can activate the NLRP3 and NF-κB pathways through YBX1, a key mediator of anti-A. hydrophila in CpG-B immunization. In this study, we demonstrated CpG-B protection against infection in low temperature, and its interaction with YBX1, expanded the research of CpG-ODN under cold stress, and provided a new CpG-ODN application for low temperature fish farming.

Fluorogenic aptamers can potentially show minimal photobleaching during continuous irradiation since any photobleached fluorophore can exchange with fluorescent dyes in the media. However, fluorophores have not been designed to maximize “fluorophore recycling.” Here we describe TBI, a novel fluorophore for the Broccoli fluorogenic aptamer. Previous fluorophores either fail to rapidly dissociate when they undergo photobleaching via cis-trans isomerization, or bind slowly, resulting in extended periods after dissociation of the photobleached fluorophore when no fluorophore is bound. By contrast, photobleached TBI dissociates rapidly from Broccoli, and TBI from the media rapidly replaces dissociated photobleached fluorophore. Using TBI, Broccoli exhibits markedly enhanced fluorescence in cells during continuous imaging. These data show that designing fluorophores to optimize fluorophore recycling can lead to enhanced fluorescence of fluorogenic aptamers.