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Water scarcity has been a critical constraint to economic development in semi-arid areas of China, so optimizing irrigation scheduling has become essential. This study obtained quantitative relationships between crop yield, crop water consumption, and irrigation quantity based on the Hydrus-2D and Stewart models. Different irrigation scheduling scenarios were evaluated to obtain the best irrigation scheduling based on the principle of simultaneous water conservation and crop productivity improvement with the evaluation indicators of crop yield, water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and Critic-Topsis method. Taking drip irrigation under mulch as an example, the problem of optimizing the irrigation scheduling for different typical years was calculated. The optimization results showed that in the wet, normal, dry, and very dry years the annual irrigation quantity should be 49.68 mm, 49.68 mm, 85.38 mm, and 123.72 mm, when the WUE as well as IWUE, increases significantly, which had less impact on the crop yield and can save irrigation quantity by 30.00%, 30.00%, 35.00%, 27.00%. This study used Hydrus-2D to make a new attempt in irrigation scheduling optimization, giving full play to the model's high accuracy in soil water transport simulation and flexibility in boundary condition simulation. The optimization results can provide a reference for achieving accurate control of irrigation quantity during the crop growth period and reasonable irrigation scheduling formulation for regional crops.

In the agricultural region of the Xiliao River Plain, drip irrigation under mulch has been widely implemented. It not only saves irrigation water, but also changes the structure of the underlying surface of agricultural land, which affects the local hydrological cycle to a certain extent, and makes the process of nitrogen transportation in soil with new characteristics. This study analyzed the distribution of NH4-N, NO3-N, and NO2-N in different soil depths during the whole growth period under three underlying surface conditions, including drip irrigation under mulch, border irrigation, and bare area through field in-situ observation experiment, and analyzed the influence of drip irrigation under mulch on nitrogen transport in deep soil layers. The results showed that under the soil properties of the experimental area, drip irrigation under mulch creates more water to enter the deep soil layers, which was beneficial to alleviate the downward trend of local groundwater level to a certain extent. The average content of NH4-N and NO3-N under drip irrigation under mulch was higher than that under border irrigation. The average content of NH4-N under drip irrigation under mulch was 1.24 mg.kg-1 in soil depths of 80-300 cm, and 0.97 mg.kg-1 under border irrigation. The average content of NO3-N under drip irrigation under mulch was 2.73 mg.kg-1 in soil depths of 80-300 cm, and 1.99 mg.kg-1 under border irrigation. The increment of NH4-N and NO3-N distribution in deep soil layers under drip irrigation under mulch was greater than that under border irrigation, and the increment of NO3-N content is significantly greater than that under border irrigation. Soil water content has a significant impact on the contents of NH4-N and NO3-N. It indicated that compared with traditional border irrigation, drip irrigation under mulch was beneficial to alleviate the downward trend of local groundwater, but it would increase the risk of nitrogen pollution in local groundwater.

The subtleties of human perception, as measured by vision scientists through the use of psychophysics, are important clues to the internal workings of visual recognition. For instance, measured reaction time can indicate whether a visual stimulus is easy for a subject to recognize, or whether it is hard. In this paper, we consider how to incorporate psychophysical measurements of visual perception into the loss function of a deep neural network being trained for a recognition task, under the assumption that such information can enforce consistency with human behavior. As a case study to assess the viability of this approach, we look at the problem of handwritten document transcription. While good progress has been made towards automatically transcribing modern handwriting, significant challenges remain in transcribing historical documents. Here we describe a general enhancement strategy, underpinned by the new loss formulation, which can be applied to the training regime of any deep learning-based document transcription system. Through experimentation, reliable performance improvement is demonstrated for the standard IAM and RIMES datasets for three different network architectures. Further, we go on to show feasibility for our approach on a new dataset of digitized Latin manuscripts, originally produced by scribes in the Cloister of St. Gall in the the 9th century.

Real-time traffic state estimation and prediction are of importance to the traffic management systems. New opportunities are enabled by the emerging sensing and automation technologies to manage connected and automated traffic, particularly in terms of controlling trajectories of automated vehicles. Traffic information from connected and automated vehicles (CAV) and roadside detectors (RSD) can be fused and has great potential for providing detailed microscopic traffic states (i.e., vehicle speeds, positions) of all vehicles. In this paper, we propose a cooperative perception framework for this purpose. The proposed framework based on particle filtering is developed to provide an accurate estimation and prediction of the microscopic states of partially observed traffic systems, while accounting for different sources of errors that intrinsically exist in the system, including those from sensor data, vehicle movement, and process models. Selected freeway and arterial vehicle trajectory datasets from the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) program and CAV traffic simulation are applied to test the proposed methodological framework. The accuracy of position and speed estimation is between 50% and 70% when the CAV market penetration rate (MPR) is 12.5%, and between 80% and 90% when the MPR is 50%. The incorporation of RSD data can further increase the accuracy by up to 10% under low CAV MPRs. The framework can also provide an accurate short-term prediction (i.e., 5 - 15 seconds) of position and speed with 60% to 90% accuracy. The proposed framework provides efficient and accurate estimations and predictions of detailed microscopic traffic states, even at low CAV MPRs, creating dynamic traffic environment world models to enable fine control and management of the connected and automated traffic systems.

Public neoantigens (NeoAgs) represent an elite class of shared cancer-specific epitopes derived from recurrently mutated driver genes. Here we describe a high-throughput platform combining single-cell transcriptomic and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing to establish whether mutant PIK3CA, among the most frequently genomically altered driver oncogenes, generates an immunogenic public NeoAg. Using this strategy, we developed a panel of TCRs that recognize an endogenously processed neopeptide encompassing a common PIK3CA hotspot mutation restricted by the prevalent human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*03:01 allele. Mechanistically, immunogenicity to this public NeoAg arises from enhanced neopeptide/HLA complex stability caused by a preferred HLA anchor substitution. Structural studies indicated that the HLA-bound neopeptide presents a comparatively ‘featureless’ surface dominated by the peptide’s backbone. To bind this epitope with high specificity and affinity, we discovered that a lead TCR clinical candidate engages the neopeptide through an extended interface facilitated by an unusually long CDR3β loop. In patients with diverse malignancies, we observed NeoAg clonal conservation and spontaneous immunogenicity to the neoepitope. Finally, adoptive transfer of TCR-engineered T cells led to tumor regression in vivo in mice bearing PIK3CA-mutant tumors but not wild-type PIK3CA tumors. Together, these findings establish the immunogenicity and therapeutic potential of a mutant PIK3CA-derived public NeoAg.

Background: Periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) is a frequent complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) associated with poor prognosis. However, no effective method has been found to identify patients at risk of PMI before the procedure. MicroRNA-133a (miR-133a) has been reported as a novel biomarker in various cardiovascular diseases. Herein, it was sought to determine whether circulating miR-133a could predict PMI before the procedure. Methods: Eighty patients with negative preoperative values of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) receiving elective PCI for stable coronary artery disease (CAD) were recruited. Venous serum samples were collected on admission and within 16–24 hours post-PCI for miRNA measurements. PMI was defined as a cTnT value above the 99% upper reference limit (URL) after the procedure. The association between miR-133a and PMI was further assessed. Results: Periprocedural myocardial injury occurred in 48 patients. The circulating level of miR-133a was significantly higher in patients with PMI before and after the procedure (both p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the preoperative miR-133a level revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.891, with a sensitivity of 93.8% and a specificity of 71.9% to predict PMI. Additionally, a decrease was found in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in parallel with an increase in miR-133a levels in patients with PMI. Conclusions: This study demonstrates for the first time that serum miR-133a can be used as a novel biomarker for early identification of stable CAD patients at risk of PMI undergoing elective PCI. The miR-133a-FGFR1 axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of PMI.

Background At the initial stage of COVID-19 outbreak, most medical education institutions in China had to accept the sudden shift from classroom teaching to nearly 100% online instruction for different curricula. However, little has been known about medical students’ learning efficiency when learning has been completely conducted online. This study aimed at investigating medical students’ perspectives on online learning efficiency during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak and finding possible factors that could damage online learning efficiency. Methods Between May and July, 2020, the authors electronically distributed a self-designed questionnaire to all the 780 medical students who attended the Rural-oriented Free Tuition Medical Education program in Guangxi Medical University that locates in the southwestern China. Data on participant demographics, learning phases, academic performance, and perceptions regarding learning efficiency of online and classroom learning were collected. Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal Wallis test, and polynomial Logistic regression were employed to detect differences of learning efficiency between online and classroom learning, and associations among learning phases, academic performance and online learning efficiency. Results A total of 612 medical students validly responded to this survey (valid response rate 78.46%), and they reported more positive perceptions of efficiency in the circumstance of face-to-face learning than of online learning despite of gender (P

The purpose of this study is to perform analysis, modeling, and simulation (AMS) to investigate the effectiveness of connected vehicle (CV)-based Weather Responsive Management Strategies (WRMS) to ...

The wide application of drip irrigation under mulch in semi-arid agricultural regions in China not only improves agricultural water efficiency, but also affects formation of groundwater and the mechanism of water infiltration to a certain extent. This paper takes the typical semi-arid agricultural region in China as the research object. The movement of soil water under the three types of underlying surface was simulated by the Hydrus-2D model for the quantitative analysis of groundwater recharge. The influence of drip irrigation under mulch on groundwater infiltration depth and cumulative infiltration amount under different level years was simulated. Taking a normal flow year as an example, the simulated results showed that the maximum infiltration depth of drip irrigation under mulch reached 250 cm, which was greater than that of border irrigation (138 cm) and bare area (158 cm). The cumulative infiltration amounts of drip irrigation under mulch at 80, 120, 140 and 200 cm were respectively 1,484.8 m3/hm2, 686.3 m3/hm2, 554.1 m3/hm2 and 238.1 m3/hm2, which were greater than that of border irrigation and bare land at the same depth. The results proved that drip irrigation under mulch could increase the infiltration depth and cumulative infiltration amount, which is beneficial to groundwater recharge in semi-arid agricultural regions of China.

Zinc plays a vital role in structural, catalysis, and signal regulation in the human body. Zinc deficiency leads to the dysfunction of many organs and immunity systems. Diet proteins have distinct effects on zinc uptake. However, the mechanisms are uncovered. Here we select three principal components from whey protein: alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and bovine serum albumin, which bind with zinc at different affinities, to evaluate the relationship between their potential zinc uptake and protein binding. The experimental data shows that beta-lactoglobulin could promote zinc uptake, alpha-lactalbumin has minor effects, whereas bovine serum albumin reduced zinc uptake in Caco-2 cell lines. Zinc binding effects on protein structure were thoroughly inspected through fluorescent spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that three proteins have different binding affinities toward zinc ions. We speculate that protein binding eliminates toxic effects from free zinc, and the binding strength dominates zinc uptake.

A novel pH and GSH stimuli-responsive GO-based self-assembly for precise and controlled drug release.

Aims This study aimed to investigate the prognostic implications of increased post-procedural cardiac troponin levels in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and to define the threshold of prognostically relevant periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI). Methods and results A total of 3249 patients with normal baseline troponin levels referred for elective PCI were enrolled and followed up for a median period of 20 months. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) comprising all-cause death, myocardial injury (MI), and ischaemic stroke. Post-PCI high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) >99% upper reference limit (URL) occurred in 78.3% of the patients and did not increase the risk of MACEs [adjusted hazard ratio (adHR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–1.74, P = 0.990], nor did ‘major PMI’, defined as post-PCI hs-cTnT >5× URL (adHR 1.30, 95% CI 0.76–2.23, P = 0.340). Post-PCI troponin >8× URL, with an incidence of 15.2%, started to show an association with a higher risk of MACEs (adHR 1.89, 95% CI 1.06–3.37, P = 0.032), mainly driven by myocardial infarction (adHR 2.38, 95% CI 1.05–5.38, P = 0.037) and ischaemic stroke (adHR 3.35, 95% CI 1.17–9.64, P = 0.025). Conclusion In patients with normal baseline troponin values undergoing elective PCI, PMI defined as hs-cTnT >8× URL after PCI was more appropriate for identifying patients with an increased risk of MACEs, which may help guide clinical practice in this population.

PIN-FORMED (PIN)-dependent directional auxin transport is crucial for plant development. Although the redistribution of auxin mediated by the polarization of PIN3 plays key roles in modulating hypocotyl cell expansion, how PIN3 becomes repolarized to the proper sites within hypocotyl cells is poorly understood. We previously generated the clathrin light chain clc2-1 clc3-1 double mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana and found that it has an elongated hypocotyl phenotype compared to the wild type. Here, we performed genetic, cell biology, and pharmacological analyses combined with live-cell imaging to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the role of clathrin light chains in hypocotyl elongation. Our analyses indicated that the defects of the double mutant enhanced auxin maxima in epidermal cells, thus, promoting hypocotyl elongation. PIN3 relocated to the lateral sides of hypocotyl endodermal cells in clc2-1 clc3-1 mutants to redirect auxin toward the epidermal cell layers. Moreover, the loss of function of PIN3 largely suppressed the long hypocotyl phenotype of the clc2-1 clc3-1 double mutant, as did treatment with auxin transport inhibitors. Based on these data, we propose that clathrin modulates PIN3 abundance and polarity to direct auxin flux and inhibit cell elongation in the hypocotyl, providing novel insights into the regulation of hypocotyl elongation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Purpose Drawing on the philosophy of retail service quality, this study aims to empirically investigate how salespeople’s personal interaction affects customers’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) intention through the lens of affective customer experience and consumers’ cross-cultural attitudes toward domestic or foreign products. Design/methodology/approach The hypothesis was tested with a two-step structural equation model using survey data obtained from 529 shopping center customers in China. Findings The positive impact of salespeople’s personal interaction on customers’ positive WOM intention is fully mediated by affective customer experience. In addition, consumer ethnocentrism strengthens the positive impact of salespeople’s personal interaction on affective customer experience, whereas this study fails to find the moderating effect of foreign product affinity. Practical implications To increase customers’ positive WOM intention, store managers need to encourage their frontline sales personnel to personally interact with customers to support customers’ problem-solving. Also, frontline salespeople should pay more attention to consumers’ cross-cultural attitudes such as consumer ethnocentrism when interacting with their customers. Originality/value By linking affective customer experience and consumers’ cross-cultural attitudes of ethnocentrism and affinity toward domestic or foreign products, this study further extends the knowledge of retail service quality on the relationship between salespeople’s personal interaction and customers’ positive WOM intention.

The advent of automated vehicles (AVs) will provide opportunities for safer, smoother, and smarter road transportation. During the transition from the current human-driven vehicle (HV) to a fully AV traffic environment, there will be a mixed traffic flow including both HVs and AVs. The impact of introducing AVs into existing traffic, however, has not yet been fully understood. In this paper, we advance this understanding by conducting mixed traffic safety evaluation from the perspective of car-following behavior using real-world AV operational data of mixed traffic. To understand how the AVs impact other vehicles on the road, we analyzed the operational behaviors of HV-following-HV, AV-following-HV, and HV-following-AV. A selected car-following model is calibrated, and results show that there are significant differences between the HV-following-HV and the other two groups, indicating safe AV behavior and changes in HV behavior (i.e. less aggressive, safer) after the introduction of AVs into the traffic. Additionally, to understand AV behavioral safety, we investigate behavior predictions (one of the most critical inputs for AVs to make car-following decisions) of AVs and their surrounding vehicles using a mature baseline model and a new Conditional Variational Autoencoder (CVAE) framework. The result shows potential risks of inaccurate predictions of the baseline model and the necessity to consider additional factors, such as vehicle interactions and driver behavior, into the prediction for risk mitigation. Arterial vehicle trajectory data from the Lyft Level 5 Dataset is applied to test the proposed methodological framework to understand the car-following safety risks of HVs and AVs in the mixed traffic stream.

In order to get raw images of high quality for downstream Image Signal Process (ISP), in this paper we present an Efficient Locally Multiplicative Transformer called ELMformer for raw image restoration. ELMformer contains two core designs especially for raw images whose primitive attribute is single-channel. The first design is a Bi-directional Fusion Projection (BFP) module, where we consider both the color characteristics of raw images and spatial structure of single-channel. The second one is that we propose a Locally Multiplicative Self-Attention (L-MSA) scheme to effectively deliver information from the local space to relevant parts. ELMformer can efficiently reduce the computational consumption and perform well on raw image restoration tasks. Enhanced by these two core designs, ELMformer achieves the highest performance and keeps the lowest FLOPs on raw denoising and raw deblurring benchmarks compared with state-of-the-arts. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority and generalization ability of ELMformer. On SIDD benchmark, our method has even better denoising performance than ISP-based methods which need huge amount of additional sRGB training images. The codes are release at https://github.com/leonmakise/ELMformer., Comment: ACM Multimedia 2022

Chloroquine (CQ) is a famous medicine for treatment of diseases including malaria and pneumonia caused by COVID-19, but gastrointestinal disorder caused by its oral administration is a great concern. Milk is usually recommended to be taken with CQ to reduce such effect. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unknown. Here, we found that β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), α-lactalbumin (α-LA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and lactoferrin (LF) in whey proteins were able to interact with CQ to form complexes as suggested by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and molecular docking. Indeed, the crystal structure revealed that β-LG is bound to CQ through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding with a ratio of 1:1. Consequently, the formation of these protein-CQ complexes not only reduced the cytotoxicity of chloroquine to the stomach and gut cells but also facilitated its uptake by cells. This work gave an example to understand the relationship between food and drug.

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the major endocytic pathway in eukaryotic cells that directly regulates abundance of plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Clathrin triskelia are composed of clathrin heavy chains (CHCs) and light chains (CLCs), and the phytohormone auxin differentially regulates membrane-associated CLCs and CHCs, modulating the endocytosis and therefore the distribution of auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2). However, the molecular mechanisms by which auxin regulates clathrin are still poorly understood. Transmembrane kinase family proteins (TMKs) are considered to contribute to auxin signaling and plant development, it remains unclear whether they are involved in PIN transport by CME. We assessed TMKs involvement in the regulation of clathrin by auxin, using genetic, pharmacological, and cytological approaches including live-cell imaging and immunofluorescence. In tmk1 mutant seedlings, auxin failed to rapidly regulate abundance of both CHC and CLC and to inhibit PIN2 endocytosis, leading to an impaired asymmetric distribution of PIN2 and therefore auxin. Furthermore, TMK3 and TMK4 were shown not involved in regulation of clathrin by auxin. In summary, TMK1 is essential for auxin-regulated clathrin recruitment and CME. TMK1 therefore plays a critical role in the establishment of an asymmetric distribution of PIN2 and an auxin gradient during root gravitropism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Although a natural anti-inflammatory ingredient, isoliquiritigenin (ISL), plays an effective role in ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment, a series of drawbacks still limit its clinical application, including the poor solubility, instability in gastrointestinal tract, and rapid elimination rate of ISL. Zein-based NPs display the benefits on drug loading and delivery, whereas with the poor stability. In this study, an edible nano-system composed by zein/caseinate complex was fabricated for the colon-targeting delivery of ISL, to improve its colon retention and anti-UC effects. The optimized ISL loaded zein/caseinate NPs (ISL@NPs) were prepared by single-factor design by anti-solvent precipitation method, and then characterized. The improved cellular uptake of ISL@NPs on NCM460 and RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated in vitro. The colon tissue permeability and retention capacity in vivo, and the anti-UC efficacy of ISL@NPs in DSS-induce UC were implemented. As a result, ISL@NPs with the high drug loading efficiency of 9.39% ± 0.26%, the average particle diameter of 137.32 ± 2.54 nm, exhibited the pH-sensitive stability in the different simulated gastrointestinal buffer. Compared with free ISL, ISL@NPs showed significantly higher cellular uptake ability in NCM460 and RAW 264.7 cells. Based on in vivo imaging system, zein/caseinate NPs showed the prolonged colonic retention and the enhanced penetration into the colonic epithelium. Finally, the oral administration of ISL@NPs could effectively alleviate the UC-related symptoms, down-regulate the production of pro-inflammatory factors, and reduce the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in colon tissues. In this study, an oral colon-specific nano-system, composed with the natural compound and edible materials, was developed as the promising alternatives in the prevention and treatment of UC.

Connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies are likely to have significant impacts on people's travel behaviors and the performance of transportation systems. This study investigates the impacts of CAVs from various aspects, including vehicle miles traveled (VMT), emissions, and transportation equity in Southern California. A comprehensive model is developed by incorporating the supply-side improvement of CAVs, a modified activity-based demand model supported by survey data, and a multi-class highway assignment model. The simulation results showed that VMT and emissions would increase by 10%, and CAVs could worsen travel equity across income groups. To reduce the negative impacts caused by CAVs, we proposed and evaluated a series of travel demand management policies. The results indicated that all policies help to reduce the VMT and emission growth, while their performances in enhancing travel equity vary across metrics including accessibility, travel frequency, and travel distance.

Background: Solitary plasmacytoma is a rare malignant plasma cell disease, accounting for about 3% of all malignant plasma cell diseases. Therefore, we report a rare case of solitary plasmacytoma showing growth and invasion patterns in the right lateral orbit.Case Presentation: Patient concerns A 53-year-old woman presented in 7 years ago with right facial numbness for a month and the symptoms had worsened for two weeks. Diagnosis Solitary bone plasmacytoma in right lateral orbital exhibiting in growth and encroachment pattern. Interventions We placed the patient in the supine position and operated from the right pterional approach to remove the tumor. The patient underwent surgery to remove all the tumor, however, she did not receive any radiotherapy. Outcomes After 7 years of postoperative follow-up, the patient showed no functional damage, no tumor recurrence, and had orthobiosis, and proper functioning. Conclusions: Solitary plasmacytoma of skull is so rare that It's hard to accumulate large cohorts and conduct clinical trials to discover better treatment models and ideas. Further prospective studies are needed on patients' recovery.

Connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies attracted extensive attention in the past decade. As CAV brings convenience to travel, people's travel behaviors and patterns might change significantly. Existing models, however, cannot comprehensively evaluate the impacts on transportation systems. This study adopted an activity-based approach to evaluate the comprehensiveCAV impactson the transportation system in Southern California. A stated-preference survey was conducted, and captured people's behavior changes associated with CAV deployment. The model prediction demonstrated that the total trip number increased by 9%, with an 13% growth in total car-like mode travel distance. Among all trip purposes, work trips contributed to 49% of total trip number growth and 75% of the increased car-like mode travel distance. The advanced CAV technology alone wouldn’t directly benefit future transportation systems and it is still critical to have appropriate policy interventions in place.

Fresh vegetables are closely associated with foodborne disease outbreaks; however, systematic analysis of the microbiological quality of fresh vegetables and molecular information on foodborne pathogens in fresh produce are poorly reported in China. Here, we evaluated the epidemiological prevalence of coliforms via the most probable number method and characterized Salmonella and ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIP

The production and consumption of pomegranates have always been increasing owing to their taste and nutrition. However, during fruit processing, a large number of by-products are produced, such as peels and seeds, which can lead to environmental pollution problems if not handled properly. The pomegranate peel takes up about 26–30% of the total weight, while it contains abundant bioactive substances. This paper carries out a mini review of the characterization and physiological functions of key bioactive compounds in pomegranate peel, comprehensively assessing their effects on human health. The overview summarizes the main phenolic substances in pomegranate peel, including tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Dietary fiber and other bioactive substances such as alkaloids, minerals, and vitamins are also mentioned. These components act as antioxidants by improving oxidative biomarkers and scavenging or neutralizing reactive oxygen species, further contributing to their extensive functions like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antibacterial, and cardiovascular protection. Overall, it is envisaged that through the deeper understanding of bioactive compounds in pomegranate peel, the waste sources can be better reused for physiological applications.

The imbalance between exploitation and recharge and the yearly decline in water tables is a common water resource problem in semi-arid areas in China. To ensure the sustainable use of groundwater and the stability of the regional hydrological cycle, a reasonable groundwater control table need to be determined to achieve a balance between groundwater exploitation and recharge. Based on the characteristics of the vertical hydrological cycle in semi-arid irrigation areas, this paper used a combination of in situ field experiments and software simulations to calculate the groundwater infiltration recharge under three types of subsurface conditions, namely, drip irrigation under mulch, border irrigation, and bare area, and to analyze the relationship between groundwater infiltration recharge and groundwater table. Based on the relationship between groundwater recharge and discharge, the critical groundwater depth of maintaining exploitation and recharge balance (CGDM) for drip irrigation under mulch was calculated to be 131.52-187.15 cm, and the critical groundwater depth of disrupting exploitation and recharge balance (CGDD) was 307.66-363.67 cm. For border irrigation, the CGDM was 80.00-84.34 cm and the CGDD was 198.87-248.44 cm. It also proposed a groundwater table management strategy to address the risk of imbalance in regional groundwater exploitation and recharge. The critical groundwater depth of controlling risk management (CGDC) can be used for regional groundwater management and guidance for agricultural irrigation, providing technical support for achieving regional groundwater exploitation and recharge balance and maintaining a stable hydrological cycle.

Carbon materials with well-dispersed SnO

Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO) is a process of covalent modification of nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives and cysteine residues. SNO plays an essential role in reversible posttranslational modifications of proteins. The accurate prediction of SNO sites is crucial in revealing a certain biological mechanism of NO regulation and related drug development. Identification of the sites of SNO in proteins is currently a very hot topic. In this review, we briefly summarize recent advances in computationally identifying SNO sites. The challenges and future perspectives for identifying SNO sites are also discussed. We anticipate that this review will provide insights into research on SNO site prediction.

Narrowband photodetectors, which are capable of detecting light within a narrow spectral range, have important applications in the fields of digital cameras, biosensing and artificial vision. In particular, 2D layered perovskites stand out as good candidate materials for narrowband photodetectors due to their prominent properties, such as natural quantum-well structure and tunable bandgap. Although narrowband photodetectors based on 2D perovskites have been presented recently, for some practical applications, including optical communication and imaging, narrowband photodetector arrays need to be prepared, which has not been reported yet. Here, we have demonstrated the fabrication of 12 × 11 narrowband photodetector arrays based on 2D (BA)2PbI4 perovskites to realize imaging for the first time. The as-prepared photodetector exhibits a narrow photo-response peak centered at around 546 nm with a full width at half maximum of 24 nm. Besides, it shows a high external quantum efficiency of 350% and a detectivity of 2.17 × 1011 Jones under 546 nm illumination. Furthermore, the narrowband photodetector arrays can also realize imaging under monochromatic light illumination from the back side of the device with wavelength selection.

Cooperative Automated Driving System (ADS)-equipped Vehicles (CoAVs) can be a promising solution to traffic congestion. We present a reinforcement learning strategy using Genetic Fuzzy Systems (GFS...