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Osmanthus fragrans is a popular ornamental tree species known for its fragrant flowers and is widely cultivated in Asia, Europe, and North America. Anthracnose is a disastrous threat to the growth and development of O. fragrans and has caused significant economic losses. To reveal the potential pathogen diversity of anthracnose, 127 isolates of Colletotrichum were isolated from the symptomatic leaves. Morphological studies and multilocus phylogenetic analyses with the concatenated sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chitin synthase, actin, beta-tubulin, calmodulin, and the intergenic region between Apn2 and Mat1-2-1, as well as a pairwise homoplasy index, test placed the causal fungi as two new species, Colletotrichum anhuiense (two isolates) and C. osmanthicola (12 isolates), and three known taxa, C. fructicola (18 isolates), C. gloeosporioides (62 isolates), and C. karstii (33 isolates). Among them, C. gloeosporioides was the most dominant, and C. anhuiense was occasionally discovered from the host tissues. Pathogenicity tests in vivo on O. fragrans leaves revealed a significant difference in virulence among these species. Of them, C. gloeosporioides, C. osmanthicola, and C. anhuiense were significantly more virulent than C. fructicola and C. karstii, while C. karstii was the least virulent. To our knowledge, this study was the first to report the pathogen diversity of anthracnose on O. fragrans.

Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PLs) alleviated abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in case of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) mutation.

Sea cucumber saponins (SCSs) exhibit a unique structure and high bioactivities and might have specialized implications on caffeine metabolic process by altering the activity of N-demethylation enzyme CYP1A2. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of SCS on caffeine metabolism in vivo and in vitro, as well as the synergistic anti-obesity effect of SCS and caffeine on high-fat diet-induced obese mice.Results found that SCS administration significantly postponed the elimination rate of caffeine and its metabolites in vivo, and further study found CYP1A2-mediated caffeine metabolism was remarkably inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The synergistic effect of the SCS and caffeine combination could decrease the total weight of white adipose tissue by 52% compared with high-fat diet-treated group.SCS could prolong caffeine action time, and the combination of the two substances exhibited joint action on high-fat diet-induced obese mice. These findings might provide a basis for the development of functional foods and potential application using the combination of SCS and caffeine. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The potentially different effects of commonly used anaesthetic agents propofol and sevoflurane on T-cell immune function and Th cell differentiation were investigated in patients with severe mycoplasmal pneumonia (SMPP) undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy.Sixty children (2-12 years of age) with SMPP were randomized into the sevoflurane group and the propofol group. Patients in the sevoflurane group were anaesthetised with inhalational sevoflurane and intravenous remifentanil. Patients in the propofol group were anaesthetised with intravenous propofol and remifentanil. Patients in both groups underwent fibreoptic bronchoscopy and lavage therapy. We compared the clinical outcomes, cellular immunity function, and Th cell differentiation into Th1 and Th2 levels in both groups.There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes and hospital stay between the two groups (7.94 vs 7.36,Propofol might have a less inhibitory effect on T lymphocytes in children with SMPP than sevoflurane. And propofol may have less impact on the differentiation of Th cells into Th

Two new guaiacene-type sesquiterpenes 13α-dihydroixerin acid, ixerin acid and one new secoguaiacene-type sesquiterpene secoixerin Z, along with four known compounds, were separated from ethanol extract of Ixeris sonchifolia. The structures were determined based on the detailed spectroscopic and physicochemical methods. The cytotoxic activity of the isolates was tested against A549 cells. Among them, compound 3 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against A549 cells with the IC50 of 5.6 ± 0.9 µM.

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved great progress in cooperative tasks in recent years. However, in the local reward scheme, where only local rewards for each agent are given without global rewards shared by all the agents, traditional MARL algorithms lack sufficient consideration of agents' mutual influence. In cooperative tasks, agents' mutual influence is especially important since agents are supposed to coordinate to achieve better performance. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm Mutual-Help-based MARL (MH-MARL) to instruct agents to help each other in order to promote cooperation. MH-MARL utilizes an expected action module to generate expected other agents' actions for each particular agent. Then, the expected actions are delivered to other agents for selective imitation during training. Experimental results show that MH-MARL improves the performance of MARL both in success rate and cumulative reward., Comment: Accepted by 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2023)

Microglia plays an important role in the production of inflammation in the central nervous system. Excessive nerve inflammation can cause neuronal damage and neurodegenerative disease. It has been shown that EPA-enriched ethanolamine plasmalogen (EPA-PlsEtn) significantly inhibited the expressions of inflammatory factors and suppressed neuronal loss in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. However, whether EPA-PlsEtn protects against neuronal loss by inhibiting the activation of microglia is still not clear. Therefore, we examined the effect of PlsEtn on SH-SY5Y cells incubated by conditioned medium from LPS-induced BV2 cells as a neuroinflammation model. Results showed that pre-incubation of LPS-induced BV2 cells with PlsEtn significantly improved the viability of SH-SY5Y cells by reducing the early apoptosis. The increasing production of NO and TNF-α in BV2 cells was reversed by PlsEtn treatment, while the decreasing level of IL-10 was raised. Polarization toward M1 phenotype and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pathways are attenuated significantly by pre-treatment of PlsEtn in LPS-induced BV2 cells. The study provides evidence for a positive effect of PlsEtn on neuroprotection and the inhibition of neuroinflammation, and PlsEtn may be explored as a potential functional ingredient with neuroprotection effects.

Real-time monitoring of the breast cancer index is becoming increasingly important. It can help create advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. In today’s modern medical processes, simultaneously monitoring changes in observations in terms of location and scale are convenient for the implementation of control schemes but can be challenging. In this paper, we consider a new nonparametric control scheme for monitoring location and scale parameters in multivariate processes. The proposed method is easy to implement, and the performance of the proposed control procedure is discussed. Then, we compare the proposed scheme with some competing methods. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can efficiently detect a range of shifts. The proposed chart can trigger an alert and timely discover the change of the breast cancer index.

Intermaxillary fixation screw (IMFS) implantation is a common procedure in orthognathic surgery (OGS) performed to the temporary maxillary-mandibular fixation and stable bite relationships. The study aims to assess the accuracy of IMFS implantation with a digital guide to reduce the occurrence of root damage.This prospective study involved 40 patients undergoing OGS at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from August 2017 to May 2021. The patients were randomly divided into two groups according to whether the IMFS implantation was with or without digital guide (20 patients in the experimental group and 20 controls). The digital guides used in the experimental group were designed according to a virtual implantation plan and printed using stereolithography. In the control group, IMFSs were directly implanted by a surgeon based on clinical experience. Postoperatively, cone-beam computed tomography was performed to compare root proximity of IMFSs between the two groups and verify the accuracy of IMFS placement.In the experimental group, there was no case of root damage, the incidence of the periodontal ligament (PDL) injured was 22.1%, and 77.9% IMFSs were placed without contacting adjacent anatomic structures. In the control group, the incidence of root damage had been up to 20.8%, 31.7% IMFSs injured the PDL, and only 47.5% IMFSs were placed between the roots (P 0.001).IMFSs can be placed more accurately with surgical guides, reducing the incidence of root and PDL damages.

Attempting to couple photochemical CO2 reduction with N2 fixation is usually difficult, because the reaction conditions for these two processes are typically incompatible mutually. Here, we report that light-driven biohybrid system can utilize abundant, atmospheric N2 to produce electron donors via biological nitrogen fixation for achieving effective photochemical CO2 reduction. This biohybrid system was constructed by incorporating molecular cobalt-based photocatalysts into N2-fixing bacteria. It is found that N2-fixing bacteria can convert N2 into reductive organic nitrogen and create a localized anaerobic environment, which allow the incorporated photocatalysts to continuously perform photocatalytic CO2 reduction under aerobic conditions. Specifically, the light-driven biohybrid system displays a high formic acid production rate of over 1.41×10−14 mol h−1 cell−1 under visible light irradiation, and the organic nitrogen content is over 3-fold increase within 48 hours. This work offers a useful strategy for coupling CO2 conversion with N2 fixation under mild and environmentally benign conditions.

Metabolic dysfunction has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study aimed to investigate the potential role of metabolic biomarkers in the progression of ALS and understand the possible metabolic mechanisms.Fifty-two patients with ALS and 24 normal controls were included, and blood samples were collected for analysis of metabolic biomarkers. Basal anthropometric measures, including body composition and clinical features, were measured in ALS patients. The disease progression rate was calculated using the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) during the 6-month follow-up.ALS patients had higher levels of adipokines (adiponectin, adipsin, resistin, and visfatin) and other metabolic biomarkers [C-peptide, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1] than controls. Leptin levels in serum were positively correlated with body mass index, body fat, and visceral fat index (VFI). Adiponectin was positively correlated with the VFI and showed a positive correlation with the ALSFRS-R and a negative correlation with baseline disease progression. Patients with lower body fat, VFI, and fat in limbs showed faster disease progression during follow-ups. Lower leptin and adiponectin levels were correlated with faster disease progression. After adjusting for confounders, lower adiponectin levels and higher visfatin levels were independently correlated with faster disease progression.The current study found altered levels of metabolic biomarkers in ALS patients, which may play a role in ALS pathogenesis. Adiponectin and visfatin represent potential biomarkers for prediction of disease progression in ALS.

This review highlights recent advances in the conversion of cellulose and its derivatives (monosaccharides and platform molecules) into ester chemicals.

Heterogeneous non-noble bimetallic CuCo nanoparticle catalysts for selective N-monomethylation and N,N-dimethylation reactions under base-free conditions, offering >50 examples from aromatic/aliphatic amines, nitrocompounds and different alcohols.

Ovarian cancer (OV) is the most lethal form of gynecological malignancy worldwide, with limited therapeutic options and high recurrence rates. However, research focusing on prognostic patterns of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in ovarian cancer is still lacking. From the 6,406 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TCGA-OV (n = 376) and GTEx cohort (n = 180), we identified 63 potential ferroptosis-related genes. Through the LASSO-penalized Cox analysis, 3 prognostic genes, SLC7A11, ZFP36, and TTBK2, were finally distinguished. The time-dependent ROC curves and K-M survival analysis performed powerful prognostic ability of the 3-gene signature. Stepwise, we constructed and validated the nomogram based on the 3-gene signature and clinical features, with promising prognostic value in both TCGA (p-value < .0001) and ICGC cohort (p-value = .0064). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis elucidated several potential pathways between the groups stratified by 3-gene signature, while the m6A gene analysis implied higher m6A level in the high-risk group. We applied the CIBERSORT algorithm to distinct tumor immune microenvironment between two groups, with less activated dendritic cells (DCs) and plasma cells, more M0 macrophages infiltration, and higher expression of key immune checkpoint molecules (CD274, CTLA4, HAVCR2, and PDCD1LG2) in the high-risk group. In addition, the low-risk group exhibited more favorable immunotherapy and chemotherapy responses. Collectively, our findings provided new prospects in the role of ferroptosis-related genes, as a promising prediction tool for prognosis and immune responses, in order to assist personalized treatment decision-making among ovarian cancer patients.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in motor and cognitive dysfunction and is a possible risk factor for the subsequent development of dementia. However, the pathogenesis of TBI remains largely unclear. This study investigated the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in inflammation and neuronal apoptosis following TBI. The lncRNA expression profiles in the cerebral cortices of TBI model mice and sham-operated mice were analyzed using microarray. We focused on an upregulated lncRNA, PRR34-AS1, because of its known modulatory role in apoptosis and inflammation. Our findings indicated that the knockdown of PRR34-AS1 inhibited inflammation and neuronal apoptosis and improved long-term neurological function. Using an in vitro, cell-based model of etoposide-induced primary cortical neuronal injury, we demonstrated that PRR34-AS1 levels were higher in injured model cells than in untreated control cells. Silencing of PRR34-AS1 suppressed etoposide-induced apoptosis and the production of inflammatory mediators in primary cortical neurons. PRR34-AS1 directly targets microRNA-498 (miR-498) in primary cortical neurons. Importantly, the inhibition of miR-498 expression counteracted the effects of PRR34-AS1 silencing on neuronal apoptosis and inflammation. These findings indicate that PRR34-AS1 may be a useful therapeutic target for TBI.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-dhj-10.1177_20552076231176653 for Kinect-based objective evaluation of bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease by Zhuang Wu, Hongkai Gu, Ronghua Hong, Ziwen Xing, Zhuoyu Zhang, Kangwen Peng, Yijing He, Ludi Xie, Jingxing Zhang, Yichen Gao, Yue Jin, Xiaoyun Su, Hongping Zhi, Qiang Guan, Lizhen Pan and Lingjing Jin in DIGITAL HEALTH

OBJECTIVE We aim to investigate blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and myelin basic protein (MBP) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with or without frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and further determine the effect of these factors on the survival of ALS. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 113 ALS patients, 12 ALS-FTD patients, and 40 disease controls hospitalized between September 2013 and October 2020. CSF parameters including total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), immunoglobulin-G (IgG), and MBP were collected and compared between groups. The CSF-TP, CSF-Alb, CSF-IgG, and CSF/serum quotients of Alb and IgG (QAlb, QIgG) were used to reflect the BBB status. Patients were followed up until December 2020. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier method were used for survival analysis. RESULTS The CSF-TP, CSF-Alb, and CSF-IgG concentrations were significantly higher in patients than controls (p

A total synthesis approach of CS-E oligosaccharides was established and a series of derivatives were synthesized. These oligosaccharides were evaluated for a glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding protein interaction against cytokines, midkine, and pleiotrophin, by surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. The binding epitopes of oligosaccharides to midkine were mapped using a saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR technique. The groups on the reducing end contributed to binding affinity, and should not be ignored in biological assays. These findings contribute to the structure and activity relationship research and a foundation of understanding that will underpin potential future optimization of this class of oligosaccharides as pharmaceutical agents.

To the best of our knowledge, thus far there are no reported cases of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) with multiple complications. In this case report, we describe the clinical phenotype of MNTI in a 9-month-old female infant associated with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), a congenital heart defect, and congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Our study showed that the growth of MNTI was delayed by a lower dosage of levothyroxine (L-T4) that was prescribed to treat CH because of the presence of TOF, a severe congenital heart disease. However, the standardized dosage of L-T4 improved thyroid function but stimulated the rapid growth of MNTI. Our report demonstrated that treatment with L-T4 affects the progression of MNTI. Our findings demonstrated the role of thyroid hormone in MNTI growth and progression. Furthermore, our study suggested that the treatment of co-morbidities in children with MNTI requires careful consideration of their effects on the growth and progression of MNTI.

Background Cancer is a primary public health problem worldwide today. Tetrandrine (Tet) and fangchinoline (Fan) are extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Stephania tetrandra S., which are two types of bis-benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids with anti-tumor activity. However, Tet and Fan are not suitable for clinical application due to their high effective doses. Results Through chemical modification, 19 novel Tet and Fan derivatives were firstly proposed and synthesized in this work, and they were assessed for the cytotoxicity against six tumor cell lines (H520, H460, HepG-2, HeLa, A549, and MCF-7) and human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2b) by the CCK-8 assay. Compared to the parent Fan, ten derivatives demonstrated better cytotoxic effects, and 4b exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against A549 cells growth (IC50 = 0.78 µM) and low toxicity against BEAS-2b cells (IC50 = 17.22 µM). Encouragingly, the IC50 value of compound 4b was 0.78 µM, demonstrating 3.53-fold, 10.22-fold and 12.13-fold more anticancer activity than HCPT, Tet and Fan, respectively. Subsequently, the anti-tumor mechanism of compound 4b was studied by hoechst 33258, flow cytometry, cell scratch, western blotting, and JC-1 staining. The results indicated compound 4b remarkably inhibited the cell migration by decreasing MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells by arresting the G2/M cell cycle. Meanwhile, compound 4b could also induce A549 cell apoptosis by promoting endogenous pathways of mitochondrial regulation. Subsequently, we simulated the drug stability of compound 4b in vivo, compound 4b showed a hydrolysis half-life of over 8 h in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. In addition, in vivo experiments in nude mice presented that the growth of tumor tissues was markedly inhibited by the consumption of compound 4b in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibition rate of the high-dose group (40 mg/kg) was greater than 50%. Regarding the anti-tumor mechanism of compound 4b, it was found that compound 4b could inhibit the mTOR/PI3K/AKT pathway in vivo. Furthermore, the binding mode of BCl-2 and Bax with compound 4b was investigated by performing a molecular docking study. Conclusions In summary, our present study unveiled the antitumor activities of 19 novel derivatives against the normal lung epithelial BESA-2b cells and six cancer cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, the following experiments illuminated that compound 4b could exert antitumor effects and induce apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in vivo through triggering the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathways. This newly Fan derivative could exert antitumor effects in vivo and in vitro, which implied that compound 4b would be a prospective new anti-lung cancer drug for future development.

It has been reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), especially EPA-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PL), significantly ameliorates depression-like behavior in mice, while the corresponding effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is weak. However, it is still unclear whether the limited effect of DHA on alleviating depression is remedied by dose and chemical structure adjustment to DHA-PL.A mouse model with depression is established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) coupled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge to simulate the infection-triggered immune perturbation during chronic stress, and the effects of dietary 0.2% EPA-PL, 0.2% DHA-PL, 0.6% DHA-PL, and 0.6% DHA-enriched ethyl ester (DHA-EE) are comparatively investigated. The results demonstrate that dietary 0.6% DHA-PL, instead of 0.2% DHA-PL and 0.6% DHA-EE, significantly rescues the depression-like behavior with similar effects to 0.2% EPA-PL. Further studies reveal that dietary DHA-PL regulates immune dysregulation, inhibits neuroinflammation by NLRP3 inflammasome, and further improves monoamine systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.The limited effect of DHA on depression is remedied by chemical structure adjustment to DHA-PL and three-fold dose. The present findings provide a potential novel candidate or targeted dietary patterns to prevent and treat depression.

The complex pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads to a limited therapeutic effect; therefore, the combination of multiple bioactive ingredients may be more effective in improving AD due to synergistic effects. Based on the perspective of the sea–land combination, the effects of sea-derived Antarctic krill oil (AKO) combined with land-derived nobiletin (Nob) and L-theanine (The) on memory loss and cognitive deficiency were studied in senescence-accelerated prone 8 mice (SAMP8). The results demonstrated that AKO combined with The significantly increased the number of platform crossings in the Morris water maze test by 1.6-fold, and AKO combined with Nob significantly increased the preference index in a novel object recognition test. AKO exhibited synergistic effects with Nob and The in ameliorating recognition memory and spatial memory deficiency in SAMP8 mice, respectively. Further research of the mechanism indicated that AKO exhibited synergistic effects with Nob in suppressing β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, neurofibrillary tangles, and apoptosis and neuroinflammation, while the synergistic effects of AKO and The involved in synaptic plasticity and anti-neuroinflammation, which revealed that the combination was complex, not a mechanical addition. These findings revealed that the sea–land combination may be an effective strategy to treat and alleviate AD.

Small berries have become an attractive topic of research due to their high content in phenolic compounds and reported antioxidant activity. However, there are currently few reports on the deep characterization of their polyphenol composition. Five kinds of berries (raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, mulberry and black chokeberry) were studied to compare the antioxidant activities and polyphenol compositions of both berry juice and pomace (by-products in processing). Results showed that pomaces were more potent antioxidants than juices, especially those that originated from red raspberry. The polyphenol contents in pomaces ranged from 137 to 222 mg/g, this was higher than juices that ranged from 2.75 to 8.88 mg/g, with mulberry accounting for the highest content. The main compounds in pomaces were phenolic compounds with different relative contents found by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 568 compounds were identified, including 238 flavonoids and 131 phenolic acids. PCA, HCA and OPLS-DA analyses were performed to find similarities on the polyphenol and metabolomic profile of the sampled berries. This analysis unveiled that all studied berries presented a significantly different polyphenol profile, on which raspberry and blackberry were the most similar. Results suggested that berry pomaces can be valuable sources of phenolic compounds of which the major components are anthocyanins and phenolic acids, with potential applications as antioxidant food additives, or raw materials for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. Provincial Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong | Ref. 2021SFGC0904; 2021TZXD001; 2021TZXD004 Natural Science Foundation of Shandong, China | Ref. ZR2020QD103; ZR2020MH401; ZR2021QH351 Agriculture Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Shandong Academy of Agriculture Sciences | Ref. CXGC2022B07; CXGC2022A04) Innovation Ability Improvement Project for Technology-Based Small and Medium-sized Enterprises of Shandong, China | Ref. 2022TSGC2002 Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431F 2020/12 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. RYC-2017-22891 Universidade de Vigo/CISUG.

In the context of big data, multivariate processes must often be monitored in a timely and accurate manner. Usually, the distribution of process variables is unknown. This paper proposes a new stra...

The electron beam of a ${K}$ -band space traveling-wave tube (TWT) has been investigated in a beam measurement system in this article. The primary beam emitted from a Pierce-type electron gun is scanned by a Faraday cup probe, and the beam current density distribution and envelope are determined. The spent beam is also diagnosed with a novel retarding field energy analyzer (RFEA) by using the monopulse measurement method, and a comparison of velocity distribution between the experimental result and simulation is presented.

Visible light near infrared (VS-NIR) hyperspectral combined with three-dimensional laser scanning was applied to extract the VS-NIR features of lettuce nitrogen between 400-1700 nm and 3D morphological features of the plants. Such combination realizes the rapid quantitative detection of lettuce nitrogen. This study is based on the hyperspectral image data cube achieved from lettuce leaves with different nitrogen levels. Stepwise regression sensitive area was used and adaptive band selection method was combined to extract the characteristic spectrum and feature image of lettuce nitrogen and characterize the average image intensity. Also; the error caused by moisture variation content in lettuce nitrogen image features was compensated. Then a model of lettuce nitrogen hyperspectral image diagnosis was built. The reverse engineering software Geomagic Qualify was used to repair and smooth interference noise and discontinuous range which are based on the 3D laser scanning data of lettuce. Accordingly, the stem diameter, plant height, leaf area, and biomass features of different nitrogen levels of lettuce are obtained and the model of nitrogen detection about lettuce growth features was built based on reverse engineering and integral method. Multi-scale fusion lettuce nitrogen detection model is built by using the acquired hyperspectral images with growing features of lettuce nitrogen and adopting genetic algorithm combined with partial least squares regression. Results show the correlation coefficient R of the built model is 0.95; the model precision is much better than single feature of hyperspectral images and 3D laser scanning model. The feature extraction algorithm and the eigenvectors provide the reference for development of facilities for online monitoring system of crop growth information.

Key for identifying the members of genus Chamaegastrodia 1. Apex of epichile contracted, with rarely entired or only slightly erose margin.................................................................................2 - Apex of epichile enlarged, partite.......................................................................................................................................................3 2. Lip canoe-shaped, margin wavy; column, with 2 triangular, fleshy wings attached to apex vertically..................... C. guidongensis - Lip narrowly ovate to ovate-oblong, apex acute to acuminate; column with 2 dentoid norrow-lanceolate stigmatic processes attached to apex................................................................................................................................................................. C. vaginata 3. Lip Y-shaped, with a deep incision at apex of epichile, saccate at base.............................................................................................4 - Lip T-shaped, with slightly notched epichile at apex.........................................................................................................................5 4. Lip orange yellow, ca. 16 × 13 mm, with a pair of elongate introrse lobules at the epichile lobes................................... C. poilanei - Lip light yellow, 11.2–12.2 × 5.8–7 mm at apex, absence of a pair of elongate introrse lobules at the epichile lobes............................................................................................................................................................................................................ C. nanlingensis 5. Lip with crisped margin at apex........................................................................................................................................... C. asraoa - Lip with entire margin at apex............................................................................................................................................................6 6. Lip mesochile lacking external flanges; anther with 2 narrowly triangular-lanceolate lobes at base, sessile...................... C. inverta - Lip mesochile with external flanges; anther lacking basal lobes, attached to column via a short filament................... C. shikokiana, Published as part of Qu, Chen-Hui, Jin, Yue, Yu, Xun-Lin, Huang, Cun-Zhong, Wu, Lei & Tian, Huai-Zhen, 2022, Chamaegastrodia guidongensis (Orchidaceae), a new species from Hunan, China, pp. 267-272 in Phytotaxa 555 (3) on page 271, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.555.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6911399

Chamaegastrodia guidongensis L.Wu, H.Z.Tian & C.Z.Huang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2, 3) Type: — CHINA. Hunan: Guidong County, Dongluo Village, 765 m, 20 July 2021, flowering period, A . Liu, Y. K. Gong & M. Z. Huang LK1671 (holotype: CSFI!, isotype: HSNU!); CHINA. Hunan: Guidong County, Dongluo Vilage, 12 October 2020, fruiting period, H. L . Liu et al. 30145 (paratype: HNNU!) Diagnosis: —The new species is distinct from other Y-shaped and T-shaped lip species of Chamaegastrodia by its unique canoe-shaped lip. It is most close to C. vaginata, but distinguishes by the lip and 2 triangular fleshy wings attached to the apex of column. Description: —Plant 10–25 cm, leafless. Rhizome, stout, 3–8 mm in diam., fleshy, translucent, glossy, light yellow to pale hazel red, with sparse short branches; mature branches ca. 8 mm, short, coralloid, brown to white fading from base to apex; sparse short fiber no more than 3 mm, slender. Stem 7–20 cm, ca. 3 mm diam., erect, pale hazel, covered with overlapping sheathing scales; scales 7–15 mm, decurrent at base and acuminate to abruptly tapered at the apex, pale-hazel in color, translucent, membranous, with short fleshy puberulent. Inflorescence with 3–9 flowers, puberulous rachis ca. 3.3 cm, elongating during fruiting; floral bracts, ca. 7 mm, as 2/3 the length of the ovary, ovate to lanceolate, orange-yellow to pale brown, depth and reverse warping at apex, with uneven surface; pedicel and ovary fusiform, ca. 8 mm, finely puberulous. Flowers non-resupinate; sepals fawn-colored, orange-yellow at apex, translucent, membranous, densely puberulous externally; dorsal sepal ca. 1.7 × 4.5 mm, ovate, acute, with many parallel distinct veins; lateral sepals ca. 6.4 × 3.1 mm, falcate, acute, with one distinct midvein and many parallel veins; petals ca. 4.8 × 2.3 mm, falcate, acute, pale yellow-orange at base, translucent, membranous, parallel veins only at apex; lip ca. 9.3 mm, canoe-shaped, margin wavy, folded inward, mid-part concaved with ridged midvein, wrinkled outside but smooth inside; hypochile dilated 3-times than epichile, concave-saccate wrapping the column up, yellow-orange, containing 2 sessile, sarcoma-shaped orange calli at base, one on each side of the sac; epichile, folded tightly, fawn; column ca. 5.0 × 2.2 mm, short, with 2 triangular, fleshy wings attached to apex vertically; anther ca. 0.8 × 0.1 mm, long-ovoid, attached to column via a short linear filament; rostellum forked, ca. 2.3 mm, erect, longer than the anther cap peak. Etymology: —The species epithet refers to the type locality, Guidong County, Hunan province. Chinese vernacular name:—桂东eạ兰 [guì d&omacr;ng dié qiào lán]. Distribution and habitat: —The new species grows in humus-rich soil under broad-leaved forest at elevations of 700— 900 m. Phenology: —Flowering in mid-July; fruiting from August to October. Conservation status: —The populations of Chamaegastrodia guidongensis have only been found in Dongluo Village, with at most 100 m 2 distribution area and less than 50 mature individuals. It is worth mentioning that the size of populations declined than we observed in 2020, but the reason for the drift is unknown. As the populations are in the inaccessible habitat and no use of this species for traditional medicine were reported in local area. According to the Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (2022), the new species should be temporarily assigned as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR B2a & D) by its limited populations, localities and vulnerable habitats., Published as part of Qu, Chen-Hui, Jin, Yue, Yu, Xun-Lin, Huang, Cun-Zhong, Wu, Lei & Tian, Huai-Zhen, 2022, Chamaegastrodia guidongensis (Orchidaceae), a new species from Hunan, China, pp. 267-272 in Phytotaxa 555 (3) on pages 268-271, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.555.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6911399

Chamaegastrodia guidongensis L.Wu, H.Z.Tian & C.Z.Huang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2, 3) Type: — CHINA. Hunan: Guidong County, Dongluo Village, 765 m, 20 July 2021, flowering period, A . Liu, Y. K. Gong & M. Z. Huang LK1671 (holotype: CSFI!, isotype: HSNU!); CHINA. Hunan: Guidong County, Dongluo Vilage, 12 October 2020, fruiting period, H. L . Liu et al. 30145 (paratype: HNNU!) Diagnosis: —The new species is distinct from other Y-shaped and T-shaped lip species of Chamaegastrodia by its unique canoe-shaped lip. It is most close to C. vaginata, but distinguishes by the lip and 2 triangular fleshy wings attached to the apex of column. Description: —Plant 10–25 cm, leafless. Rhizome, stout, 3–8 mm in diam., fleshy, translucent, glossy, light yellow to pale hazel red, with sparse short branches; mature branches ca. 8 mm, short, coralloid, brown to white fading from base to apex; sparse short fiber no more than 3 mm, slender. Stem 7–20 cm, ca. 3 mm diam., erect, pale hazel, covered with overlapping sheathing scales; scales 7–15 mm, decurrent at base and acuminate to abruptly tapered at the apex, pale-hazel in color, translucent, membranous, with short fleshy puberulent. Inflorescence with 3–9 flowers, puberulous rachis ca. 3.3 cm, elongating during fruiting; floral bracts, ca. 7 mm, as 2/3 the length of the ovary, ovate to lanceolate, orange-yellow to pale brown, depth and reverse warping at apex, with uneven surface; pedicel and ovary fusiform, ca. 8 mm, finely puberulous. Flowers non-resupinate; sepals fawn-colored, orange-yellow at apex, translucent, membranous, densely puberulous externally; dorsal sepal ca. 1.7 × 4.5 mm, ovate, acute, with many parallel distinct veins; lateral sepals ca. 6.4 × 3.1 mm, falcate, acute, with one distinct midvein and many parallel veins; petals ca. 4.8 × 2.3 mm, falcate, acute, pale yellow-orange at base, translucent, membranous, parallel veins only at apex; lip ca. 9.3 mm, canoe-shaped, margin wavy, folded inward, mid-part concaved with ridged midvein, wrinkled outside but smooth inside; hypochile dilated 3-times than epichile, concave-saccate wrapping the column up, yellow-orange, containing 2 sessile, sarcoma-shaped orange calli at base, one on each side of the sac; epichile, folded tightly, fawn; column ca. 5.0 × 2.2 mm, short, with 2 triangular, fleshy wings attached to apex vertically; anther ca. 0.8 × 0.1 mm, long-ovoid, attached to column via a short linear filament; rostellum forked, ca. 2.3 mm, erect, longer than the anther cap peak. Etymology: —The species epithet refers to the type locality, Guidong County, Hunan province. Chinese vernacular name:—桂东eạ兰 [guì d&omacr;ng dié qiào lán]. Distribution and habitat: —The new species grows in humus-rich soil under broad-leaved forest at elevations of 700— 900 m. Phenology: —Flowering in mid-July; fruiting from August to October. Conservation status: —The populations of Chamaegastrodia guidongensis have only been found in Dongluo Village, with at most 100 m 2 distribution area and less than 50 mature individuals. It is worth mentioning that the size of populations declined than we observed in 2020, but the reason for the drift is unknown. As the populations are in the inaccessible habitat and no use of this species for traditional medicine were reported in local area. According to the Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (2022), the new species should be temporarily assigned as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR B2a & D) by its limited populations, localities and vulnerable habitats.