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Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Early-senescence phenotype of old12 under short-day condition. Fig. S2. Visualization of allele frequency by SHOREmap. Fig. S3. Absence of old12 phenotype in p2k2-1. Fig. S4. Comparison of the protein sequence of P2K2 from different accessions. Fig. S5. Conservation of the C-terminal extension of P2K2 in Brassicaceae. Fig. S6. Full blot images for figure 4 Fig. S7. Tissue-specific expression of P2K2 in Col-0. Fig. S8. Crossing of npr1 into the old12 mutant results in leaf bleaching. Table S1. Putative EMS-induced SNPs on Chromosome I. Table S2. qPCR primers used.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Transgenic sorghum lines were grown in a PC2 glasshouse. (a) 1 week; (b) 2 weeks; (c) 3 weeks; (d) 5 weeks; (e) 7 weeks; (f) 10 weeks in the glasshouse; (g) mature T×430; (h) mature A5; (f) mature L9. Fig. S2. The Construct Used for Gene Transformation. Stem-specific Promoter: either A1 resulting in high gene expression in the mature stalk or LSG2 resulting in high gene expression in the loading sucrose section of the stalk. Vacuole leading: encoding a propeptide to guide SI gene products to vacuole, where sucrose accumulates. Non-silence target gene: sucrose isomerase without motifs gene silencing in plants. Multiple terminators: three recombined terminators complex to guarantee the proper termination of gene transcription. Fig. S3. PCR screening of sucrose isomerase gene in transgenic LSG2 lines. The agarose gel displayed PCR results of transgenic lines. M: DNA ladder; NC: negative control; Transgenic lines L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L7, L9, L14, and L16 were positive of the sucrose isomerase gene; Transgenic lines L6, L8, L10, L11, L12, L13,L15, and L17 were negative of the sucrose isomerase gene. Fig. S4. Sugar profile of T1 L9 lines. Sugars, including isomaltulose, were measured 20-day post-anthesis in the middle section of internode 4 (counted from top). L9 is one of the top lines in T0 transgenic lines. L9-2, 9-3, 9-6, 9-7, 9-11, 9-12 are isomaltulose positive samples. Nil-L9-4, 9-8 and 9-9 are null-segregant samples in T1 generation. T×430-1, T×430-2, and T×430-3 are the non-transformed control. Fig. S5. PCR screening of sucrose isomerase gene in T1 lines. The agarose gel displayed PCR results of transgenic lines and controls. M: 1 Kb DNA ladder; Positive A5 T1 progenies: A5-2 and A5-4; Positive L2 T1 progenies: L2-1, L2-3 and L2-6; Positive L9 T1 progenies: L9-2, and L9-4; T×430-1, T×430-2 are non-transgenic control samples; PC: positive plasmid control (LSG2). Table S1. Sugar profile of controls and positive transgenic lines with isomaltulose. Table S2. Sugar profile of F1 hybrid lines of R9188 X L9.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Feature comparisons between two versions.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Significant loci detected in multiple amino acid traits. A total of 47 SNPs representing 40 loci were identified in at least two amino acid traits. All SNPs within a 40 kb region defines a locus.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. A radar chart showing the distribution of average values of grain quality traits across different sorghum usage groups. The numbers on the chart are the average values of each grain quality trait, and the length of lines is proportional to these averages. Different line colours represent different usage groups.