Search

Additional file 1. Description of data (reference: https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/submission-guidelines/preparing-your-manuscript#preparing+additional+files ).

Past studies have shown that adult listeners can classify gender from children’s speech – long before anatomical differences between the sexes emerge. This suggests that gender differences in speaking style are learned early in life through socialization. Yet, no study to date has asked whether children also perceive gender cues in child speech. In Study 1, we found that 3.5- to 6-year-olds were able to detect gender from their age-matched peers’ speech, and that their performance was moderated by parents’ gender attitudes. In Study 2, we examine whether the effect of parental socialization is mirrored in children's production. We predicted that how easy children's gender can be perceived from their speech is moderated by parents’ gender attitudes. Our findings support our prediction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that sensitivity to gender cues emerges early in life, and that parental socialization contributes to the development of both gendered speech perception and production.

Listeners often have trouble identifying other-accented talkers. Some suggest this Other Accent Effect (OAE) occurs only for non-native accents (e.g., Canadian English listeners experience it for Mandarin-accented English, but not Australian English). But the line between native and non-native accents can be difficult to distinguish, and past studies have confounded accent strength with accent type. Thus, we hypothesize that accent strength modulates the OAE. We predict a heavy non-native accent will elicit an OAE, whereas a light one will not. To test this, we presented native Canadian English listeners with voice line-ups of native Canadian English accented, non-native heavy Mandarin-accented, and non-native light Mandarin-accented talkers. Unsurprisingly, listeners performed better with Canadian English talkers than Mandarin-accented talkers. Crucially, listeners performed equally poorly with both heavy and light Mandarin-accented talkers. Thus, we found no evidence for our hypothesis; instead, we observe that even a weak non-native accent can elicit a strong OAE.

Past studies have revealed that language experience impacts children’s vocabulary development. For example, bilingual children tend to have smaller vocabularies than monolingual children in each of their languages. However, it is unclear whether routine exposure to multiple accents also affects children’s vocabulary growth. Here, using standardized vocabulary assessments, we compared the reported vocabulary sizes of 11- to 34-month-old monolingual and bilingual children (N = 2881) who had various degrees of accent exposure. Our results show that routine exposure to multiple accents, regardless of accent type, does not negatively impact vocabulary development. Our findings suggest that children are well-equipped to handle language variation in their input.

Adults are more accurate at identifying own- than other-accented talkers (e.g., Stevenage, 2012). However, no study to date has examined when the Other Accent Effect (OAE) first emerges. Here, we use a voice line-up task to test 6- to 12-year-olds (N=59) on their ability to recognize own- (Canadian English) and other-accented (Japanese- or Mandarin-accented English) talkers. Own-accented talkers (M=0.77) were recognized better than other-accented talkers (M=0.61), p

Villains are disproportionately voiced with foreign accents in children’s media (Lippi-Green, 1997), and previous work has shown that children do indeed associate foreign accents with villains (St. Pierre & Johnson, 2022). Here, we investigate whether short-term exposure to foreign-accented heroes can mitigate this association. First, 7- to 9-year-old children (current n=112) watched a series of cartoon clips featuring either foreign-accented heroes or foreign-accented villains. Then, participants watched new clips in which foreign- and native-accented voice actors each performed both a hero and villain, and selected which character they thought each voice was best suited for. Preliminary results show that children were less likely to associate foreign accents with villains after exposure to foreign-accented heroes (compared to foreign-accented villains). These findings demonstrate how strongly language biases in children’s media can impact children’s attitudes, and suggest that more mindful programming might help reduce the development of negative social views towards foreign accents.

Pictures and videos are uploaded here.

Gender differences in unpleasant assignment

Auditory stimuli are uploaded here

Gender differences in 360 feedback survey

This contains information on experiment protocols

We are examining whether participants are less outraged and believe it more just when men are subjected to work conditions that are extremely stressful and unpleasant, but highly paid, compared to women who are subjected to the same conditions.

The aquaculture industry faces growing pressure to reduce the use of antibiotics for control of bacterial diseases. In this study we tested the effectiveness of dietary cecropin A, an insect-derived antimicrobial peptide, at preventing mortality and reducing incidence of carrier status in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged by immersion with Yersinia ruckeri. Additionally, we conducted longitudinal analyses of microbiome changes to elucidate effects of both cecropin A and bacterial infection. An in vitro experiment indicated that Y. ruckeri is susceptible to cecropin A. However, dietary cecropin A did not improve the survival of fish challenged with Y. ruckeri, nor did it decrease the persistence of Y. ruckeri in the intestine of fish that survived infection. Moreover, levels of intestinal Y. ruckeri as measured by qPCR suggested that cecropin A may have negatively impacted the ability of fish to resist colonization by this bacterial pathogen. Concomitantly with the survival experiments, the microbiomes of challenged and mock-challenged fish were sampled at days 0, 3, 8, and 30. The microbiomes were in general dominated by Mycoplasma sp. at days 0, 3 and 8, independent of diet, and whether fish had been challenged or mock-challenged. At day 30, the microbiomes of mock-challenged fish fed the +cecropin diet were characterized by lower internal (alpha) diversity (pMycoplasma sp., and a decrease in gram-negative taxa, when compared to the microbiomes of fish fed the control diet. The opposite was observed in the microbiome of challenged fish. Lastly, correlation analysis of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) revealed a negative correlation between the presence of Y. ruckeri and seven ASVs, including Mycoplasma sp., suggesting possible beneficial effects of these taxa. In addition, six ASVs were positively correlated to Y. ruckeri, including Flavobacterium succinicans – a known opportunistic fish pathogen. In conclusion, this study revealed that dietary cecropin A was bioactive and exerted significant effects on the microbiome but did not improve fish resistance to infection by Y. ruckeri. Based on our observations and other published results, it appears that high relative abundance of Mycoplasma sp. correlates with higher resistance to intestinal colonization by bacterial pathogens.

The time course of events following end-to-side nerve coaptation remains unclear. Re-innervation and effects on the donor nerve were assessed following short- and long-term end-to-side neurorrhaphy were investigated in a rat model. One hundred and our Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomized to fresh and pre degenerated repair groups with or without perineurotomy. The right peroneal nerve was sutured to the tibial nerve in an end-to-side manner. Histological and electro-physiological assessment of re-innervation and of the donor nerve was performed at two-three months and at nine-twelve months, post-operatively. The results demonstrated that end-to-side neurorrhaphy could attract axonal sprouts and successfully re-innervate the target muscles. The influence on donor nerve was minimal in late stages, although it did have early negative effect. Double labeling provided evidence that one of the mechanisms of this procedure is probably by collateral sprouting.

Hormone laboratories located "on-site" where field studies are being conducted have a number of advantages. On-site laboratories allow hormone analyses to proceed in near-real-time, minimize logistics of sample permits/shipping, contribute to in-country capacity-building, and (our focus here) facilitate cross-site collaboration through shared methods and a shared laboratory. Here we provide proof-of-concept that an on-site hormone laboratory (the Taboga Field Laboratory, located in the Taboga Forest Reserve, Costa Rica) can successfully run endocrine analyses in a remote location. Using fecal samples from wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) from three Costa Rican forests, we validate the extraction and analysis of four steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone) across six assays (DetectX and ISWE, all from Arbor Assays). Additionally, as the first collaboration across three long-term, wild capuchin field sites (Lomas Barbudal, Santa Rosa, Taboga) involving local Costa Rican collaborators, this laboratory can serve as a future hub for collaborative exchange. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

BackgroundFor patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosed in the primary care setting, transfer to a higher level of care, like the emergency department, has long been the convention. Evidence is growing that outpatient management, that is, care without hospitalization, is safe, effective, and feasible for selected low-risk patients with acute PE. Whether outpatient care can be provided entirely in the primary care setting has not been well-studied. We report a case of outpatient management of a low-risk patient with acute PE without emergency department transfer.Case summaryA 74-year-old woman with a history of recent surgery and immobilization presented to a primary care physician with 10 days of mild, non-exertional pleuritic chest pain. Her D-dimer concentration was elevated. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography identified a lobar embolus without right ventricular dysfunction. She declined emergency department transfer but was classified as low risk (class II) on the PE Severity Index and met the criteria of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for outpatient care. Her physician provided comprehensive clinic-based PE management, discharging her to home with education, anticoagulation, and close follow-up. She completed her 3-month treatment course without complication.DiscussionThis case describes patient-centred, comprehensive, outpatient PE management in the primary care setting for a woman meeting explicit ESC outpatient criteria. This case illustrates the elements of care that clinics can put in place to facilitate PE management without having to transfer eligible low-risk patients to a higher level of care.

COVID- 19 lockdown provided a unique, in situ opportunity to probe caretaker experiences of living with companion animals during a stressful event. We launched an online survey in the United States that included standard demographic questions, questions related to household structures, and 25 Likert scale questions that probed perceptions of whether and how respondents’ relationships changed during social isolation. This paper uses a subset of that data specific to dog and cat guardians. A principal components analysis and Mann-Whitney U test returned no significant differences between cat and dog guardians on three scales (Scale 1: Psychological Well-being, Scale 2: Bonding, and Scale 3: Companion Animal vs. Family). However, subtle differences emerged on specific items (e.g., “my pet is an extension of me”). We suggest guardian perceptions of species-specific needs and cognitive/emotional capacities may bias relationships with companion animals. Furthermore, we suggest these differences are the result of persistent cultural myths about the differences between cats and dogs.

Listeners interpret spoken language differently, depending on the perceived identity of the speaker. Within increasingly diverse societies, it is important to understand how speaker characteristics such as accent may impact simple linguistic exchanges. In the current study, children are being tested on their ability to recall factual information provided by native and non-native accented English speakers. Preliminary results demonstrate that children tend to remember neutral facts better if they heard them from a native accented speaker. Interestingly, children understood the native and non-native accented talkers equally well, indicating that comprehension difficulties could not account for the results. To date, there have been no studies examining how a speaker’s accent affects children’s memory, and only preliminary, mixed results in adults have been found. This gap in the literature underscores the need to understand how linguistic biases might impact information transfer across diverse language communities.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-qjp-10.1177_17470218221094312 for How sociolinguistic factors shape children’s subjective impressions of teacher quality by Melissa Paquette-Smith, Helen Buckler and Elizabeth K Johnson in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

The Vera C. Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time holds the potential to revolutionize time domain astrophysics, reaching completely unexplored areas of the Universe and mapping variability time scales from minutes to a decade. To prepare to maximize the potential of the Rubin LSST data for the exploration of the transient and variable Universe, one of the four pillars of Rubin LSST science, the Transient and Variable Stars Science Collaboration, one of the eight Rubin LSST Science Collaborations, has identified research areas of interest and requirements, and paths to enable them. While our roadmap is ever-evolving, this document represents a snapshot of our plans and preparatory work in the final years and months leading up to the survey's first light., Comment: 202 pages (in book format) 34 figures plus chapter heading figures (13)

Adults are far better at identifying adult talkers than child talkers (e.g., Cooper et al., 2020). Why is this the case? Are child talkers acoustically less distinguishable (e.g., Lee et al., 1999)? Or perhaps adults better identify adult talkers, while children better identify child talkers (e.g., see Anastasi & Rhodes, 2005, for evidence that an own-age advantage exists in face recognition). Here, we test adults (N=72) and 6.5-year-olds (N=71) on a voice identification task featuring single word recordings by 8 children and 8 adults. While all listeners successfully identified all talkers above chance (ps

During the 20th century, wealthy Northern families purchased hundreds of Antebellum plantation estates in the Southeast, altering the meaning of the word ?plantation? with profound implications for the historical memory of slavery in the South. Plantation scholars have documented how these sites were restored with re-established traditional hierarchies? a legacy that persists today. Portraying slavery through a lens of paternalism and nostalgia, the plantations reified the pre-existing social order which appraised White authority and Black servitude as natural. The symbolic capital of the post-slavery plantation is deeply intertwined with alliances of race and class, influencing which narratives prevail and which are forgotten. Utilizing ethnographic interviews (n=17) and observation, this work documents the negotiations between material change within historic preservation and the popularity of plantation tourism in the region. Seeking an equitable and representative public history of plantations, this work highlights historic actors and resilience which have been obscured.

Listeners struggle to identify talkers with a different accent than their own, a phenomenon known as the Other Accent Effect (OAE). But for reasons that are not well understood, the OAE is not consistently observed in all studies. Comprehension-related processing demands offer one explanation, such that other-accented talkers who are more easily understood are also easier to recognize. Here, we test this hypothesis using a forensic-style voice line-up. We examine native English-speaking adults’ ability to recognize talkers from four accent groups, manipulating comprehension-related processing demands by presenting listeners with predictable sentences and subtitles (low-demand condition), or variable sentences without subtitles (high-demand condition). As predicted, the OAE was only observed for talkers with non-native accents. But crucially, our comprehension manipulation had no impact on talker recognition accuracy of any accent type. We conclude that comprehension ease is likely not a key factor driving the OAE. Other possible explanations are discussed.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-qjp-10.1177_17470218221094312 for How sociolinguistic factors shape children’s subjective impressions of teacher quality by Melissa Paquette-Smith, Helen Buckler and Elizabeth K Johnson in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

While the call for STEM and engineering design has increased since the release of the Next Generation Science Standards, the implementation of STEM in elementary grades has been slow. A variety of factors play a role in why educators, schools, or districts make the informed decisions they do regarding curriculum and instruction. Identifying strengths and challenges elementary educators face in implementing STEM into the curriculum can guide schools and districts in creating supports for increasing STEM in the elementary grades. This study sought to create and test a survey instrument for use with elementary educators in a large urban district in the southeastern US. The instrument was designed to examine elementary educators’ perceptions regarding STEM education, specifically analyzing how educators feel regarding their own preparation and confidence in teaching STEM. These findings focus on the specific district in question to gain understandings of what is happening in the schools. Analysis of district provided materials, resources available to educators, Professional Development opportunities, as well as honest feedback on challenges and obstacles that educators face are investigated. This study shows a glimpse of what is happening in some elementary schools within this district., © 2022 Elizabeth McKenzie Johnson

Additional file 1: Supplementary methods, Categorization of covariates. Figure S1. Flow chat. Figure S2. Distribution of ACE score. Figure S3. Standardized risk of PMDs over the total number of ACEs. Table S1. Required minimum frequency of events for ascertainment of ACEs. Table S2. Associations of accumulative ACEs with PMDs: complete-case analysis. Table S3. Associations of ACEs with premenstrual symptom score. Table S4. Associations of the number of ACEs with probable cases of PMDs, stratified by age group.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Identification codes for premenstrual disorders and injuries in the Registers. Supplementary Table S2. Characteristics of women with premenstrual disorders (PMD) identified from the Patient Register and the Prescribed Drug Register. Supplementary Table S3. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risks of assaults and other injuries. Supplementary Table S4. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risks of different subtypes of accidents. Supplementary Table S5. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risk of injury, with adjustment for binary psychiatric cormorbidities (yes or no) vs. number of psychiatric comorbidities. Supplementary Table S6. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risk of injury, with adjustment for any vs. specific psychiatric disorder. Supplementary Table S7. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risk of suicidal behavior: comparing adjustment for history of injury with adjustment for history of suicidal behavior. Supplementary Table S8. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risk of injury by restricting to PMD with a clinical diagnosis, a treatment indication, both diagnosis and indication, and at least two consecutive clinical diagnoses. Supplementary Table S9. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risk of injury by excluding the person-time preceding the diagnosis among PMD cases. Supplementary Table S10. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risk of injury by restricting to untreated specialist-diagnosed PMD. Supplementary Table S11. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risk of injury in the population analysis: a simulation analysis by randomly assigning a proportion of PMD diagnoses as false positive. Supplementary Table S12. Associations of premenstrual disorders (PMD) with subsequent risk of injury, stratified by year of birth, educational level, region of residency, and history of injury.

Children use accent to categorize speakers as in-group or out-group members (i.e., fellow speakers of language variety X or some other variety). This study tested how much 3- to 5-year-old children (N=159) consider both grammaticality and accent when categorizing speakers. After interacting with a native or non-native experimenter whose speech contained grammatical errors (or not), children completed a cultural categorization task, where they were asked where the experimenter likely grew up (a familiar- or unfamiliar-looking dwelling), as well as a resource allocation task, where children could share stickers with the experimenter. Results showed that children relied primarily on accent when deciding where the experimenter grew up, being more likely to associate native speakers with familiar dwellings than non-native speakers. However, children shared stickers with all speakers equally. The latter result contrasts with previous work using non-interactive paradigms, and may indicate that live interactions foster more favorable perceptions of non-native speakers.

Child speech deviates from adult speech in predictable ways. Are listeners who routinely interact with children implicitly aware of these systematic deviations, and thereby better at comprehending children? In Experiment 1, we explore this possibility by testing three types of participants with variable experience interacting with children: undergraduates with minimal experience with children (N=48), mothers of young children (N=48), and early childcare educators (N=36). Participants transcribed single-word utterances produced by the same set of children at 2.5-, 4-, and 5.5-years-old. In Experiment 2, mothers (N=50) completed a similar transcription task that featured speech by their own, and another, 2.5-year-old child. Participants performed similarly regardless of their experience with children, while mothers demonstrated a Familiar Talker Advantage with their own child’s speech. Our findings suggest that while experience with children may not facilitate improved comprehension of child speech in general, it may lead to enhanced comprehension of those children in particular.

Figures and tables presenting full results from statistical analyses

This study investigated whether positive or negative media exposure to non-local accents influences children’s language attitudes of those accents. Following exposure to heroic or villainous cartoon characters with either a regional (British; Experiment 1, N=89) or non-native (Experiment 2, N=84) accents, children were tested on a friend preference task, during which they selected—given a choice between a locally-accented child and a British-accented (Experiment 1) or Korean-accented (Experiment 2) child—which one they wanted to be friends with. Consistent with previous literature, children selected native-accented speakers at above chance rates, both when paired with British- (M=55%, β=0.25, p=0.03) and Korean-accented children (M=86%, β=2.63, p

Early vocabulary development is heavily influenced by children’s language environment. For example, higher SES children who have frequent and rich interactions with caregivers tend to have larger vocabulary size than lower SES children who have less stable home environment (e.g., Hoff & Naigles, 2002). Because of the recent pandemic, most Canadian children have experienced dramatic changes to their day-to-day life. In the current study, we ask whether the pandemic environment affects children’s vocabulary growth. We compare the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) scores of 11- to 34-month-olds collected before (N=1365) and after (N=301) the onset of COVID-19. Preliminary results show that CDI scores collected for toddlers after the pandemic onset are significantly lower than those collected before. We will continue to collect additional CDI data, and examine how factors such as screen time, reading time, SES, and number of people the child has regular interaction with mediate children’s vocabulary size.

RationaleThe evidence for outpatient pulmonary embolism (PE) management apart from hospitalization is expanding. The availability and ease of direct oral anticoagulants have facilitated this transition. The literature, however, is sparse on the topic of comprehensive management of pulmonary embolism in the primary care clinic setting. As such, the role of the primary care physician in the complete diagnosis, risk stratification for outpatient eligibility, and initiation of treatment is unclear.Case presentationsCase 1: A 33-year-old man with known heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation and a remote history of deep vein thrombosis presented to his primary care physician's office with 2 days of mild pleuritic chest pain and a dry cough after a recent transcontinental flight. Case 2: A 48-year-old man with a complex medical history including recent transverse myelitis presented to his primary care family physician with dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain for 6 days.DiagnosisCase 1: Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography that same afternoon showed multiple bilateral segmental and subsegmental emboli as well as several small pulmonary infarcts. Case 2: The patient's D-dimer was elevated at 1148 ng/mL. His physician ordered a computed tomographic pulmonary angiography, performed that evening, which showed segmental and subsegmental PE.InterventionsBoth patients were contacted by their respective physicians shortly after their diagnoses and, in shared decision-making, opted for treatment at home with 5 days of enoxaparin followed by dabigatran.OutcomesNeither patient developed recurrence nor complications in the subsequent 3 months.LessonsThese cases, stratified as low risk using the American College of Chest Physicians criteria and the PE Severity Index, are among the first in the literature to illustrate comprehensive primary care-based outpatient PE management. Care was provided within an integrated delivery system with ready, timely access to laboratory, advanced radiology, and allied health services. This report sets the stage for investigating the public health implications of comprehensive primary care-based PE management, including cost-savings as well as enhanced patient follow-up and patient satisfaction.

Une géopolitique biomimétique. Placer l’extérieur à l’intérieurLes innovations de la biomimétique ont mis au jour un lien récursif entre la production de savoirs biologiques, l’innovation technique et le contexte plus large des histoires et des environnements matériels. Cet article examine le projet RoboLobster et le rôle de la technique biomimétique dans la stratégie militaire des États-Unis. De quelle manière le biomimétisme militaire oriente-t-il certaines perceptions des biologies non humaines, en mettant ces dernières au service d’une stratégie politique, mais aussi en recodant leurs activités vitales à travers un langage de l’opérabilité ? La biologie et sa pratique sont re-conceptualisées au prisme de la bio-opérabilité et de l’éco-sécurisation pour devenir des actifs productifs. Par le langage de l’opérabilité, le vivant devient synonyme d’une capacité à s’adapter à des conditions environnementales. La culture épistémique de la biologie et celle de l’innovation technique se trouvent ainsi étroitement liées dans un rapport récursif, mais aussi inscrites dans une vision de la Terre comme champ de bataille, et de ses habitants comme agents actifs doués d’un potentiel transformatif. Ce projet n’est pas motivé par un souci d’accumulation, mais plutôt par une logique de domination opérationnelle de l’espace et des conditions environnementales. This paper analyzes how biomimetic innovations reveal a recursive knot between biological knowledge production, technological innovation, and wider material environments and histories. It focuses on the so-called RoboLobster project and the role of biomimetic technology within US military strategy. I consider how military biomimetics orients certain perspectives on nonhuman biologies, reframing them not only as active elements in political strategy, but also recoding their life activities through the language of operability. This, I suggest reconceptualizes bioscience and its labors as productive assets through a lens of bio-operability and eco-securitization. Through a language of operability, analyses of life are made synonymous with capacities to adapt to environmental conditions. In the process, not only have the epistemic cultures of bioscience and technological innovation become recursively entwined, they are enfolded within a view of the earth prefigured as a battlefield and its inhabitants viewed as active agents of transformative potential on it. These transformative potentials are not driven by accumulation, but by a logic of the operational dominance over space and environmental conditions.

Blue Legalities is inspired by the emerging “blue turn” in social sciences and the humanities about oceans and their inhabitants. But as important and comprehensive as this “blue turn” has been, it has yet to substantively and creatively take up questions of ocean law and governance. Specifically, increasing concerns around warming temperatures, increased pollution, sea level rise, ocean acidification, bio-harvesting, and deep-sea and sand mining are driving regulatory changes and raising questions about the nature of territory, sovereignty, and long-established claims in international law. The rapid technological and ecological transformations that have taken place over the last few decades are now altering the ways that the seas are governed, suggesting an urgent need for more critical attention to the laws of the seas, in their broadest and most pluralistic articulations. Blue Legalities offers such an intensified analysis, focusing on the ways in which our political frameworks and legal infrastructures have been made, contested, and are currently being remade in the oceans.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Search strategy. Table listing the terms used to search MEDLINE® and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau databases. Table S2. List of 51 articles included in Evidence Map. List of studies articles included in the evidence map. Table S3. List of 69 Unique Dietary Pattern or Dietary Score studies included in Evidence Map. List of dietary pattern or dietary score articles included in the evidence map. Table S4. List of 75 studies identified from abstract screening but excluded after full-text screening. List of studies excluded during full-text screening. Table S5. Baseline characteristics of included studies. Table listing the cohort names, study design, enrollment years, country, funding, N analyzed, reported age of participants, percent of male participants, baseline health status of participants, type of potato consumed, type of analysis, potato intake amounts, and list of study outcomes reported for each study.

By recording neural activity directly from the human brain, researchers gain unprecedented insight into how neurocognitive processes unfold in real time. We first briefly discuss how intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings, performed for clinical practice, are used to study human cognition with the spatiotemporal and single-trial precision traditionally limited to non-human animal research. We then delineate how studies using iEEG have informed our understanding of issues fundamental to human cognition: auditory prediction, working and episodic memory, and internal cognition. We also discuss the potential of iEEG to infer causality through the manipulation or 'engineering' of neurocognitive processes via spatiotemporally precise electrical stimulation. We close by highlighting limitations of iEEG, potential of burgeoning techniques to further increase spatiotemporal precision, and implications for future research using intracranial approaches to understand, restore, and enhance human cognition.

A variety of genetic techniques have been devised to determine cell lineage relationships during tissue development. Some of these systems monitor cell lineages spatially and/or temporally without regard to gene expression by the cells, whereas others correlate gene expression with the lineage under study. The GAL4 Technique for Real-time and Clonal Expression (G-TRACE) system allows for rapid, fluorescent protein-based visualization of both current and past GAL4 expression patterns and is therefore amenable to genome-wide expression-based lineage screens. Here we describe the results from such a screen, performed by undergraduate students of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Undergraduate Research Consortium for Functional Genomics (URCFG) and high school summer scholars as part of a discovery-based education program. The results of the screen, which reveal novel expression-based lineage patterns within the brain, the imaginal disc epithelia, and the hematopoietic lymph gland, have been compiled into the G-TRACE Expression Database (GED), an online resource for use by the Drosophila research community. The impact of this discovery-based research experience on student learning gains was assessed independently and shown to be greater than that of similar programs conducted elsewhere. Furthermore, students participating in the URCFG showed considerably higher STEM retention rates than UCLA STEM students that did not participate in the URCFG, as well as STEM students nationwide.

This paper examines U.S. political and social discourse on the 2014 Gaza-Israel conflict and attempts to better understand U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, specifically on Israel. By examining official U.S. government documents, media articles, and pop culture platforms, this project identifies dominant narratives within the United States on Israel and the Palestinian territories. The complicated notions of identity that were discursively expressed within the United States on the 2014 Gaza-Israel conflict are deconstructed and discussed to further the academic discussion on U.S. relations in the Middle East. Master of Arts This paper examines U.S. political and social discourse on the 2014 Gaza-Israel conflict and attempts to better understand U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, specifically on Israel. By examining official U.S. government documents, media articles, and pop culture platforms, this project identifies dominant narratives within the United States on Israel and the Palestinian territories. The complicated notions of identity that were discursively expressed within the United States on the 2014 Gaza-Israel conflict are deconstructed and discussed to further the academic discussion on U.S. relations in the Middle East.

Supplemental material, Supplement_Online_Appendix_858121 for Household Member Arrest and Adolescent Substance Use: The Mediating Roles of Parenting and Youth Psychological Distress by Elizabeth I. Johnson, Tanner Kilpatrick, Anneliese C. Bolland and John Bolland in Criminal Justice and Behavior

Cell migration is a highly conserved process involving cytoskeletal reorganization and restructuring of the surrounding extracellular matrix. Although there are many studies describing mechanisms underlying cell motility, little has been reported about the contribution of alternative isoform use toward cell migration. Here, we investigated whether alternative isoform use can affect cell migration focusing on reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), an established inhibitor of cell migration. We found that a shorter isoform of RECK is more highly expressed in proliferating fibroblasts, in TGF-β-treated fibroblasts, and in tumors compared with differentiated tissue. Knockdown of this short RECK isoform reduces fibroblast migration through Matrigel. Thus, this short isoform of RECK generated by a combination of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation plays an opposing role to the canonical RECK isoform, as knockdown of canonical RECK results in faster cell migration through Matrigel. We show that the short RECK protein competes with matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) for binding to the Kazal motifs of canonical RECK, thus liberating MMP9 from an inactivating interaction with canonical RECK. Our studies provide a new paradigm and a detailed mechanism for how alternative isoform use can regulate cell migration by producing two proteins with opposing effects from the same genetic locus.

Supplementary figures and supplementary Tables S1-S5. (PDF 6052Â kb)