Search

Photocatalytic water splitting converts solar energy to storable hydrogen molecules which has the highest energy per mass. Most catalysts for photocatalytic water splitting utilize noble metals or precious metals. Organic photocatalysts are attracting more attention owing to several advantages like light weight, low cost, defined structure and tunability. In this study, the synthesis of several dibenzo[b,f][1,5]- diazocines via microwave irradiation for water splitting application is reported. Microwave irradiation facilitates fast, safe and simple synthesis in green reaction conditions. Mini library of dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines were created in order to understand substituents effect on the photocatalytic activity.

Robinson′s synthesis has long been a classic in organic chemistry due to its simplicity and impact in the industry. Various modifications have been made to improve the system. Among them, replacing acetone with more acidic chemical equivalents such as calcium dicarboxylic acid or ethyl dicarboxylic acetone improved the yield. In line with this trend, our group previously reported the synthesis of mono- and di-N-substituted tropinone derivatives from the one-pot reaction of 2,5-dimethoxy tetrahydrofuran and various amines with acetonedicarboxylic acid in the presence of HCl and water at room temperature. In this study, the synthesis with acetone instead of acetone-dicarboxylic acid was examined. Mono- and di-N-substituted nortropinones were prepared in higher yields in all cases although there were extent to which yields increased depending on the nature of substituents

The main structure of many compounds containing spirohydantoin and Schiff bases of indenoquinoxalines and indenopyridopyrazinones expose valuable pharmacological properties. Herein, an effective synthesis and stereochemistry of indenoquinoxalinones (2a, 2b+bi~2d+di) and indenopyridopyrazinones (2e+ei~g+gi) via the reaction of ninhydrin with desirable diamines is reported. We synthesized the corres-ponding spirohydantoins (3a, 3b~d and 3bi~di) from synthesized indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalinones and indeno[1,2-b]pyrido[3,2-e]pyrazinones with the standard Bucherer-Bergs conditions (KCN, ammonium carbonate, acetonitrile, refluxing, without NaHSO3). And also synthesized the azomethine analogs (4~8+8i) of tetracyclic indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalinones as a Schiff base.

The report stated that the treatment of o-phenylenediamine with acetone dicarboxylic acid, acetone and acetophenone afforded 2,4,4-trimethyl-3H-5-hydro-1,5-benzodiazepine. However, direct reactions of o-phenylenediamine with oximes (acetone oxime, acetophenone oxime, and benzophenone oxime) as ketone equivalents did not occur. In the course of present investigations, it is found that dichloroamine-T can be an efficient reagent for the conversion of oximes into the corresponding carbonyl compounds. As a part of a research program related to the synthetic study of pharmacologically interesting benzodiazepine compounds, herein the synthesis of 1H-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives from heteroaromatic ketones and acetone equivalents obtained using dichloroamine-T. On the other hand, when diamine (1,2-phenylene diamine or 1,2-naphthalene diamine) with heterocyclic ketone (acetyl pyridine or acetyl pyrazines) in the presenece of conc. HCl and SiO2 was refluxed, quinoxaline derivatives as yellow crystalline solids were isolated in high yields

This paper is an exploratory study to investigate the influence of characteristics of local government web-sites on user satisfaction and trust. The objective of this research is to identify the characteristics of local government web-sites influencing on user satisfaction and trust, and determine how they affect user satisfaction and trust. From the literature review, we identify four characteristics which are expected to influence on user satisfaction: technical, information, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics. In addition, we develop research model that the four characteristics are expected to affect user satisfaction and trust via users’ perceived values. The results of the research are as follows. The technical, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics significantly affects perceived values, which significantly affected user satisfaction and trust. Perceived value is partially mediated by user satisfaction in affecting user trust. The characteristics of local government web-sites affecting perceived values differed partially by the purpose of visitor. As for the personal goal, the technical, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics significantly affect perceived values, with the technical and customer-oriented characteristics having more significant effects. As for the business goal, the technical, information, work-performing characteristics significantly affected perceived values, with information characteristics having more significant effects.

Although emotionally well-regulated children are more likely to behave prosocially, the psychological processes that connect their emotion regulation abilities and prosocial behavior are less clear. We tested if other-oriented sympathy and trust mediated the links between emotion regulation capacities (i.e., resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA], negative emotional intensity, and sadness regulation) and prosocial behavior in an ethnically diverse sample of 4- and 8-year-olds (N = 131; 49% girls). Resting RSA was calculated from children's electrocardiogram data in response to a nondescript video. Sympathy was child and caregiver reported, whereas negative emotional intensity, sadness regulation, trust, and prosocial behavior were caregiver reported. Regardless of age, higher resting RSA was linked to higher sympathy, which was associated with higher prosocial behavior. The positive link between sadness regulation and prosocial behavior was mediated by higher sympathy and trust. Children's other-oriented psychological processes may play important roles in translating certain emotion regulation capacities into prosocial behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record

Pre- and post-migratory factors have been implicated in refugee children’s mental health. However, findings regarding their unique and joint roles are inconsistent or nonexistent. We examined the main and interactive relations of pre-migratory life stressors and post-migratory daily hassles and routines to emotion regulation—a key marker of mental health—in 5- to 13-year-old Syrian refugee children (N = 103) resettling in Canada. Mothers and children completed questionnaires assessing pre-migratory life stressors and post-migratory daily hassles. Mothers also reported their children’s adherence to family routines and emotion regulation abilities (i.e., anger and sadness regulation) via questionnaire. Overall, children who more frequently engaged in family routines showed better anger regulation. Pre- and post-migratory factors also interacted, such that greater post-migratory daily hassles were associated with worse sadness regulation for children with lower levels of pre-migratory life stressors, but were unassociated with the sadness regulation of children who experienced higher levels of pre-migratory life stressors. Results suggest that pre- and post-migratory factors play unique and joint roles in refugee children’s emotion regulation during resettlement.

In this chapter, we discuss contemporary views and research on the influences of parenting on aggression and antisocial behaviors from early childhood to adolescence, with a dimensional approach emphasizing control- and support-related parenting behaviors. First, we define the key concepts of childhood aggression and parenting. We then move to theories linking parenting and children’s aggression, followed by an overview of major empirical findings on this topic. Here, we discuss mechanisms underlying associations between parenting and children’s aggression and their implications for parenting practices. Next, we discuss the current state of parenting interventions for reducing childhood aggression. We conclude with promising future directions for research in this area.

Biaryl diketones were synthesized via palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling in the presence of a palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complex and CO or metal carbonyls. Different arylboronic acids along with various CO-releasing molecules were tested to study the influence of structure. Generally, steric hindrance of arylboronic acids and CO-releasing ability of various metal carbonyls played significant roles. In most cases, single ketone products were found as the side products rather than direct coupling products.

This study investigated whether Korean mothers’ emotion socialization beliefs are related to emotional functioning in children differing across gender. We interviewed Korean mothers (N = 100) of first graders (55 boys; 45 girls) about their sensitivity, their reactions to children’s distress, and children’s emotion regulation. Two components of emotion regulation were distinguished: regulation and negativity. Results revealed that mothers’ proactive sensitivity and their supportive reactions were related to their children’s regulation, whereas unsupportive reactions were related to children`s negativity. Child gender moderated the associations between mothers’ socialization beliefs and children’s emotion regulation: mothers’ proactive sensitivity was more strongly associated with competent regulation in girls than in boys. Mothers’ unsupportive reactions were related to increased negativity only in girls. Results are discussed from a cultural perspective, focusing on gender differences in the links between maternal socialization and children’s emotional outcomes in Korea. published

Proactive and reactive aggression subtypes are distinguishable as early as the preschool years. However, their early physiological and social-emotional correlates have not been examined simultaneously. We tested whether children's skin conductance level, anger regulation, and trust in others were differentially related to their proactive and reactive aggression. Four-year-olds and their primary caregivers were recruited from a large Canadian city (N = 150). Controlling for reactive aggression, higher trust was associated with lower proactive aggression, but only for children with low anger regulation or skin conductance level. Controlling for proactive aggression, lower anger regulation was related to higher reactive aggression, and higher trust was related to higher reactive aggression for children with high skin conductance level. Findings highlight the unique and collective relations of physiology, emotion regulation, and trust to different forms of aggression in early childhood. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject Proactive and reactive aggression subtypes are distinguishable as early as the preschool years. Unique physiological and social-emotional correlates of each subtype have been studied in middle and late childhood. Trust is a critical milestone for positive social interactions in early childhood and has been linked to aggression. What the present study adds Physiological and social-emotional correlates are uniquely linked to subtypes of aggression already at age 4. Trust is differentially linked to aggression subtypes as a function of anger regulation and skin conductance level.

Microwave (MW) irradiation facilitated synthesis provides fast, safe, simple, and green reaction conditions. MW irradiation of 2-aminobenzophenones with heteroaromatic ketones afforded quinolines via Friedlander condensation in high yields with intact halogen substituents for further modifications. Dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines were found as minor products and in some instances as the only products as the result of self-condensation of 2-aminobenzophenones. Different acid catalysts were found to affect these cyclization processes. Mini library of quinolines and dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines were created in order to understand the substituents effect on the reaction. Resultant quinolines and dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines are anticipated to serve as an interesting library for high throughput screening of various biological applications.

A crucial human cognitive goal is to understand and to be understood. But understanding often takes active management. Two studies investigated early developmental processes of understanding management by focusing on young children's comprehension monitoring. We ask: When and how do young children actively monitor their comprehension of social-communicative interchanges and so seek to clarify and correct their own potential miscomprehension? Study 1 examined the parent–child conversations of 13 children studied longitudinally in everyday situations from the time the children were approximately 2 years through 3 years. Study 2 used a seminaturalistic situation in the laboratory to address these questions with more precision and control with 36 children aged 2–3 years.

Objectives : The aim of this study was to find out the therapeutic effect of bee venom acupuncture in the treatment of patient with trigger finger accompany side effects by steroid injection. Methods : As the effect of bee venom acupuncture about various articulation diseases observed, we tried to treat a case that was diagnosed trigger finger with side effects by steroid injection by using bee venom acupuncture. Result : After three times bee venom acupuncture treatments, ‘VAS’ score and triggering grade decreased quite noticeably, and other symptoms as have improved as well. Conclusions : Bee venom acupuncture have shown fairly effective to trigger finger accompany side effects by steroid injection.

In this study, the effect of oxygen partial pressure on the densification and the resultant microstructure change of CuO were examined. When CuO green bodies were heated up to 1100 °C for sintering in air, denser CuO samples were obtained than the samples sintered in oxygen. When the samples were kept at 1100 °C for a prolonged period of time, however, the densification of the sample in oxygen was accelerated whereas that of the sample in air was hindered. This is attributed to the phase transformation from CuO to Cu 2 O which accompanies oxygen release during sintering in air. On the basis of the results, dense CuO samples could be obtained by switching the sintering atmosphere from air to oxygen at the suitable stage so that oxygen release by reduction could be suppressed.

This study examined the development of children's decisions, reasoning, and emotions in contexts of peer inclusion/exclusion. We asked an ethnically diverse sample of 117 children aged 4years (n=59; 60% girls) and 8years (n=58; 49% girls) to choose between including hypothetical peers of the same or opposite gender and with or without attention deficit/hyperactivity problems and aggressive behavior. Children also provided justifications for, and emotions associated with, their inclusion decisions. Both 4- and 8-year-olds predominantly chose to include the in-group peer (i.e., the same-gender peer and peers without behavior problems), thereby demonstrating a normative in-group inclusive bias. Nevertheless, children included the out-group peer more in the gender context than in the behavior problem contexts. The majority of children reported group functioning-related, group identity-related, and stereotype-related reasoning after their in-group inclusion decisions, and they associated happy feelings with such decisions. Although most children attributed sadness to the excluded out-group peer, they attributed more anger to the excluded out-group peer in the aggression context compared with other contexts. We discuss the implications of our findings for current theorizing about children's social-cognitive and emotional development in contexts of peer inclusion and exclusion.

In this study, the densification behavior and microstructural evolution of CuO were examined when this material was sintered at different temperatures in O₂, air and Ar atmospheres. The CuO samples maintained their phases even after prolonged sintering at 900- 1100 ℃ in an oxygen atmosphere. When sintering in air, the densification was faster than it was when sintering in oxygen. However, when the samples were sintered at 1100 ℃, large pores were observed in the sample due to the phase transformation from CuO to Cu₂O which accompanies the generation of oxygen gas. The pore channels in the sample became narrower as the sintering time increased, eventually undergoing a Rayleigh breakup and forming discrete isolated pores. On the other hand, CuO sintering in Ar did not contribute to the densification, as all CuO samples underwent a phase transformation to Cu₂O during the heating process.

luminescence (CL) flow injection system. The CL intensities of polyphenols are considerably weaker than those of luminal and acridinium ester, which are representative CL compounds. Hence, trans-4-(3-propionic acid) phenylboronic acid and 4-biphenylboronic acid in the presence of peroxidase or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide have been used as an enhancer for highly sensitive polyphenol CL determination. However, methods to derive polyphenols with strong CL intensity have not been reported yet. 18 In recent times, after a new polymer, poly(amidoamine) dendrimer, was synthesized, dendrimers have been applied to material engineering based on optics in nanoscale science. The poly(propylene amine) family that was functionalized in the periphery with fluorescent dansyl units interacts with Co 2+ . More recently, acridinium dendrimers have been conjugated with bovine serum albumin, and its CL was estimated to be six times that of the acridinium salt. In this paper, we report the design of new types of polyphenol dendrimers having an increased number of chemiluminophores for high CL intensity; they also have hydroxyl groups in their periphery to form hydrogen bonds with an analyte. Polyphenol dendrimers having GA in the periphery were synthesized, and their CL was measured. We synthesized first-generation polyphenol dendrimers with GA units in the periphery by employing a divergent method using phenol, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-tri

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ear reflexotherapy on back pain of working women in middle age. Methods: The quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used for the study. Total of 56 participants composed of experimental group (n

phenol yielded 2a in 80%. After the debenzylation of 2a, we were able to separate 3a and the byproduct by chromatographic purification. Therefore, the desired zero-generation ester 3a was not isolated. Compounds 4a and 5a were synthesized by repeating this esterification and debenzylation, respectively, but the yield of the first-generation ester 5a was 91%. The esteri- fication of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl chloride with pyrocatechol, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl chloride with resorcinol, and 3,4,5- trihydroxybenzoyl chloride with hydroquinone yielded 2b (95%), 2c (96%), and 2d (91%), respectively. The zero-gene- ration esters 3b, 3c, and 3d and first-generation esters 5b, 5c, and 5d were synthesized as described above. The yields of the polyphenol dendrimers decreased with increasing dendrimer

A new Rh(I)-catalyzed tandem conjugate addition-Mannich cyclization reaction of imine-substituted electron-deficient alkenes with arylboronic acids has been developed to afford 2,3,4-trisubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines. This is the first example involving imine group as a secondary electrophile in Rh(I)-catalyzed tandem reactions.

Microwave (MW) irradiation facilitated synthesis provides fast, safe, simple, and green reaction conditions. MW irradiation of 2-aminobenzophenones with heteroaromatic ketones afforded quinolines via Friedlander condensation in high yields with intact halogen substituents for further modifications. Dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines were found as minor products and in some instances as the only products as the result of self-condensation of 2-aminobenzophenones. Different acid catalysts were found to affect these cyclization processes. Mini library of quinolines and dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines were created in order to understand the substituents effect on the reaction. Resultant quinolines and dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines are anticipated to serve as an interesting library for high throughput screening of various biological applications.

Benzodiazepines are interesting compounds because of their pharmacological properties. Many members of this family are, in fact, nowadays widely used as tranquilizing and anticonvulsant agents. Although the first benzodiazepine was introduced as a drug nearly 30 years ago, the research in this area is still very active and is directed towards the synthesis of compounds of enhanced pharmacological activity. Some benzodiazepine derivatives are also used in industry, such as in photography (as dyes for acrylic fibers), and also as anti-inflammatory agents. 1H-1,5Benzodiazepines are used as starting materials for the preparation of some fused ring benzodiazepine derivatives, such as triaxol and oxadiazol. Despite their wide range of pharmacological activity, industrial and synthetic application, the synthesis of 1H-1,5-benzodiazepines has received little attention. As a part of research program related to the synthetic study of pharmacologically interesting benzodiazepine compounds, herein we now report the synthesis of 1H-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives with heteroaromatic ketones (2-acetylfuran 2a, 2-acetylthiophene 2b, 2-acetylpyridine 2c, 3-acetylpyridine 2d, and 4-acetylpyridine 2e) by using conc-HCl, SiO2, or polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (Scheme 1). Specially we report synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives with phenylenediamine 1a and acetylpyridines 2c, 2e in aqueous 10% conc-HCl solution (Scheme 2). Moreover we describe the structural analysis of 7-chloro2,2,4-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine 3f and 8-chloro-2,2,4-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine 3g synthesized by 4-chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine 1b with acetone. Earlier we reported the synthesis of 2,4,4,-trimethyl-3H-5hydro-1,5-benzodiazepine and 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-3H-5hydro-1,5-benzodiazepine by using various reagents instead of PPA. When 1a was treated with 2a in the presence of PPA at 4045 °C for 5 h, a yellow crystalline solid, 3a was isolated