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Dermal fillers have become increasingly popular as a cosmetic treatment for facial rejuvenation. Although these injections are generally considered to be safe, as the number of injections has increased, so has the rate of complications. Ischemic complications of fillers is critical and include vision loss, ophthalmoplegia, skin necrosis, and cerebral infarction. Knowing the anatomy well to optimally prevent and manage these serious complications. Prevention includes knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the facial area, as well as certain injection techniques such as aspiration, use of a smaller needle, and adoption of a larger cannula. The use of ultrasound has been a recent innovation in preventing and treating filler complications as well. The reversibility of fillers should also be considered when choosing a filler. Some hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, including the newer ones on the market, are difficult to reverse and non-HA fillers and fat are irreversible. This review aims to discuss facial anatomy, the various ischemic filler complications, the prevention and management of these complications, and the relatively recent use of imaging as an adjunct.

Knowledge of variable anatomy is key for excellent outcomes from the administration of botulinum toxin for aesthetic purposes. One must understand the location and function of each facial muscle to predict the patient's desired outcome. One concept often overlooked by injectors is the understanding of the target muscle's depth. In addition, a firm understanding of where each facial muscle originates and attaches can be essential to correctly identifying and injecting the correct muscle with botulinum toxin. Facial muscles often overlap each other and cross various planes. For example, an injector may be unaware that the corrugator supercilii muscle lies in different depths medially and laterally. Novice injectors may miss the variability of this muscle and inject the lower frontalis muscle by mistake. This may lead to a heavy brow look, or it could drop the area between the brows, creating an appearance of anger. This article explores a three-dimensional anatomical approach to achieve excellent outcomes, rather than the two-dimensional approach traditionally discussed. Many of the injection techniques defined in this article are considered off-label by the Food and Drug Administration at the time of this publication but are commonly discussed in peer-reviewed literature and consensus opinion reports. Twelve facial muscles often injected for positive aesthetic outcomes will be outlined as well as seven facial muscles to generally avoid.

Aesthetic practitioners prefer various reconstitution volumes for botulinum toxins (BoNTAs). Some injectors prefer larger volumes of bacteriostatic normal saline (NaCl) to achieve a larger diffusion in certain areas and a smaller volume for more precise administration of the BoNTA. Some practitioners believe dilution volumes do not matter at all in relation to spread or diffusion, asserting the diffusion area is simply dose-related. It can get confusing when there is more than one injector in an office, different volumes of saline, and more than one type of syringe to administer the neurotoxin. This leaves possibilities for confusion and dosage errors. This article explores four steps to take the confusion out of reconstituting BoNTAs and delivering accurate and consistent doses within a medical office.

The concept of aesthetic self-esteem was explored for utilization in the medical spa environment. The aims and purposes of the analysis were outlined. The literature review identified various uses of the self-esteem concept as well as published definitions of the word. Defining attributes were also explored and examined, including positive and negative connotations of self-esteem. Two tools were utilized to help aesthetic nurse specialists assess patients for self-esteem and assess for a possible mental illness that may present as low self-esteem. A culturally sensitive theoretical definition of self-esteem was constructed to fit the needs and environment of medical spas. A model case of this definition, as well as a borderline and contrary case, was presented. Antecedents and consequences, as well as empirical referents of the concept, were explored.