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Open oceanic systems are affected by the contamination from microplastics (MPs; plastic particles ¡ 5 mm). These particles can resemble plankton in size and colour, and thus be ingested, directly or indirectly, by marine organisms. Few studies exist on the presence of this contaminant in oceanic epipelagic organisms, such as small planktivorous fish, and almost none focused on squid species. The present study investigated MPs abundance and characteristics in five ecologically and commercially important epi- and mesopelagic species from the North-East Atlantic collected off Madeira Island (Scomber colias, Trachurus picturatus, Stenoteuthis pteropus, Ommastrephes caroli, Loligo vulgaris). Visual analysis performed after digestion of the organic material found MPs in 98% of the fish (n=75) with an average content of 8.7 MPs per individual (stomach+intestine). In the three squid species analysed, MPs were found in 100% of the individuals (n=20), with an average content of 8.5 MPs per individual (stomach+gills+ink sac). Fibres were the main particle found, representing over 90% of the MPs in all the species. Differences in MPs content were found between species and between different body compartments. The present results indicate that squids are vulnerable to MPs ingestion as much as planktivorous fish, which have already been suggested as bioindicators for MPs monitoring in pelagic ecosystems. For squids, however, indirect ingestion of MPs through diet might be the primary mechanism of MPs intake. We suggest that trophic transfer of MPs occurs in these marine species. This study provides new knowledge into the level of contamination by MPs in poorly studied species (squids) inhabiting open oceanic waters, an environment still relatively unexplored. These are essential information to understand the ecological threat MPs pose to the marine ecosystem and humans. Also see: https://micro2022.sciencesconf.org/427133/document, In MICRO 2022, Online Atlas Edition: Plastic Pollution from MACRO to nano

Ciguatera fish poisoning episodes have been recently reported in the Madeira Archipelago, requiring actions to protect both public health and economic sectors such as tourism and fisheries. Surveys on the occurrence of benthic harmful algal bloom (bHAB) species were performed during three consecutive years (from 2018 to 2020), at Cais do Carvão Bay, Funchal, Madeira. Samples collected on artificial substrates were analyzed for the presence of bHAB species, the seasonal succession of the bHAB community and the effects of abiotic factors on BHAB dynamics. The bHAB community was characterized by the presence of five genera: Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, Coolia, Prorocentrum, and Amphidinium. The abundance of the different genera showed marked differences. Ostreopsis displayed cell abundances several orders of magnitude higher than the other genera (841.05 x 103 cells 100 cm-2 (September 2018) and was recorded at all sampling dates. The second most abundant genus was Coolia, followed by Prorocentrum and Amphidinium. Gambierdiscus always showed the lowest cell densities (max. 0.43 x 103 cells 100 cm-2 (September 2018). During summer, Ostreopsis abundances exceeded, in several sampling dates the limits of level of concern for respiratory syndrome outbreaks (20 x 103 cells 100 cm-2) as referred to in the literature. In situ recorded abiotic data suggests that the increase of Ostreopsis densities could be linked to an increase in water temperature during summer. These results confirm Cais do Carvão Bay, as a potential high-risk area for bHAB development, especially concerning the genus Ostreopsis.

Aetea anguina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 11) Sertularia anguina Linnaeus, 1758: 816. Aetea anguina: Hincks 1880: 4, pl. 1, figs 4���5; Prenant & Bobin 1968: 80, figs 17, 18; Hayward & Ryland 1998: 100, fig. 16. Material examined. MMF 44298, 44300, 44311, 32 �� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Remarks. Only one previous work reported A. anguina in Madeira, as a common species on seaweeds (Norman 1909). Aetea anguina is considered a widespread species in temperate and tropical waters but not in polar waters. This species grows in shallow water, mainly on seaweeds, but it is possible to find it on rocks, shells, hydroids or other bryozoans (Prenant & Bobin 1966; Hayward & Ryland 1998). The specimens recorded in this study were found on rock samples, particularly parts covered by coralline algae., Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on page 585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10 th Edition. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Hincks, T. (1880) Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. Part I. Madeiran Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6, 69 - 80.","Norman, A. (1909) The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighbouring islands. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 30, 275 - 314."]}

Hippoporella maderensis Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2014 (Figs 26–27) Hippoporella maderensis Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2014: 146, figs 26–32. Material examined MMF 44304, 32º 38 ’03.34’’ N; 16 º 56 ’04.05’’ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Remarks. Hippoporella maderensis was recently described by Souto et al. (2014) from rhodoliths collected near Funchal, Madeira. The present specimens, with the same characters as the type material, were not found on rhodoliths but growing over coralline algae upon rocks. Therefore, the species might have a preference for colonizing substrata formed by coralline algae.

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston in Wood, 1844) (Figs 24, 25) Lepralia unicornis Johnston in Wood, 1844: 19. Schizoporella unicornis: Hincks 1880: 288, pl. 35, figs 1, 2, 4, 5; Hayward & Ryland 1999: 220, figs 90 B, 91; Tompsett et al. 2009: 2230, figs 1 E, F, 2 A���F. Material examined. MMF 44294, 44307, 32 �� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Remarks. Schizoporella unicornis was recently redescribed by Tompsett et al. (2009) from the type material. Our specimens match the descriptions and figures given by these authors. The species appears to have a biogeographical range in the northeast Atlantic, from northwest Africa and Spain to the Faroes and western Norway (Hayward & Ryland, 1999). In Madeira it seems to be common, having been recorded previously by several authors (Busk 1860; Waters 1899; Norman 1909)., Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on page 588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Hincks, T. (1880) Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. Part I. Madeiran Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6, 69 - 80.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2. Hippothoidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 14, 1 - 416.","Tompsett, S., Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D. (2009) Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and Schizoporella errata (Waters). Journal of Natural History, 43, 2227 - 2243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903090140","Busk, G. (1860) Zoophytology. Catalogue of the Polyzoa collected by J. Y. Johnson, Esq., at Madeira, in the years 1859 and 1860, with descriptions of new species. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 8, 213 - 214, 280 - 285.","Waters, A. W. (1899) Bryozoa from Madeira. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1899, 6 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1899. tb 00139. x","Norman, A. (1909) The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighbouring islands. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 30, 275 - 314."]}

Rhynchozoon papuliferum sp. nov. (Figs 28���34, Table 2) Rhynchozoon bispinosa var. Waters 1899: 14. Material examined. Holotype: MMF 44295, 32�� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Other material: MM- 5307, Rynchozoon bispinosa var. Madeira, with papillae, on Pinna Shell, Waters coll. Etymology. Latin papula, pimple, and ��� fer, suffix meaning bear or carry, alluding to Waters��� (1889) description of the frontal avicularia as ���papilliform.��� Description. Colony encrusting, able to bud zooids frontally. Autozooids with vitreous, nodular frontal shield bordered by 1 or, in some parts of zooids, 2 series of many conspicuous rounded marginal pores. Zooidal boundaries unclear in later ontogeny. Numerous uniporous septula in vertical lateral walls. Primary orifice orbicular, as wide as long; distal and lateral border with small denticulations, these more developed on distal margin, shorter proximally. Proximal rim of orifice with large U-shaped sinus occupying almost 2 / 3 of its width, slightly accentuated by smooth condyles. Deep asymmetrical peristome developing through ontogeny, not obscuring primary orifice. Oral spines absent. Median suboral, triangular avicularium present in most zooids, laterally directed, distally hooked, its proximal part projecting as a small uncinate process defining a lateral pseudosinus. Frontal avicularia very abundant, with triangular rostrum, cystid immersed in thickened frontal shield of ephebic zooids such that rostrum is at same level as shield surface; proximal part of avicularium triangular, shorter than rostrum. Ooecium globular, frontally flat, acleithral; endoecium completely calcified, ectoecium frontally uncalcified, with two calcified laminae prolonged proximally and joined centrally across labellum. Ooecium covered by secondary calcification in later ontogeny, with only frontal uncalcified ectoecium and proximal border remaining visible. Ancestrula unknown. Remarks. The new species from Madeira exhibits some similarity to R. bispinosum (Johnston, 1847) which, however, has two spines, a smaller number of marginal pores (always fewer than 10), and one sinus less developed. Additionally, in R. papuliferum sp. nov., frontal avicularia are very common, with a different morphology, notably a triangular proximal area, compared to R. bispinosum. Two other species of this genus, indicating a Macaronesian influence, were recently described from the south of Portugal��� Rhynchozoon celestinoi Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fern��ndez-Pulpeiro, 2010 and Rhynchozoon rosae Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fern��ndez-Pulpeiro, 2010 ���but both have several different characters. Whereas R. celestinoi has an elliptical orifice with a deep, quadrate sinus, R. rosae, with small colonies, has four oral spines and the peristome has a large suboral tubercle and encloses the orifice. SD, standard deviation; N, number of measurements. Waters (1899) noted that his Madeiran specimens differed from R. bispinosum in several respects, recording them as ��� Rynchozoon bispinosa var.��� but not formally naming the variety. According to his account, these specimens were characterized by the presence of ���very numerous small, papilliform avicularia scattered over the surface,��� with a slit-like opening under the mandible smaller than the mandible. We have examined the original specimens from Waters��� collection kept at the Manchester Museum (MM- 5306, MM- 5307) and can confirm that those labelled as ��� Rynchozoon bispinosum var.��� are conspecific with our specimens., Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on pages 590-592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Waters, A. W. (1899) Bryozoa from Madeira. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1899, 6 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1899. tb 00139. x","Johnston, G. (1847) A History of British Zoophytes. 2 nd Edition. Van Voorst, London, xvi, 488 pp., 74 pls.","Souto, J., Reverter-Gil, O. & Fernandez-Pulpeiro, E. (2010) Gymnolaemate bryozoans from the Algarve (southern Portugal): new species and biogeographical considerations. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 90, 1417 - 1439. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315409991640"]}

Beania maxilladentata Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2008 (Figs 13���17) Beania maxilladentata Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2008: 504, fig. 4; Vieira et al. 2010: 8, figs 9���11, 21 Material examined. MMF 44296, 44299, 44309, 32 �� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Remarks. The specimens found in Madeira fully match the morphological characteristics given for B. maxilladentata ���colony formed by branching uniserial chains of autozooids, zooid length 0.734���0.935 mm, attached to substratum by rootlets with up to 3 pairs of marginal spines and 2���4 oral spines, some of which may be replaced by 1���2 distolateral avicularia. A distinctive feature of the species is the strongly curved avicularian mandible with 1���2 tooth-shaped accessory structures. Madeira specimens exhibit the same patterns of branching, with new zooids formed from distal and lateral buds, and rootlets arising from the proximomedial buds. This species was previously known only from shallow waters of Rio de Janeiro (Ramalho et al. 2008; Vieira et al. 2010). Ramalho et al. (2008) considered this species endemic to Rio de Janeiro; the presence of this species in Madeira Island could be the result of a recent introduction. Only one species of Beania was previously recorded in Madeira��� Beania hirtissima (Heller, 1867) (see Norman 1909; Waters 1899); it has multiserial colonies and zooids with stout spines so confusion of the two species is improbable., Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on pages 585-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Ramalho, L. V., Muricy, G. & Taylor, P. D. (2008) Taxonomy of Beania Johnston, 1840 (Bryozoa, Flustrina) from Arrial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 66, 499 - 508.","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2010) Shallow-water species of Beania Johnston, 1840 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic. Zootaxa, 2550, 1 - 20.","Norman, A. (1909) The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighbouring islands. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 30, 275 - 314.","Waters, A. W. (1899) Bryozoa from Madeira. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1899, 6 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1899. tb 00139. x"]}

Rhynchozoon papuliferum sp. nov. (Figs 28–34, Table 2) Rhynchozoon bispinosa var. Waters 1899: 14. Material examined. Holotype: MMF 44295, 32º 38 ’03.34’’ N; 16 º 56 ’04.05’’ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Other material: MM- 5307, Rynchozoon bispinosa var. Madeira, with papillae, on Pinna Shell, Waters coll. Etymology. Latin papula, pimple, and – fer, suffix meaning bear or carry, alluding to Waters’ (1889) description of the frontal avicularia as ‘papilliform.’ Description. Colony encrusting, able to bud zooids frontally. Autozooids with vitreous, nodular frontal shield bordered by 1 or, in some parts of zooids, 2 series of many conspicuous rounded marginal pores. Zooidal boundaries unclear in later ontogeny. Numerous uniporous septula in vertical lateral walls. Primary orifice orbicular, as wide as long; distal and lateral border with small denticulations, these more developed on distal margin, shorter proximally. Proximal rim of orifice with large U-shaped sinus occupying almost 2 / 3 of its width, slightly accentuated by smooth condyles. Deep asymmetrical peristome developing through ontogeny, not obscuring primary orifice. Oral spines absent. Median suboral, triangular avicularium present in most zooids, laterally directed, distally hooked, its proximal part projecting as a small uncinate process defining a lateral pseudosinus. Frontal avicularia very abundant, with triangular rostrum, cystid immersed in thickened frontal shield of ephebic zooids such that rostrum is at same level as shield surface; proximal part of avicularium triangular, shorter than rostrum. Ooecium globular, frontally flat, acleithral; endoecium completely calcified, ectoecium frontally uncalcified, with two calcified laminae prolonged proximally and joined centrally across labellum. Ooecium covered by secondary calcification in later ontogeny, with only frontal uncalcified ectoecium and proximal border remaining visible. Ancestrula unknown. Remarks. The new species from Madeira exhibits some similarity to R. bispinosum (Johnston, 1847) which, however, has two spines, a smaller number of marginal pores (always fewer than 10), and one sinus less developed. Additionally, in R. papuliferum sp. nov., frontal avicularia are very common, with a different morphology, notably a triangular proximal area, compared to R. bispinosum. Two other species of this genus, indicating a Macaronesian influence, were recently described from the south of Portugal— Rhynchozoon celestinoi Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2010 and Rhynchozoon rosae Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2010 —but both have several different characters. Whereas R. celestinoi has an elliptical orifice with a deep, quadrate sinus, R. rosae, with small colonies, has four oral spines and the peristome has a large suboral tubercle and encloses the orifice. SD, standard deviation; N, number of measurements. Waters (1899) noted that his Madeiran specimens differed from R. bispinosum in several respects, recording them as ‘ Rynchozoon bispinosa var.’ but not formally naming the variety. According to his account, these specimens were characterized by the presence of “very numerous small, papilliform avicularia scattered over the surface,” with a slit-like opening under the mandible smaller than the mandible. We have examined the original specimens from Waters’ collection kept at the Manchester Museum (MM- 5306, MM- 5307) and can confirm that those labelled as ‘ Rynchozoon bispinosum var.’ are conspecific with our specimens.

Schizoporella dunkeri (Reuss, 1848) (Figs 21���23) Cellepora dunkeri Reuss, 1848: 90, pl. 10, fig. 27. Schizoporella unicornis var. longirostris Hincks, 1886: 226, pl. 10, fig. 2. Schizoporella dunkeri: Hayward & Ryland 1995: 39, pls 2, 3; 1999: 210, figs 84 C, D, 85; Reverter-Gil & Fern��ndez-Pulpeiro 1999: 40, fig. 3 C. Material examined. MMF 44301, 44303, 44310, 32 �� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Remarks. The specimens studied here match the descriptions of Schizoporella dunkeri in the literature (Hayward & Ryland 1995, 1999; Reverter-Gil & Fern��ndez-Pulpeiro 1999; Hayward & McKinney 2002). This species has a broad distribution along the North Atlantic coast, from the Faroe Islands and western Norway (Hayward & Ryland 1999) to the Canary Islands (Ar��stegui Ruiz 1984). It is also very abundant in several areas including the northwest Iberian Peninsula (Reverter-Gil & Fern��ndez-Pulpeiro 1999, 2001). In the Mediterranean, despite difficulties with synonymy (see Hayward & Ryland 1995, 1999), it seems to be abundant from shallow water to 60 m and it is very common in the Adriatic (Hayward & McKinney 2002). Our findings represent the first record of S. dunkeri for Madeira., Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on page 588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Reuss, A. E. (1848) Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiarbeckens. Haidingers Naturwissenschaftlichen Abhandlungen, 2, 1 - 109.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1995) The British species of Schizoporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida). Journal of Zoology, 237, 37 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1995. tb 02744. x","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2. Hippothoidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 14, 1 - 416.","Aristegui Ruiz, J. (1984) Briozoos Quilostomados (Ectoprocta, Cheilostomata) de Canarias: Estudio sistematico, faunistico y biogeografico. PhD thesis, Universidad de La Laguna, Espana. [total page number unkown]"]}

Favosipora purpurea sp. nov. (Figs 2���10, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype: MMF 44306, 32�� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Paratypes: MMF 44302, 44308, data as for holotype. Etymology. Latin purpureus, purple, alluding to the colour of the specimens. Description. Colony encrusting, more or less circular, losing this form in the largest colonies, mounded, purple in colour, up to 2 cm diameter. Narrow marginal lamina striated with fine ridges orientated perpendicular to margin, indicating incipient zooids. Autozooids usually in uniserial series of 3���7 autozooids, radiating from the brood-chambers, losing the radial orientation in large colonies. Autozooids with rounded apertures and tapering peristomes, some bicuspid but most with only one triangular cusp. Polypide with eight tentacles. Kenozooids polygonal in outline, with variable apertural diameter, normally smaller than autozooids. Numerous pinhead spinules (mural spines) visible on interior walls of kenozooids, the heads very prickly. Brood-chamber irregularly shaped; roof densely perforated by tiny pseudopores. Up to 11 brood-chambers counted in one colony. Ooeciostome similar in size to adjacent autozooids, circular, situated at margin of brood chamber, just outside pseudoporous roof. An internal horizontal lamina perpendicular to aperture covers almost one-third of ooeciostome diameter. Ancestrula not observed. Remarks. Inclusion of these specimens in the genus Favosipora is justified by the following characters: colony adnate, simple and initially radial, formed by interior-walled autoozooids with simple peristomes, separated by numerous kenozooids, brood-chamber expanded, with the roof formed of exterior wall densely covered by pseudopores and with a simple ooeciostome. Previously, eleven recent species of Favosipora were known from the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Gordon 2014), most of them from the Southern Hemisphere (Gordon & Taylor 2001, 2010), the sole exceptions being Favosipora holdsworthii (Busk, 1875) described from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Favosipora adunca Dick et al., 2006 described from the Hawaiian islands. One fossil species, Favosipora ichnusae Toscano & Taylor, 2008 is also known from the Mediterranean. The present specimens represent the first record of this genus in the Atlantic Ocean. None of the other described species have precisely the same expression of characters of the specimens studied here. The main distinctions are the tubular ooeciostome having a similar diameter to that of autozooids, partly closed by a horizontal lamina. The bicuspid peristome is not common in the other species, except in F. adunca, which lacks mural spines in the kenozooids. According to Gordon and Taylor (2001), species of Favosipora were occasionally identified in the literature as Discoporella (i.e. Disporella) or Lichenopora, two genera easily distinguished from Favosipora by their interior-walled brood-chambers. Few cyclostome species have been reported from Madeira. Johnson (1897) and Norman (1909) recorded three species attributed to Lichenopora ���as Lichenopora radiata (currently Patinella radiata (Audouin, 1826)), Lichenopora hispida (currently Disporella hispida (Fleming, 1828)) and Lichenopora irregularis (Johnson, 1897), but none of the descriptions pertaining to these is consistent with the genus Favosipora, and less with our specimens. One photograph in Wirtz (1995, p. 199) shows a similar specimen, described as an ���unidentified encrusting moss animal.��� SD, standard deviation; N, number of measurements, Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on pages 582-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Gordon, D. P. (2014) Favosipora MacGillivray, 1885. In: Bock, P. & Gordon, D. (2014) World List of Bryozoa. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 146811 (Accessed 3 November 2014)","Gordon, D. P. & Taylor, P. D. (2001) New Zealand Recent Densiporidae and Lichenoporidae (Bryozoa: Cyclostomata). Species Diversity, 6, 243 - 290.","Gordon, D. P. & Taylor, P. D. (2010) New seamount- and ridge-associated cyclostome Bryozoa from New Zealand. Zootaxa, 2533, 43 - 68.","Busk, G. (1875) Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 39 pp.","Toscano, F. & Taylor, P. D. (2008) A new Early Miocene bryozoan, Favosipora ichnusae sp. nov. (Cyclostomata), from the Isili Limestone of Sardinia, Italy. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 248, 301 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1127 / 0077 - 7749 / 2008 / 0248 - 0301","Johnson, J. Y. (1897) New cyclostomatous Bryozoa found at Madeira. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 20, 60 - 65.","Norman, A. (1909) The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighbouring islands. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 30, 275 - 314.","Wirtz, P. (1995) Unterwasserfuhrer Madeira, Kanaren und Azoren. Niedere Tiere. Stephanie Nagelschmid, Stuttgart, 247 pp."]}

Hippoporella maderensis Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fern��ndez-Pulpeiro, 2014 (Figs 26���27) Hippoporella maderensis Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fern��ndez-Pulpeiro, 2014: 146, figs 26���32. Material examined MMF 44304, 32�� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Remarks. Hippoporella maderensis was recently described by Souto et al. (2014) from rhodoliths collected near Funchal, Madeira. The present specimens, with the same characters as the type material, were not found on rhodoliths but growing over coralline algae upon rocks. Therefore, the species might have a preference for colonizing substrata formed by coralline algae., Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on page 589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Souto, J., Reverter-Gil, O. & Ostrovsky, A. N. (2014) New species of Bryozoa from Madeira associated with rhodoliths. Zootaxa, 3795 (2), 135 - 151. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3795.2.3"]}

Reptadeonella violacea (Johnston, 1847) (Fig. 12) Lepralia violacea Johnston, 1847: 325, pl. 57, fig. 9. Microporella violacea: Hincks 1880: 216, pl. 30, figs 1, 2, 4. Reptadeonella violacea: Hayward & Ryland 1999: 186, figs 70 A,B, 71. Material examined. MMF 44305, 32�� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rocks. Remarks. Reptadeonella violacea is widespread in mostly warm-temperate areas, although in the Atlantic it reaches the Isle of Man (Hayward & Ryland, 1999). It is abundant in the Mediterranean, Cape Verde Islands, West Africa, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil and the Pacific Coast of North America (Hayward & Ryland, 1999). In Madeira, R. violacea was previously recorded by Norman (1909) and is fairly common on the south coast of the island (Canning-Clode and Kaufmann, pers. obs.)., Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on page 587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Johnston, G. (1847) A History of British Zoophytes. 2 nd Edition. Van Voorst, London, xvi, 488 pp., 74 pls.","Hincks, T. (1880) Contributions towards a general history of the marine Polyzoa. Part I. Madeiran Polyzoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6, 69 - 80.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2. Hippothoidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 14, 1 - 416.","Norman, A. (1909) The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighbouring islands. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 30, 275 - 314."]}

Scrupocaberea maderensis (Busk, 1860) (Figs 18���20) Scrupocellaria maderensis Busk, 1860: 280; 1861: 77, pl. 32, fig. 1; Norman 1909: 284. Scrupocabera maderensis: Vieira et al. 2014: 17, figs 15 A���C. Material examined. MMF 44297, 44312, 32 �� 38 ���03.34������ N; 16 �� 56 ���04.05������ W, 11 m, August 2013, on rock samples. Remarks. This species was originally described from a poorly preserved specimen from Madeira (Busk 1860) and later figured from another better-preserved specimen also from Madeira (Busk 1861). Recently Vieira et al. (2014) transferred the species to the new genus Scrupocaberea, based on the presence of a well-chitinized operculum, a toothed rim on the distal edge of ovicellate zooids, and the presence of paired axillary vibracula. The species was considered to be widespread in tropical and subtropical waters (Harmer 1926; Tilbrook 2006), but according to Vieira et al. (2014) several of these records represent a species complex that includes at least two more species; additional study, including molecular, is required for confirmation. The specimens found during the present study correspond to previous descriptions and to the new data given by Vieira et al. (2014). Our study is the first account using SEM images of new specimens of Scrupocaberea maderensis from Madeira., Published as part of Souto, Javier, Kaufmann, Manfred J. & Canning-Clode, Jo��o, 2015, New species and new records of bryozoans from shallow waters of Madeira Island, pp. 581-593 in Zootaxa 3925 (4) on pages 586-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/241100, {"references":["Busk, G. (1860) Zoophytology. Catalogue of the Polyzoa collected by J. Y. Johnson, Esq., at Madeira, in the years 1859 and 1860, with descriptions of new species. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 8, 213 - 214, 280 - 285.","Norman, A. (1909) The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighbouring islands. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 30, 275 - 314.","Busk, G. (1861) Description of new Polyzoa collected by J. Y. Johnston Esq., at Madeira. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 1, 77 - 80."]}

Pilot whales Globicephala spp. are known to display a hierarchical social pattern, but longitudinal data to infer population structure of short-finned pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus are rare. Using data collected between 2003-2011 in the oceanic archipelago of Madeira, the grouping structure of short-finned pilot whales was studied using photo-identification methods and mtDNA sequences and microsatellite markers to test the hypotheses that (1) there is at least one pelagic and one or more island-associated communities, and (2) groups are made of related individuals, with a matrilineal social structure. Pilot whales demonstrated a large degree of variability in site fidelity, including residents (up to 14-year interval), regular visitors and transients. The social and temporal analyses revealed a well-differentiated society with long-lasting relationships (of years). The genetic analyses suggested that individuals of the three residency patterns may not be genetically isolated, and that small groups are made up of related individuals, suggesting some degree of social philopatry, while large groups are probably temporary associations of smaller groups. It is proposed that the pilot whales encountered in Madeira belong to a single population encompassing several clans, possibly three clans of island-associated whales and others of transients, each containing two to three matrilineal pods, each with a mean of 15 individuals (SD=9, range: 4-29). We suggest that the clans interact for mating purposes when they meet. For management decisions, it is considered that the island-associated whales should not be regarded as demographically independent populations, but instead as stable social entities to be included in governmental management plans and requiring periodic evaluation of their status. The high proportion of marked individuals and low rate of mark change encourages further research in this species.