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Our purpose in this study was to determine the feasibility of assessing children’s prewriting with a new tablet tool, the Quantitative Assessment of Prewriting Skills (QAPS), while determining the validity of the QAPS for identifying visual motor skill differences. We recruited 10 children who were receiving occupational therapy (OT) services for visual motor deficits from a local OT clinic and 10 age-matched typically developing (TD) children from the local community. The QAPS assesses the accuracy of copying patterns on a tablet that records the child’s finger position on the tablet, and the data are then analyzed for different dimensions of pattern copying. We found a large effect size difference in the QAPS total score between our two participant groups, with the OT group showing poorer performance than TD children; and, among nine assessment dimensions, roundness of a drawn circle showed the largest effect size difference between groups. The QAPS appears to be a promising tool for assessing visual motor skills, and it warrants additional testing in larger participant samples.

PDF file, 120KB, Supplemental Table 1. Study Descriptions, Design and Sample Size for 19 DENSNP Studies. Caucasian Women Only. Supplemental Table 2. Source and Timing of Reproductive and Anthropometric Variable Collection. Supplemental Table 3. Description of Mammogram View, Side, Film Digitizer and Density Estimation Software for DENSNP Studies. Supplemental Table 4. Genotyping Platform and SNP Call Rates Performed by Each Study.

PDF file, 20KB, Supplemental Table 5a. Associations of Common Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants with Adjusted Percent Mammographic Density. Supplemental Table 5b. Associations of Common Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants with Adjusted Mammographic Dense Area. Supplemental Table 5c. Associations of Common Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants with Adjusted Mammographic Non Dense Area.

PDF file, 133KB, Supplemental Table 6a. Per-Allele Association (SE) of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants with Mammographic Percent Density Stratifying by Case Status, BMI, Menopausal Status and PMH Use. Supplemental Table 6b. Per-Allele Associations (SE) of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants with Adjusted Mammographic Dense Area Stratifying by Case Status, BMI Menopausal Status and PMH Use. Supplemental Table 6c. Per-Allele Associations (SE) of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants with Adjusted Mammographic Non Dense Area Stratifying by Case Status, BMI Menopausal Status and PMH Use.

Background: Mammographic density adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) is a heritable marker of breast cancer susceptibility. Little is known about the biologic mechanisms underlying the association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk. We examined whether common low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility variants contribute to interindividual differences in mammographic density measures.Methods: We established an international consortium (DENSNP) of 19 studies from 10 countries, comprising 16,895 Caucasian women, to conduct a pooled cross-sectional analysis of common breast cancer susceptibility variants in 14 independent loci and mammographic density measures. Dense and nondense areas, and percent density, were measured using interactive-thresholding techniques. Mixed linear models were used to assess the association between genetic variants and the square roots of mammographic density measures adjusted for study, age, case status, BMI, and menopausal status.Results: Consistent with their breast cancer associations, the C-allele of rs3817198 in LSP1 was positively associated with both adjusted dense area (P = 0.00005) and adjusted percent density (P = 0.001), whereas the A-allele of rs10483813 in RAD51L1 was inversely associated with adjusted percent density (P = 0.003), but not with adjusted dense area (P = 0.07).Conclusion: We identified two common breast cancer susceptibility variants associated with mammographic measures of radiodense tissue in the breast gland.Impact: We examined the association of 14 established breast cancer susceptibility loci with mammographic density phenotypes within a large genetic consortium and identified two breast cancer susceptibility variants, LSP1-rs3817198 and RAD51L1-rs10483813, associated with mammographic measures and in the same direction as the breast cancer association. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1156–. ©2012 AACR.

Supplementary Table 2. Associations (95% Confidence Interval (CI) in brackets) between all 77 breast cancer susceptibility variants and percent dense area, dense area, and non-dense area

Supplementary Table 3. Associations (95% Confidence Interval (CI) in brackets) between breast cancer susceptibility variants and the mammographic measures with adjustment for case-control status

Supplementary Table 1. Mean (95% Confidence Interval (CI)) mammographic density measurements by covariate distribution

Background Successful pregnancy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency is an extremely rare condition. Only two cases have been reported in the literature. Methods and results Described here is a 30-year-old woman diagnosed as a neonate with congenital adrenal hyperplasia related to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency classic type, who subsequently underwent clitoral resection and vaginoplasty. She was started on lifelong steroid therapy after surgery. She developed hypertension at 11 years of age and was on antihypertensive therapy from then on. In later life, she underwent division of vaginal scar tissue and perineal refashioning. She spontaneously conceived but her pregnancy was complicated by severe pre-eclampsia and delivery was required at 33 weeks of gestation by cesarean section. A healthy male infant was delivered. Conclusion Management of these women is similar to those with more common causes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, with careful monitoring throughout pregnancy for complications such as gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and intrauterine growth restriction.

Phenol and its derivatives behave as mutagens, teratogens and carcinogens inducing adverse physiological effects and are considered environmental hazards. The present study focuses on high concentration phenol utilization by Aspergillus niger FP7 under various physicochemical parameters. The soil remediation potential of the culture for reducing phenol toxicity against Vigna radiata L. seed germination was also evaluated along with the extent of phenol utilization using high-performance liquid chromatography. Aspergillus niger FP7 showed phenol tolerance up to 1000 mg/l, beyond which there was a sharp reduction in phenol utilization. Supplementation of the mineral salt medium with glucose and peptone and application of a 100 rpm agitation rate enhanced phenol utilization (up to 88.3%). Phenol utilization efficiency decreased (up to 29.6%) when cadmium and mercury salts were present, but the same improved (59.4-75.5%) by the incorporation of cobalt, copper and zinc salts. Vigna radiata L. seeds sown in the non-augmented soil revealed a 3.27% germination index, and with fungal augmentation, the germination index improved (97.3%). The non-augmented soil demonstrated 3.1% phenol utilization, while for the augmented soil, the utilization was 79.3%. Based on the phytotoxicity study and chromatographic analysis, it could be inferred that Aspergillus niger FP7 significantly enhanced phenol utilization in soil. In the future, Aspergillus niger FP7 could be of potential use in bioremediation of sites polluted with high concentrations of phenol.

Since methyl bromide is an ozone depleting substance, there is a need to find effective alternative methods to control mite infestations on dry cured hams. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the most effective relative humidity and/or temperature combination to minimize mite reproduction and mold growth on dry cured hams in untreated and food-grade ingredient infused nets. Food grade coating formulations of 1) xanthan gum and propylene glycol, and 2) carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol nets were infused into nets. Dry cured ham cubes and slices were wrapped with untreated and treated nets, inoculated with 20 large mixed-sex mites per cube or 50 large mixed-sex mites per slice, and then stored for 14 d at each temperature (24, 28, and 32 °C) and RH (55, 65, 75, and 85%) combination in an environmental chamber. Tyrophagus putrescentiae on ham slices in untreated nets were reduced from the initial inoculum level of 50 mites per ham slice when exposed to 85% r.h. at 24, 28, and 32 °C. Nets infused with xanthan gum and propylene glycol or carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol, completely inhibited mite reproduction at 85% r.h. In addition, the nets infused with carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol, controlled mite reproduction below the initial inoculum level on ham cubes and ham slices at all temperatures and relative humidities that were evaluated. Six to eight trained panelists rated the amount of mold on the ham slice surfaces on a 0–100% scale and both treated nets evaluated were effective at preventing mold growth on the ham slices.

Background: After adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI), mammographic measures—dense area (DA), percent dense area (PDA), and nondense area (NDA)—are associated with breast cancer risk. Our aim was to use longitudinal data to estimate the extent to which these risk-predicting measures track over time. Methods: We collected 4,320 mammograms (age range, 24–83 years) from 970 women in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study and the Australian Breast Cancer Family Registry. Women had on average 4.5 mammograms (range, 1–14). DA, PDA, and NDA were measured using the Cumulus software and normalized using the Box–Cox method. Correlations in the normalized risk-predicting measures over time intervals of different lengths were estimated using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling of Gompertz curves. Results: Mean normalized DA and PDA were constant with age to the early 40s, decreased over the next two decades, and were almost constant from the mid-60s onward. Mean normalized NDA increased nonlinearly with age. After adjusting for age and BMI, the within-woman correlation estimates for normalized DA were 0.94, 0.93, 0.91, 0.91, and 0.91 for mammograms taken 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 years apart, respectively. Similar correlations were estimated for the age- and BMI-adjusted normalized PDA and NDA. Conclusions: The mammographic measures that predict breast cancer risk are highly correlated over time. Impact: This has implications for etiologic research and clinical management whereby women at increased risk could be identified at a young age (e.g., early 40s or even younger) and recommended appropriate screening and prevention strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 651–60. ©2017 AACR.

Mammographic density measurements are associated with risk of breast cancer. Few studies have investigated the concurrent associations of mammographic dense and nondense areas, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), and ages at mammogram and diagnosis with breast cancer risk. We conducted a matched, case-control study nested within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (cohort recruitment in 1990-1994 and follow-up until 2007) to estimate the associations between these factors and breast cancer risk under alternative causal models. Mammographic dense area was positively associated with risk, and the strength of this association was only slightly influenced by the choice of the causal model (relative risk per 1 standard deviation = 1.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.32, 1.70). Mammographic nondense area was inversely associated with risk under the assumption that fat in the body and fat in the breast cause breast cancer through independent mechanisms (relative risk per 1 standard deviation = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.65, 0.86), whereas it was not associated with risk under the assumption that they are both proxies of adiposity. Knowledge about the biological mechanisms regulating the role played by mammographic nondense area and body fat on breast cancer risk is essential to better estimate their impacts on individual risk.

Background: Adult weight is positively associated with postmenopausal breast cancer but few studies have investigated whether there are associations with weight and body mass index (BMI) in early adulthood, or subsequent weight change. Methods: A total of 14,441 postmenopausal women from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) were followed for 16.5 years (mean) and 668 incident breast cancers were identified. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox regression. Results: Weight and BMI at 18 to 21 years were not associated with risk of any type of breast cancer and there was no variation by age. Women with the greatest increase in weight and BMI had higher risk at older ages [HR per 5 kg/m2 gain in BMI = 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–1.40], although the test for homogeneity by age was not significant. At older ages, the association was stronger for progesterone (PR) positive disease compared with PR negative disease (HR per 5 kg/m2 gain in BMI, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.23–1.66; test for homogeneity by PR status, P < 0.01) and for diseases that were positive for both estrogen (ER) and PR (HR per 5 kg/m2 gain in BMI, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.24–1.69; test for homogeneity by ER/PR status, P = 0.02). HRs were also greater for HER2− and luminal A tumors, but the P values for homogeneity by tumor subgroups were not significant. Conclusion: Early adulthood weight is not associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Greater weight gain during adulthood might be associated with increased risk for older women (>69 years) and this association might vary by tumor hormone receptor status. Impact: Further studies need to investigate the impact of increase in weight during adulthood on postmenopausal breast cancer risk and the potential variation by age or tumor characteristics. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(8); 1409–16. ©2013 AACR.

Background Risk of screen-detected breast cancer mostly reflects inherent risk, while risk of interval cancer reflects inherent risk and risk of masking (risk of the tumor not being detected due to increased dense tissue). Therefore the predictors of whether a breast cancer is interval or screen-detected include those that predict masking. Our aim was to investigate the associations between mammographic measures and (1) inherent risk, and (2) masking. Methods We conducted a case-control study nested within the Melbourne collaborative cohort study of 244 screen-detected cases (192 small tumors (

Background: Epidemiologic studies have consistently reported positive associations between obesity and colon cancer risk for men, but the evidence is less consistent for women. Few studies have investigated effects of weight change on colon cancer risk. Methods: Using the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, which recruited men and women mostly in 40 to 69 years of age, we investigated associations between weight and body mass index (BMI) at age 18 years and at study entry and weight change since age 18 years and colon cancer. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox regression. Results: During follow-up of 16,188 men and 23,438 women for 14 years on average, we ascertained 569 incident colon cancers. Weight and BMI at study entry were positively associated with colon cancer risk for men [HR, 1.12 (95% CI, 1.04-1.21) per 5-kg increment; HR, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.12-1.71) per 5 kg/m2], but not women. Risk of colon cancer was not associated with weight or BMI at age 18 years. Adult weight change was positively associated with colon cancer risk for men (HR, 1.11 per 5-kg increment; 95% CI, 1.03-1.20), but not women (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.94-1.07). Men who gained ≥20 kg from age 18 had an increased risk of colon cancer compared with men whose weight was stable (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.94-2.31). Conclusion: Weight gain during adult life increases men's risk of colon cancer. Impact: Avoiding excessive weight gain might help reduce colon cancer risk for men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2978–86. ©2010 AACR.

Epidemiologic studies have consistently reported that endogenous steroid hormone levels are associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk, but little is known on the associations by tumor grade, hormone receptor status, or age at diagnosis.We performed a case-cohort study of naturally postmenopausal women within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study that included a random sample of 857 women and 197 breast cancer cases diagnosed during a mean of 9.2 years of follow-up. Concentrations of total estradiol, estrone sulfate, testosterone, DHEA sulfate, androstenedione, and sex hormone binding globulin were measured in plasma collected at baseline before diagnosis; free estradiol plasma concentration was calculated. Cox regression was used to estimate associations adjusted for known and potential confounders.The HR for breast cancer comparing fourth and first quartiles was 1.44 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.89-2.35] for total estradiol, 1.75 (95% CI, 1.06, 2.89) for free estradiol, 2.05 (95% CI, 1.24-3.37) for estrone sulfate, 1.25 (95% CI, 0.78-2.01) for testosterone, 1.41 (95% CI, 0.88-2.27) for DHEA sulfate, 1.49 (95% CI, 0.91-2.44) for androstenedione, and 0.33 (95% CI, 0.19-0.55) for sex hormone binding globulin. These associations did not differ by tumor grade and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status (all test for heterogeneity, P > 0.05). Risks associated with estrogen and androgen levels were stronger at older ages (test for interaction across age groups, P = 0.59 for total estradiol and P = 0.01 for testosterone).Our prospective study confirms earlier findings and suggests that the associations of endogenous hormones with postmenopausal breast cancer risk are independent of tumor grade, and hormone receptor status and might increase in strength with age. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(2); 492–502

Background/Objectives: Little is known about nutritional factors that influence circulating concentrations of steroid hormones, which are consistently associated with risk of breast cancer for postmenopausal women. We aimed to investigate the association between consumption of animal products and the plasma concentrations of steroid hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Subjects/Methods: Cross-sectional analysis was conducted on plasma from 766 naturally postmenopausal women. We measured plasma concentrations of steroid hormones and SHBG, and estimated dietary intakes using a 121-item food frequency questionnaire. Log-transformed values of hormone concentrations were regressed on quartiles of intake of meat and dairy products among food items, and fats, proteins and cholesterol among nutrient intake. Results: Total red and fresh red meat consumption was negatively associated with SHBG levels (P for trend¼0.04 and o0.01, respectively). Mean SHBG concentrations were B8% and 13% lower for women in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of total red and fresh red meat consumption, respectively. Positive associations were observed between dairy product consumption and total and free estradiol concentrations (P for trend¼0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Mean concentrations of total and free estradiol were 15 and 14% higher for women in the highest quartile of dairy product consumption than for those in the lowest quartile, respectively. No associations were observed with consumption of processed meat, chicken, fish, eggs, cholesterol, fats or protein. Conclusions: Our study suggests that greater consumption of total red and fresh red meat and dairy products might influence circulating concentrations of SHBG and estradiol, respectively. Confirmation and further investigation is required. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, 176-183; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.129; published online 11 November 2009