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Additional file 1. Containing detailed material and methods, statistics and sample sizes, and cannulation tip placements.

The authors improve the high-resolution Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) product for Typhoon Morakot (2009) over Taiwan by using an orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme. For the estimation of the orographically forced upward motion used in the orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme, the optimal horizontal length scale for averaging the elevation data is examined and found to be about 50 km. It is inferred that as the air ascends en masse on the horizontal scale, it becomes unstable and convection develops. The orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme is extended to the GSMaP algorithm for all passive microwave radiometers in orbit, including not just microwave imagers but also microwave sounders. The retrieved rainfall rates, together with infrared images, are used for the high-resolution rainfall products, which leads to much better agreement with rain gauge observations., 資料番号: PA1410041000

Lithium ion secondary batteries are one of the most important energy storage systems because of their higher energy density and power density. In particular, many different types of cathode materials are studied for increasing capacity and cell potential. Spinel-type LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 have been attracting significant attention due to higher redox potential, lower cost and low environmental load. The LNMO is possibly sorted into two type of spinel structure with different space group, ordered and disordered phase, which is typically identified due to formation of oxygen deficient, which cause reduction of Mn4+ to Mn3+ based on charge valance. Disordered spinel structures could also lead to improved rate capability due to higher electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusive of Mn3+ ion, However, too much concentration of Mn3+ lead to structural distortion and disproportionation, and which can be reduce cyclability. Thus, suitable Mn cation adjustment as well as surface stabilization with thin layer for insulating the direct contact with liquid electrolyte is one of important factor for advanced LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode. In this work, we performed two ways for the enhancement of high-voltage cyclability and rate capability in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4crystals through the substitution of F anion within oxygen deficient LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4- d .crystals as well as surface modification with self-assembled monolayer of fluorocabon containing organosilane compound. We further calculational studies on the effect of fluorine substitution on their LIBs characteristics, including rate capability and cyclability by using first-principle calculation.

We studied the phase stability of P4332-type LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4- d phase through the substitution of transition-metals by using ab initio DFT calculations as well as flux growth of their single crystals. Computational studies reveal that small quantities of Cu2+ substitution into Mn2+ site stabilizes LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4- d crystalized into P4332 lattice as compared to that of Fd-3m. Furthermore, Cu2+ substitution enhances its electronic conductivity through the d-electron doping effect and reduces activation energy for the Li+ transfer. As predict computationally, flux grown LiNi0.49Cu0.01Mn1.49O3.62 single crystalline particle-based composite electrodes show flat plateau in their charge-discharge curves at around 4.7V (vs Li+/Li) arose from the Ni2+/Ni4+ redox couples, and showed higher specific capacity of ca. 140 mAh/g under operation with current density of 0.2 C. And cyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, TEM coupled with SAED, and Rietvelt confinement reveals the LiNi0.49Cu0.01Mn1.49O3.62 particles are crystallized into highly ordered P4332 lattice. Interestingly, C rate and high voltage capability are also enhanced significantly with no any assistance of additives. More than 70% of original discharge capacity is retained under operation with current density of 10C. And 96 % of original discharge capacity is retained after 100 cycle charge-discharge test with cut-off voltage of 4.8-3.5V.