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During the recent decade, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques, in particular, DNA metabarcoding, have facilitated increased detection of biodiversity, including harmful algal bloom (HAB) species. In this study, the presence of HAB species and their appearance patterns were investigated by employing molecular and light microscopy-based monitoring in Tokyo Bay, Japan. The potential co-appearance patterns between the HAB species, as well as with other eukaryotes and prokaryotes were investigated using correlation and association rule-based time-series analysis. In total, 40 unique HAB species were detected, including 12 toxin-producing HAB species previously not reported from the area. More than half of the HAB species were present throughout the sampling season (summer to autumn) and no structuring or succession patterns associated with the environmental conditions could be detected. Statistically significant (p < 0.05, rS ranging from −0.88 to 0.90) associations were found amongst the HAB species and other eukaryotic and prokaryotic species, including genera containing growth-limiting bacteria. However, significant correlations between species differed amongst the years, indicating that variability in environmental conditions between the years may have a stronger influence on the microalgal community structure and interspecies interactions than the variability during the sampling season. The association rule-based time-series analysis allowed the detection of a previously reported negative relationship between Synechococcus sp. and Skeletonema sp. in nature. Overall, the results support the applicability of metabarcoding and HTS-based microalgae monitoring, as it facilitates more precise species identification compared to light microscopy, as well as provides input for investigating potential interactions amongst different species/groups through simultaneous detection of multiple species/genera.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Table S3. Associations of SLE unmet need definitions with daily prednisolone dose (mg), adjusted for other potential confounding factors.

Seagrass meadows play an essential role in blue carbon and aquatic ecosystem services. However, methods for the flourishing of seagrass are still being explored. Here, data from 49 public coastal surveys on the distribution of seagrass and seaweed around the onshore aquaculture facilities are revalidated, and an exceptional area where the seagrass Zostera marina thrives was found. The bacterial population there showed an apparent decrease in the pathogen candidates belonging to the order Flavobacteriales. Moreover, structure equation modeling and a linear non-Gaussian acyclic model based on the machine learning data estimated an optimal symbiotic bacterial group candidate for seagrass growth as follows: the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families as gut-inhabitant bacteria, Rhodobacteraceae as photosynthetic bacteria, and Desulfobulbaceae as cable bacteria modulating oxygen or nitrate reduction and oxidation of sulfide. These observations confer a novel perspective on the seagrass symbiotic bacterial structures critical for blue carbon and low-pathogenic marine ecosystems in aquaculture., Comment: 54 pages, 3 figures, 16 supporting information

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Associations of SLE unmet need definitions with organ damage accrual, adjusted for other potential confounding factors.

Additional file 4: Supplementary Table S4. Associations of SLE unmet need definitions with SF36-PCS, adjusted for other potential confounding factors.

Additional file 5: Supplementary Table S5. Associations of SLE unmet need definitions with SF36-MCS, adjusted for other potential confounding factors.

We report on the results of 23Na NMR in the honeycomb lattice magnet Na2Co2TeO6 which has been nominated as a Kitaev material. Measurements of magnetic shift and width of the NMR line as functions of temperature and magnetic field show that a spin-disordered phase does not appear up to a field of 9 T. In the antiferromagnetic phase just below the Neel temperature TN, we find a temperature region extending down to ~TN/2 where the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 remains enhanced and is further increased by a magnetic field. This region crosses over to a low temperature region characterized by the rapidly decreasing 1/T1 which is less field-sensitive. These observations suggest incoherent spin excitations with a large spectral weight at low energies in the intermediate temperature region transforming to more conventional spin-wave excitations at low temperatures. The drastic change of the low-energy spin dynamics is likely caused by strong damping of spin waves activated only in the intermediate temperature region, which may be realized for triple-q magnetic order possessing partially-disordered moments as scattering centers of spin waves. In the paramagnetic phase near TN, dramatic field suppression of 1/T1 is observed. From analysis of the temperature dependence of 1/T1 based on the renormalized-classical description of a two-dimensional quantum antiferromagnet, we find the field-dependent spin stiffness constant that scales with TN as a function of magnetic field. This implies field suppression of the energy scale characterizing both two-dimensional spin correlations and three-dimensional long-range order, which may be associated with an increasing effect of frustration in magnetic fields., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures; to appear in Phys. Rev. B

Additional file 2: Supplementary Table S2. Associations of SLE unmet need definitions with mortality, adjusted for other potential confounding factors.

Additional file 1: Table S1. List of fish samples used in this study, Table S2. Classification performance of conventional SVM, Figure S1. Representative T2 relaxation curves for the various fish samples used in this study, Figure S2. Analytical procedure involving compressive force measurements by autograph, Figure S3. Categorization of compressive force data based on a data-driven approach, Figure S4. Performance evaluation of variable optimization approach with bootstrap resampling-based matrixing, Figure S5. Classification performance of SVM-based relaxometric learning, Figure S6. Robustness evaluation of the relaxometric learning for fluctuation of each variable. Figure S7. ROC curves and the corresponding AUC values for each method, Figure S8. Classification performance of SVM-based relaxometric learning in determining the geographical differences between Kyphosidae taken from Tokyo Bay and Sagami Bay.

Additional file 2: Table S1. Clinical characteristics of EULAR responders vs moderate and non-responders at baseline.

Additional file 1: Figure S1A, B. Correlation between the IFN signature with 24 genes and the IFN signature with a smaller number of genes from the 24 genes. Figure S2. The receiver operating characteristics curve of the type I IFN score for the responders. (PPTX 65 kb)

Additional file 1. Mass balance of glucose, xylose and lignin. Black bar, lined bar, gray bar, open bar and dotted bar indicated recovery in solid fraction, liquid fraction, liquid fraction byproduct, black liquor and unknown. (A) Mass balance of glucose. Liquid fraction byproduct and black liquor mean 5-HMF. (B) Mass balance of xylose. Liquid fraction byproduct and black liquor mean furfural. (C) Mass balance of lignin.

Additional file 3. Peak intensities obtained by 2D NMR analysis of solid fractions. The solid fractions were obtained by organosolv pretreatment of sorghum bagasse using 1-butanol and 1-pentanol as the solvent and no solvent (control). Red, orange, and blue bars indicate solid fraction pretreated with no solvent, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol, respectively.

Additional file 2. Peak intensities obtained by 2D NMR analysis of raw sorghum bagasse and black liquor. Black liquor was obtained after organosolv pretreatment of sorghum bagasse using 1-butanol or 1-pentanol as the solvent. Blue bar indicates peak intensity of raw sorghum bagasse. Orange and green bars indicate peak intensities of the solid fraction obtained using 1-butanol and 1-pentanol as the solvent, respectively.

Low-frequency spin dynamics in the S=1/2 antiferromagnetic spin-chain compound ��-VO(PO_3)_2 has been studied by means of 31P NMR. The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T_1 at the P site exhibits H^{-1/2} dependence on the applied magnetic field (H) at temperatures (T) well above the intrachain coupling strength J/k_{B} = 3.50 K indicating one-dimensional diffusive spin dynamics. The diffusive contribution to 1/T_1 decreases on cooling as electronic spins acquire short-range antiferromagnetic correlations within the chain, and vanishes almost entirely around T \approx J/k_{B}. This is accompanied by an apparent increase of the spin-diffusion constant from the value expected in the classical limit. On the other hand, the field-independent part of 1/T_1 increases with decreasing temperature, which may be a precursor for the true long-range antiferromagnetic ordering found below T_{N} = 1.93 \pm 0.01 K., 9 pages, 11 embedded eps figures uses JPSJ.sty, revised for publication in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of 31P and 51V nuclei has been measured in a spin-1/2 alternating-chain compound (VO)_2P_2O_7. By analyzing the temperature variation of the 31P NMR spectra, we have found that (VO)_2P_2O_7 has two independent spin components with different spin-gap energies. The spin gaps are determined from the temperature dependence of the shifts at 31P and 51V sites to be 35 K and 68 K, which are in excellent agreement with those observed in the recent inelastic neutron scattering experiments [A.W. Garrett et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 745 (1997)]. This suggests that (VO)_2P_2O_7 is composed of two magnetic subsystems showing distinct magnetic excitations, which are associated with the two crystallographically-inequivalent V chains running along the b axis. The difference of the spin-gap energies between the chains is attributed to the small differences in the V-V distances, which may result in the different exchange alternation in each magnetic chain. The exchange interactions in each alternating chain are estimated and are discussed based on the empirical relation between the exchange interaction and the interatomic distance., Comment: 10 pages, 11 embedded eps figures, REVTeX, Submitted to Phys. Rev. B