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BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) requires systematically collected and standardized data. AIM To describe a novel multilevel calibration procedure in primary dentition. DESIGN Calibration method involved two calibration levels: the first (L1 ) involved inter-examiner agreement between three main investigators, the group leaders (GLs) in the following level; the second level (L2 ) involved three groups of 11 pediatric dentists and inter-examiner agreement assessment according to the GLs in each group. The study sample consisted of 650 primary teeth surfaces in eight children (mean age 6.56±2.22 years). Surface-by-surface percent agreement, tooth-by-tooth percentage agreement, Cohen's kappa and Fleiss Kappa statistics were used to calculate inter-examiner reliability. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 27.0. RESULTS Surface-by-surface agreement regarding ICDASepi -merged revealed almost perfect agreement (>90.00%) both on L1 and L2 . Kappa values and ranges showed good agreement both at L1 (Overall Kappa=0.95) and L2 (Overall Kappa=0.98) and almost perfect consistency was detected between GLs at L1 (>91.30%) and substantial agreement at L2 (>85.00%). All examiner at L2 showed almost perfect positive agreement (sensitivity=96.77-100%) when detecting presence of dental plaque. CONCLUSIONS The calibration procedure appeared feasible prior to organizing multicenter epidemiological oral health survey in large population groups of preschool children, with higher number of examiners.

For majority of smokers, onset of smoking occurs during adolescence, period of intensive growth and development, and this early smoking initiation is associated with many adverse health effects. Smoking prevention measures include not only prevention of onset, but also prevention of transition from experimentation to chronic tobacco use and dependence and smoking cessation. Effective preventive measures should be based on relevant theory and scientific evidence on behavior determinants. In this review article, we present evidence from researches on effectiveness of school programs, community-based programs, media campaigns and stress the importance of considering new challenges in tobacco control and other promising strategies, as well as the need for early detection of nicotine dependence signs among adolescents. In practice, many preventive measures are not based on theory and some interventions can be contra productive. Regardless of type of intervention and setting in which is implemented, it is of importance to take into account context for its implementation.

The main purpose of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) is to collect comparable data on substance use and other forms of risk behaviour among 15- to 16-year-old students in order to monitor trends within, as well as between, countries. Between 1995 and 2019, seven waves of data collection were conducted across 49 European countries. This report presents selected key results. The full set of data on which the current report is based, including all of the standard tables, is available online (http://www.espad.org). All tables can be downloaded in Excel format and used for further analysis

Introduction The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of the implementation of a smoke free law in Serbia on exposure to tobacco smoke in different settings. Material and Methods Data were obtained from opinion polls conducted on a representative sample of approximately 1000 (per wave) adult citizens. Opinion polls were conducted using face to face questionnaires in households. The opinion polls were conducted before the law had entered into effect, after three and six months and later annually or biannually (2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015). Results Comparing 2010 with 2015 we found a decrease in the percentage of citizens exposed to tobacco smoke as following: at work from 45% to 23%, in educational facilities from 44% to 6%, in the hospitality sector from 72% to 56% (partial smoking ban according to law) and in houses of friends/relatives from 83% to 76%. Among the total population (regardless of smoking status) citizens were most exposed to tobacco smoke in their own homes (6.2 hours a day in average) and at work (5.4 hours a day in average). Conclusions Results indicate that the implementation of the Smoke Free Law in Serbia led to a decrease in exposure to tobacco smoke in all places where smoking is banned. Legislation should be improved to protect customers and workers from exposure to tobacco smoke in the hospitality sector. It is necessary to improve compliance with the law as 23% of the population is exposed to tobacco smoke at work despite the ban. High exposure to tobacco smoke in citizens’ homes calls for implementation of campaigns aimed at the general population.