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The fluorescence spectroscopy technique was used to measure the residual stress between the cathode and electrolyte of an anode supported planar single-chamber solid oxide fuel cell. The cell was made of (NiO-CGO) :(CGO) :(LSCF-CGO), as anode:electrolyte:cathode and the test was carried out after sintering at room temperature. The measured stress between these layers arises from the sintering stress caused by differential shrinkage from layers during sintering and the thermal expansion co-efficient mismatch between the layers during cooling. Therefore, the residual stress in the cathode and electrolyte layer of the cell due to co-efficient of thermal expansion mismatch during cooling was calculated analytically so as to find sintering stress. According to findings a maximum compressive residual stress of -1084 MPa occurred at the place contiguous to electrolyte layer. The estimated residual stresses in the cell’s cathode and electrolyte layer owing to CTE mismatch for the duration of cooling was calculated as -324 MPa and 15.96 MPa, respectfully. Furthermore, total mean residual compressive stress between cathode and electrolyte was obtained from fluorescence spectroscopy as -703.795. Thus, the main contribution of this residual stress is the stress growth during sintering (-395.755 MPa) due to different shrinkage behavior of adjacent layers.

In natural photosynthesis, the light-driven splitting of water into electrons, protons and molecular oxygen forms the first step of the solar-to-chemical energy conversion process. The reaction takes place in photosystem II, where the Mn4CaO5 cluster first stores four oxidizing equivalents, the S0 to S4 intermediate states in the Kok cycle, sequentially generated by photochemical charge separations in the reaction center and then catalyzes the O-O bond formation chemistry1-3. Here, we report room temperature snapshots by serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography to provide structural insights into the final reaction step of Kok's photosynthetic water oxidation cycle, the S3→[S4]→S0 transition where O2 is formed and Kok's water oxidation clock is reset. Our data reveal a complex sequence of events, which occur over micro- to milliseconds, comprising changes at the Mn4CaO5 cluster, its ligands and water pathways as well as controlled proton release through the hydrogen-bonding network of the Cl1 channel. Importantly, the extra O atom Ox, which was introduced as a bridging ligand between Ca and Mn1 during the S2→S3 transition4-6, disappears or relocates in parallel with Yz reduction starting at approximately 700 μs after the third flash. The onset of O2 evolution, as indicated by the shortening of the Mn1-Mn4 distance, occurs at around 1,200 μs, signifying the presence of a reduced intermediate, possibly a bound peroxide.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Primers in this study.

Supplement 1. CARE questionnaire in Korean

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Missing rate and comparison between the original data and imputed data. Supplementary Table S2. Comparison of included and excluded participants.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure S2. Growth curve of D. radiodurans. (A) D. radiodurans were grown in TGY medium and optical density (OD 600) measurements were employed to estimate the growth of D. radiodurans.

Supplementary file 1 (DOCX 2121 kb)

We present a new molecular orbital candidate Ba$_{4}$TaMn$_{3}$O$_{12}$ with a face-sharing octahedra trimer, by comparing it with a related compound Ba$_{4}$NbMn$_{3}$O$_{12}$. The synthesis of the polycrystalline powder is optimized by suppressing the secondary impurity phase via X-ray diffraction. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on the best samples reveal the intrinsic magnetic hysteresis with magnetic transitions consistent with heat capacity results. The effective magnetic moments from susceptibility indicate a strongly coupled $S=2$ antiferromagnetic trimer at around room temperature, whereas the estimated magnetic entropy from heat capacity suggests the localized $S=3/2$ timer. These results can be explainable by a partial molecular orbital state, in which three t$_{2g}$ electrons are localized in each Mn ion and one e$_{g}$ electron is delocalized over two-end Mn ions of the trimer based on density functional theory calculations. This new 3$d$ orbital state is comprehended as a consequence of competition between the hybrid interatomic orbitals within the Mn trimer and the local moment formation by on-site Coulomb correlations. We further find the potential manipulation of the band gap in the 3$d$ trimer material platform in searching for the unconventional insulator-metal transition., Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are becoming increasingly popular in Play-to-Earn (P2E) Web3 applications as a means of incentivizing user engagement. In Web3, users with NFTs ownership are entitled to monetize them. However, due to lack of objective NFT valuation, which makes NFT value determination challenging, P2E applications ecosystems have experienced inflation. In this paper, we propose a method that enables NFT inflation value management in P2E applications. Our method leverages the contribution-rewards model proposed by Curve Finance and the automated market maker (AMM) of decentralized exchanges. In decentralized systems, P2E Web3 applications inclusive, not all participants contribute in good faith. Therefore, rewards are provided to incentivize contribution. Our mechanism proves that burning NFTs, indicating the permanent removal of NFTs, contributes to managing inflation by reducing the number of NFTs in circulation. As a reward for this contribution, our method mints a compensation (CP) token as an ERC-20 token, which can be exchanged for NFTs once enough tokens have been accumulated. To further increase the value of the CP token, we suggest using governance tokens and CP tokens to create liquidity pools for AMM. The value of the governance token is determined by the market, and the CP token derives its value from the governance token in AMM. The CP token can determine its worth based on the market value of the governance token. Additionally, since CP tokens are used for exchanging NFTs, the value of the NFT is ultimately determined by the value of the CP token. To further illustrate our concept, we show how to adjust burning rewards based on factors such as the probability of upgrading NFTs' rarity or the current swap ratio of governance and CP tokens in AMM.

Many practical applications, ranging from paper-reviewer assignment in peer review to job-applicant matching for hiring, require human decision makers to identify relevant matches by combining their expertise with predictions from machine learning models. In many such model-assisted document matching tasks, the decision makers have stressed the need for assistive information about the model outputs (or the data) to facilitate their decisions. In this paper, we devise a proxy matching task that allows us to evaluate which kinds of assistive information improve decision makers' performance (in terms of accuracy and time). Through a crowdsourced (N=271 participants) study, we find that providing black-box model explanations reduces users' accuracy on the matching task, contrary to the commonly-held belief that they can be helpful by allowing better understanding of the model. On the other hand, custom methods that are designed to closely attend to some task-specific desiderata are found to be effective in improving user performance. Surprisingly, we also find that the users' perceived utility of assistive information is misaligned with their objective utility (measured through their task performance).

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure S1.Characterization of ΔDR2577 R1-EVs by DLS and SEM. (A) Size distribution of EVs was assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. (B) Morphology of EVs were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Scale bar = 200 nm.

Future generation technologies demand high efficiency photodetectors to enable sensing and switching devices for ultrafast communication and machine vision. This require direct-band gap materials with high photosensitivity, high detectivity and high quantum efficiency. Monolayered two- Dimensional (2D)-Semiconductors based photodetectors are the most promising materials for such applications, although experimental realization has been limited due to unavailability of high quality sample. In the current manuscript, we report about WS$_2$ based photodetector having sensitivity of 290 AW-1 upon 405 nm excitation and incident power density as low as 0.06 mW/cm$^2$. The fabricated device shows detectivity of 52*10^14 with external quantum efficiency of 89*10$^3$%. The observed superior photo-response parameters of CVD grown WS$_2$ based photodetector as compared to Si-detectors establishes it capability to replace the Si-photodetectors with monolayered ultrathin device having superior performance parameters., Comment: 26 Pages, 8 figures

Additional file 4: Supplementary Figure S3. Yield and NTA analysis of membrane vesicles derived from D. radiodurans. (A) Yield of R1-MVs in the various culture points. Protein concentration of R1-MVs were measured by the BCA assay. (B) R1-MVs were identified by the Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). R1-MVs has 320 nm with the 3.9 × 109 particles/mL in 0.26 μg/mL of R1-MVs.

Supplement 2. CARE questionnaire in English

Additional file 5: Supplementary Figure S4. Uptake of CFSE-labelled R1-MVs inside the HaCaT cells.(A) HaCaT cells were treated with CFSE-labeled R1-MVs for indicated time periods and uptake levels (CFSE + cells) of CFSE-labeled MVs were analyzed by flow cytometry (n = 3 per time periods).

Modern societies have adopted government-issued fiat currencies many of which exist today mainly in the form of digits in credit and bank accounts. Fiat currencies are controlled by central banks for economic stimulation and stabilization. Boom-and-bust cycles are created. The volatility of the cycle has become increasingly extreme. Social inequality due to the concentration of wealth is prevalent worldwide. As such, restoring sound money, which provides stored value over time, has become a pressing issue. Currently, cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are in their infancy and may someday qualify as sound money. Bitcoin today is considered as a digital asset for storing value. But Bitcoin has problems. The first issue of the current Bitcoin network is its high energy consumption consensus mechanism. The second is the cryptographic primitives which are unsafe against post-quantum (PQ) attacks. We aim to propose Green Bitcoin which addresses both issues. To save energy in consensus mechanism, we introduce a post-quantum secure (self-election) verifiable coin-toss function and novel PQ secure proof-of-computation primitives. It is expected to reduce the rate of energy consumption more than 90 percent of the current Bitcoin network. The elliptic curve cryptography will be replaced with PQ-safe versions. The Green Bitcoin protocol will help Bitcoin evolve into a post-quantum secure network., Comment: 16 pages

Objective : Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is challenging in case of wide-necked aneurysms because coils are prone to herniate into the parent artery, causing thromboembolic events or vessel occlusion. This study aims to compare long-term angiographic results of wide-necked aneurysms treated by stent-assisted, double-microcatheter, or single-microcatheter groups.Methods : Between January 2003 and October 2016, 108 aneurysms that were treated with endovascular coil embolization with a neck size wider than 4 mm and a follow-up period of more than 3 years were selected. We performed coil embolization with singlemicrocatheter, double-microcatheter, and stent-assisted techniques. Angiographic results were evaluated using the Raymond-Roy occlusion classification (RROC). All medical and angiographic records were reviewed retrospectively.Results : Clinical and angiographic analyses were conducted in 108 wide-necked aneurysms. The immediate post-procedural results revealed RROC class I (complete occlusion) in 66 cases (61.1%), class II (residual neck) in 36 cases (33.3%), and class III (residual sac) in six cases (5.6%). The final follow-up results revealed class I in 48 cases (44.4%), class II in 49 cases (45.4%), and class III in 11 cases (10.2%). Of a total of 45 (41.6%) radiologic recurrences, there were 21 cases (19.4%) of major recurrence that required additional treatment, and 24 cases (22.2%) of minor recurrence. The final follow-up angiographic results showed statistically significant differences between the stent-assisted group and the others (p

Objective : The anti-tumor effect of the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol in breast cancer is well known; however, its activity in glioblastoma is not well-evaluated. The Notch-Hes pathway is known to regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. We investigated the effect of propranolol to human glioblastoma cell lines, and the role of Notch and Hes signaling in this process.Methods : We performed immunohistochemical staining on 31 surgically resected primary human glioblastoma tissues. We also used glioblastoma cell lines of U87-MG, LN229, and neuroblastoma cell line of SH-SY5Y in this study. The effect of propranolol and isoproterenol on cell proliferation was evaluated using the MTT assay (absorbance 570 nm). The impact of propranolol on gene expression (Notch and Hes) was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR, whereas protein levels of Notch1 and Hes1 were measured using Western blotting (WB), simultaneously. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to suppress the Notch gene to investigate its role in the proliferation of glioblastoma.Results : Propranolol and isoproterenol caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation (MTT assay). RT-PCR showed an increase in Notch1 and Hes1 expression by propranolol, whereas WB demonstrated increase in Notch1 protein, but a decrease in Hes1 by propranolol. The proliferation of U87-MG and LN229 was not significantly suppressed after transfection with Notch siRNA.Conclusion : These results demonstrated that propranolol suppressed the proliferation of glioblastoma cell lines and neuroblastoma cell line, and Hes1 was more closely involved than Notch1 was in glioblastoma proliferation.

Redox reactions are central to biochemistry and are both controlled by and induce protein structural changes. Here, we describe structural rearrangements and crosstalk within the Bacillus cereus ribonucleotide reductase R2b–NrdI complex, a di-metal carboxylate-flavoprotein system, as part of the mechanism generating the essential catalytic free radical of the enzyme. Femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free electron laser was utilized to obtain structures at room temperature in defined redox states without suffering photoreduction. Together with density functional theory calculations, we show that the flavin is under steric strain in the R2b–NrdI protein complex, likely tuning its redox properties to promote superoxide generation. Moreover, a binding site in close vicinity to the expected flavin O2 interaction site is observed to be controlled by the redox state of the flavin and linked to the channel proposed to funnel the produced superoxide species from NrdI to the di-manganese site in protein R2b. These specific features are coupled to further structural changes around the R2b–NrdI interaction surface. The mechanistic implications for the control of reactive oxygen species and radical generation in protein R2b are discussed.

본 연구는 교통약자가 새로운 경로를 쉽게 찾을 수 있도록 경로추천 방법을 설계하고 구현하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 교통약자가 이용하는 대중교통 수단과 이동편의시설, 통행시간, 대기시간, 환승 등의 이동불편요소를 이용하여 이동불편지수를 산정하였다. 산정된 불편지수를 이용하여 교통약자 유형별 최적경로를 추천하는 방법을 제시하였다. 서울 내 교통약자가 많이 거주하는 기점과 통행수요가 높은 종점을 추출하여 제시한 방법을 적용하였다. 적용 결과, 이동편의시설과 이동불편요소를 고려하여 교통약자 유형별로 이동 가능한 경로를 추천할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 교통약자를 위한 경로정보 제공 서비스 구축에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Background This study evaluated changes in nasal airway function following Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary impaction according to the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. Methods This cohort study included 13 patients who underwent Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary impaction. Nasal airway function was evaluated based on the NOSE scale preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. The change in the NOSE score was calculated as the preoperative score minus the postoperative score. If the normality assumptions for changes in the NOSE score were not met, a nonparametric test (the Wilcoxon signed-rank test) was used. Differences in NOSE score changes according to patient characteristics and surgical factors were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test. Results Patients ranged in age from 18 to 29 years (mean±standard deviation [SD], 23.00±3.87 years). Three were men and 10 were women. Eleven patients (84%) had an acquired dentofacial deformity with skeletal class III malocclusion. The preoperative NOSE scores ranged from 40 to 90 (mean±SD, 68.92±16.68), and the postoperative NOSE scores ranged from 25 to 80 (53.84±18.83). The cohort as a whole showed significant improvement in nasal airway function following maxillary impaction (P=0.028). Eleven patients (84%) had either improved (n=8) or unchanged (n=3) postoperative NOSE scores. However, nasal airway function deteriorated in two patients. Patient characteristics and surgical factors were not correlated with preoperative or postoperative NOSE scores. Conclusions Nasal airway function as evaluated using the NOSE scale improved after maxillary impaction.

Impact forecasting has been applied to estimate flood damage in many different countries based on accurate weather forecasts. This study develops a model forecasting the impact of rainfall on riverside flood risks in the Busan Metropolitan City. The rainfall impact forecasting equations were obtained on a 1km x 1km grid with respect to water levels and critical rainfall thresholds. Critical rainfall was determined based on the end point of river and the discharge-water level relationship between design flood discharge and design flood level by analyzing water-rainfall in 3-hour critical rainfall. Model verification was performed using a heavy rain event with a total of 283.3 mm from July 22 to 24, 2020. According to the rainfall impact forecasting, 60 to 70% of the design flood level (“MEDIUM” alert) was issued on rivers between 10-11pm on July 23. In the rivers where the rainfall impact alert was issued, actual damages were found such as flooded roads and floodplain, which confirmed the appropriateness of the model. The high model accuracy was also validated by comparing the alert standard for water level with forecasted rainfall impact at the water level station in Suyeong River.

We uncover a wide temperature regime of enhanced spin-lattice fluctuations in single crystals of the pyrochlore ruthenate Nd$_2$Ru$_2$O$_7$. These fluctuations, prominent in Raman spectroscopy, yet elusive to thermodynamic probes, emerge below the Néel temperature and culminate in a new low-energy amplitude excitation with an order-parameter-like behavior at 3 meV. Concomitantly, an enormous phonon energy renormalization of $Δω_{\mathrm{ph}} > 3$ meV -- an order of magnitude larger than those in related pyrochlore oxides -- is observed. The unique two-fold symmetry of the low-energy mode, incompatible with the underlying crystal structure, raises the possibility of nematic order. Our study shines a light on instabilities in pyrochlore systems and on resulting symmetries and amplitude excitations that can be described within the Higgs mechanism.

Additional file 2: Figure S1. MS/MS spectral patterns of each chemical compound identified in the A.argyi ethanol extract.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-tab-10.1177_1759720X20912861 for Association between platelet count and osteoarthritis in women older than 50 years by Yu-Jin Kwon, Il-Hyun Koh, Kwangho Chung, Yong-Jae Lee and Hyoung-Sik Kim in Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease

Additional file 1. Fig. S1: Alpha diversity indices of the cephalopod gut microbiota. (a) Number of observed species. (b) Chao1 index. (c) Shannon diversity. (d) Faith’s PD. The letters above the whisker indicate significant differences (p 1% are shown; those with an abundance of

Additional file 1. Table S1. Total metabolites in the prefrontal cortex. Table S2. Total metabolites in the hippocampus. Supplementary figure S1. Volcano plot showing significant Pearson���s correlation between metabolites and rodent sociability. Supplementary figure S2. Other linear regression analyses between metabolites and rodent sociability. Supplementary figure S3. ROC analyses between metabolites and rodent genotype.

Additional file 3: Figure S2. NO assay results of certain major constituents (3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA, chlorogenic acid, eupatilin, and jaceosidin) found in the A.argyi ethanol extract.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Distribution of acute hypertension mediated-organ damage. Supplementary Table 2. Principaldiagnosis at discharge of all patients. Supplementary Table 3. Mortality rates at 3 monthsand 1 year according to follow-up visits.

We report Chern insulating phases emerging from a single layer of layered chalcogenide CrSiTe$_{3}$, a transition metal trichacogenides (TMTC) material, in the presence of charge doping. Due to strong hybridization with Te $p$ orbitals, the spin-orbit coupling effect opens a finite band gap, leading to a nontrivial topology of the Cr $e_{\mathrm{g}}$ conduction band manifold with higher Chern numbers. Our calculations show that quantum anomalous Hall effects can be realized by adding one electron in a formula unit cell of Cr$_{2}$Si$_{2}$Te$_{6}$, equivalent to electron doping by 2.36$\times$10$^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$ carrier density. Furthermore, the doping-induced anomalous Hall conductivity can be controlled by an external magnetic field via spin-orientation-dependent tuning of the spin-orbit coupling. In addition, we find distinct quantum anomalous Hall phases employing tight-binding model analysis, suggesting that CrSiTe$_{3}$ can be a fascinating new platform to realize Chern insulating systems with higher Chern numbers., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, and additional supplementary information

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Results of next-generation sequencing in family level in both control and microalgae treated group. Data are summarized for 30 most abundant genera and noted as legends. Figure S2. Results of next-generation sequencing in order level in both control and microalgae treated group. Data are summarized for 30 most abundant genera and noted as legends. Figure S3. Results of next-generation sequencing in class level in both control and microalgae treated group. Data are summarized for 30 most abundant genera and noted as legends. Figure S4. Phylogenetic tree of isolated Oligella sp. and ASVs assigned as Oligella genus constructed by the neighbor-joining method. Figure S5. Scatter plot, trend line, 95% confidence band, and 95% prediction band between algal growth and relative abundance of ASV1 (Oligella). Figure S6. Scatter plot between relative abundances of algae-positive bacteria and ASV1 (Oligella). Table S1. Compositions and physicochemical properties of the raw wastewater, effluent of control (aerobic digestion), and microalgal treatment, respectively. The effluents were analyzed by using culture broth after 96 hours of treatment. Table S2. Summary of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) results with PERMANOVA test indicating significance level of *: P < 0.05 and **: P < 0.01. Table S3. Inhibitory zone diameters in range and mean with standard deviation (SD) values induced by various microorganisms to Oligella sp. The tests were quadruplicated. Table S4. Correlation, p-value and Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-value of Pearson correlation between Oligella and algal growth, Brevundimonas, Sphingopyxis, and Stenotrophomonas.

Additional file 4.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Sequences of qRT-PCR primers used in the study.

Additional 1: Table S1. Number of progenies assigned to the plus trees by maternity analysis Table S2. Comparison of the predicted breeding value(PBV) and its rank of individual based on Animal model and Animal+AR1⊗AR1 model Table S3. Predicted breeding values (PBV) of Larix kaempferi trees assigned as mother trees Fig S1. Locations of the progenies of mother trees with six assigned progenies Fig S2. Locations of the progenies of mother trees with (a) five assigned progenies, and (b) four assigned progenies. Fig S3. Locations of the progenies of mother trees with three assigned progenies Fig S4. Locations of the progenies of mother trees with two assigned progenies Fig S5. Location of the progenies of mother trees with one assigned progeny.

Word document containing the additional study

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tab-10.1177_1759720X20912861 for Association between platelet count and osteoarthritis in women older than 50 years by Yu-Jin Kwon, Il-Hyun Koh, Kwangho Chung, Yong-Jae Lee and Hyoung-Sik Kim in Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease

Background High-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) is found in a subset of head and neck (HN) squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). For oropharyngeal SCCs, HR HPV positivity is known to be associated with good prognosis, and a separate staging system for HPV-associated carcinomas using p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a surrogate test has been adopted in the 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. We examined the HR HPV status and the genotype distribution in five HN subsites. Materials and methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were used for p16 IHC and DNA extraction. HPV DNA detection and genotyping were done employing either a DNA chip-based or real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method. Results During 2011-2019, a total of 466 SCCs were tested for HPV DNA with 34.1% positivity for HR HPV. Among HN subsites, the oropharynx showed the highest HR HPV prevalence (149/205, 75.1%), followed by the sinonasal tract (3/14, 21.4%), larynx (5/43, 11.6%), hypopharynx (1/38, 2.6%), and oral cavity (1/166, 0.6%). The most common HPV genotype was HPV16 (84.3%) followed by HPV35 (6.9%) and HPV33 (4.4%). Compared with HR HPV status, the sensitivity and specificity of p16 IHC were 98.6% and 94.3% for the oropharynx, and 99.2% and 93.8% for the tonsil, respectively. Conclusion Using a Korean dataset, we confirmed that HR HPV is most frequently detected in oropharyngeal SCCs. p16 positivity showed a good concordance with HR HPV DNA for oropharyngeal and especially tonsillar carcinomas. The use of p16 IHC may further be extended to predict HR HPV positivity in sinonasal tract SCCs.