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Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a significant complication associated with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) that has a poor prognosis. However, the long-term clinical course, outcomes, and prognostic factors of MPA-ILD are not well defined. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the long-term clinical course, outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients with MPA-ILD.Methods: Clinical data of 39 patients with MPA-ILD (biopsy proven cases, n = 6) were retrospectively analyzed. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns were assessed based on the 2018 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnostic criteria. Acute exacerbation (AE) was defined as the worsening of dyspnea within 30 days, with new bilateral lung infiltration that is not fully explained by heart failure or fluid overload and that does not have identified extra-parenchymal causes (pneumothorax, pleural effusion, or pulmonary embolism).Results: The median follow-up period was 72.0 months (interquartile range: 44–117 months). The mean age of the patients was 62.7 years and 59.0% were male. Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and probable usual interstitial pneumonia patterns on high resolution computed tomography were identified in 61.5 and 17.9% of the patients, respectively. During the follow-up, 51.3% of patients died, and the 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 73.5% and 42.0%, respectively. Acute exacerbation occurred in 17.9% of the patients. The non-survivors had higher neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and more frequent acute exacerbation than the survivors. In the multivariable Cox analysis, older age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.14; p = 0.028) and higher BAL counts (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01–1.17; p = 0.015) were found to be the independent prognostic factors associated with mortality in patients with MPA-ILD.Conclusion: During the 6 years-follow-up, about half of patients with MPA-ILD died and approximately one-fifth experienced acute exacerbation. Our results suggest that older age and higher BAL neutrophil counts mean poor prognosis in patients with MPA-ILD.

Bombyx mori is a key insect in the sericulture industry and one of the very important economic animals that are responsible for not only the livelihood of many farmers internationally but also expended biomedical use. The National Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Rural Development Administration of Korea (NIAS, RDA, Korea) has been collecting silkworm resources with various phenotypic traits from the 1960s and established breeding lines for using them as genetic resources. And these breeding line strains have been used to develop suitable F1 hybrid strains for specific use. In this study, we report the whole-genome sequences of 37 breeding line B. mori strains established over the past 60 years, along with the description of their phenotypic characteristics with photos of developmental stages. In addition, we report the example phenotypic characteristics of the F1-hybrid strain using these breeding line strains. We hope this data will be used as valuable resources to the related research community for studying B. mori and similar other insects.

Additional file 3: Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between the patients with and without electroencephalography within 7 days.

We sequenced four complete mitochondrial genomes (mt genomes) of members of the honey bee genus Apis (A. cerana, A. dorsata, A. laboriosa, and A. mellifera ligustica). These four and other available mt genome sequences of Apis were used to scrutinize the within-genus genomic characteristics, gene arrangement, and phylogenetic relationships of Apis. Furthermore, phylogenetic performance of 15 individual genes and two concatenated gene combinations were tested to locate suitable genes for Apis phylogeny. Phylogenetic reconstruction using all concatenated protein-coding genes (PCGs) and rRNAs strongly supported the presence of three lineages in Apis: the sister lineages of cavity-nesting honey bees (A. cerana, A. mellifera, A. nigrocincta, and A. koschevnikovi) and the giant honey bees (A. dorsata and A. laboriosa), and a divergent lineage consisting of the dwarf honey bees (A. florea and A. andreniformis). Apis mt genomes revealed two gene arrangements, trnE–trnS1 or trnS1–trnE in the tRNA block at the A + T-rich region and ND2 junction. The gene arrangement found in Apis are consistent with two independent derivations because the same arrangement was shared between non-sister species. Several number of two gene concatenation, along with the individual gene ND4, confirmed the current whole mt genome-based phylogeny with relatively strong support, signifying that these single and two gene combinations are sufficient for an extended within-genus phylogeny of Apis, without inclusion of additional genes. Descripción comparativa de los genomas mitocondriales de la abeja melífera Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae): cuatro nuevas secuencias genómicas y filogenia de Apis utilizando genomas enteros y genes individuales Se secuenciaron cuatro genomas mitocondriales completos (genomas mt) de miembros del género Apis (A. cerana, A. dorsata, A. laboriosa y A. mellifera ligustica). Estas cuatro y otras secuencias disponibles del genoma mt de Apis se utilizaron para examinar las características genómicas dentro del género, la disposición de los genes y las relaciones filogenéticas de Apis. Además, se evaluó el rendimiento filogenético de 15 genes individuales y dos combinaciones de genes concatenados para localizar genes adecuados para la filogenia de Apis. La reconstrucción filogenética usando todos los genes codificadores de proteínas concatenados (PCGs) y rRNAs apoyó fuertemente la presencia de tres linajes en Apis: los linajes hermanos de las abejas melíferas que anidan en las cavidades (A. cerana, A. mellifera, A. nigrocincta y A. koschevnikovi) y las abejas melíferas gigantes (A. dorsata y A. laboriosa), y un linaje divergente formado por las abejas melíferas enanas (A. florea y A. andreniformis). Los genomas mitocondrialas de Apis revelaron dos disposiciones génicas, trnE-trnS1 o trnS1-trnE en el bloque de tRNA en la región rica en A + T y la unión ND2. La disposición de genes encontrada en Apis es consistente con dos derivaciones independientes porque la misma disposición fue compartida entre especies no hermanas. Varias concatenaciones de dos genes, junto con el gen individual ND4, confirmaron la filogenia actual basada en el genoma mt entero con un apoyo relativamente fuerte, lo que significa que estas combinaciones de uno y dos genes son suficientes para una filogenia extendida dentro del gen de Apis, sin la inclusión de genes adicionales.

Genus Saturnia Schrank, 1802 Saturnia Schrank, 1802: 149. Type species: Saturnia pyri [Denis & Schifferm��ller, 1775]. Eudia Jordan, 1911, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. d. Erde 2: 222. Type species: Phalaena pavinia Linnaeus Heraea H��bner, 1822, Syst-aplhab. Verz. 15, 19. Type species: Bombyx carpini Schifferm��ller, 1776. Caligula Moore, 1862, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1: 321. Type species: Saturnia simla Westwood, 1848. Dictyoploca Jordan, 1911, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. d. Erde 2: 218. Type species: Saturnia simla Westwood, 1848. Eriogyna Jordan, 1911, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. d. Erde 2: 221. Type species: None listed. Rinaca Walker, 1855, List Specimens Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 6: 1274. Type species: Saturnia zuleika Hope, 1842., Published as part of Kim, Min Jee, Kim, Sung-Soo, Choi, Sei-Woong & Kim, Iksoo, 2015, Saturnia jonasii Butler, 1877 on Jejudo Island, a new saturnid moth of South Korea with DNA data and morphology (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), pp. 374-386 in Zootaxa 3946 (3) on page 378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/243382, {"references":["Schrank, F. P. (1802) Favna Boica: durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen Thiere. Stein's Bookstore, Nurnberg, 720 pp.","Denis, M. & Schiffermuller, J. I. (1775) Ankundigung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wiener gegend. Verlegts Augustin Bernardi Buchhandler, Wien, 323 pp.","Jordan, K. (1911) Saturniidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vol. 2. The Palaearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. Fritz Lehmann Verlag, Stuggart, pp. 209 - 226, pls. 31 - 35.","Hubner, J. (1822) Systematisch-alphabetisches Verzeichniss aller bisher bey den Furbildungen zur Sammlung europaischer Schmetterlinge angegebenen Gattungsbenennungen mit Vormerkung auch augsburgischer Gattungen. Bey dem Verfasser zu Finden, Ausburg, 81 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 48605","Moore, F. (1862) On the Asiatic silk-producing moths. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3, 313 - 322.","Westwood, J. O. (1848) The cabinet of Oriental Entomology; being a selection of some of the rarer and more beautiful species of Insects, natives of India and the adjacent Islands, the greater portion of which are now for the first time described and figured. William Smith, 113 Fleet Street, London, 88 pp.","Walker, F. (1855) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. British Museum, London, 1507 pp.","Hope, F. W. (1842) On some rare and beautiful insects from Silhet, chiefly in the collection of Frederick John Parry, Esq., F. L. S. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 19, 130 - 136."]}

Kim, Min Jee, Kim, Sung-Soo, Choi, Sei-Woong, Kim, Iksoo (2015): Saturnia jonasii Butler, 1877 on Jejudo Island, a new saturnid moth of South Korea with DNA data and morphology (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Zootaxa 3946 (3): 374-386, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.5

Saturnia jonasii Butler, 1877 (Korean name: hal-la-san-nu-e-na-bang) Figs. 1 A, 1 B, 2 A and 2 C. Saturnia jonasii Butler, 1877: 479; N��ssig, 1994: 257. Type locality: [Japan] Yokohama. Caligula boisduvalii jonasii: Inoue et al., 1982: 588, pl. 122, f. 1, 2. Caligula jonasii: Inoue, 1984: 3. Material examined. 10 males, Mt. Hallasan, Jejudo Province, N 33 �� 24 ��� 35 ���, E 126 �� 29 ��� 43 ���, 681 m, 3 October, 2008, MNU (CNU SJ 4001 - SJ 4010 for DNA), S. W. Choi; 1 male, Mt. Hallasan, Jejudo Province, N 33 �� 24 ��� 35 ���, E 126 �� 29 ��� 43 ���, 681 m, 20 October, 2005, MNU, S.W. Choi; 1 male, Hallasan, Jejudo Province, N 33 �� 24 ��� 35 ���, E 126 �� 29 ��� 43 ���, 681 m, 9 October, 2009, MNU, S. S. Kim; 1 female, Mt. Hallasan, Jejudo Province, N 33 �� 20 ' 05", E 126 �� 28 ' 12 ", 997m, 5.October, 2007, MNU, S.W. Choi. Diagnosis. This species is a typical large saturnid moth (wingspan 69���80 mm in males and 70���85 mm in females). Adult S. jonasii are characterized by a plumose antennae in males and a short pectinated antennae in females, irregularly purplish brown fore- and hindwings with different densities, often yellowish brown, which is more prominent in females; the large orbicular stigma on the eyespot on both wings, the ochreous and strongly slanted postmedial line and the brownish termen of forewing, the dark brownish transverse antemedial and medially strongly projected postmedial line, and the relatively wide subterminal band that shows a smooth interline and a strongly waved outer line of the hindwing. The S. jonasii wing pattern elements are very similar to those of S. boisduvalii but can be distinguished by the wider gap between the eyespot and postmedial line of the forewing and the smooth postmedial line and the dorsally strongly pointed outer line of the hindwing subterminal band. S. jonasii male genitalia are characterized by a bifid uncus, the long and strongly sclerotized chimney-shaped transtilla, the medially projected saccus, the triangular-shaped valva with a sharp apex, and the digitate harpe and rather thick aedeagus with one short and one long cornuti. S. jonasii male genitalia are similar to those of S. boisduvalii but can be distinguished by the sharply pointed apex and long button-shaped harpe of the valva and the two cornuti of the aedeagus. S. jonasii female genitalia can be distinguished by the semi-rounded and hairy papillae analis, the rectangular and strongly sclerotized ostium bursae, the medially narrowed ductus bursae, which are relatively short, and the anteriorly narrowed and membranous ovate corpus bursae that lack a signum. S. jonasii female genitalia are similar to those of S. boisduvalii but can be distinguished by the medially narrowed ductus bursae. Hosts. Carpinus tschonoskii, in Betulaceae, Quercus phillyraeoides, Quercus serrate, Castanea crenata in Fagaceae, Lindera umberallata var. membranacea in Lauraceae, Prunus yedoensis, Prunus jamasakura in Rosaceae, Acer mono var. marmoratum in Aceraceae, Ilex rotunda in Aquifoliaceae, Swida macrophylla in Cornaseae, Lyonia ovalifolia in Ericaceae, and Styrax japonica in Styracaceae (Shiromoto & Sakuratani, 2007). Distribution. Korea (Jejudo Island, new record), Japan, including Tsushima Island, and Taiwan. Ecology. This species is univoltine during October in northern Japan (Sayama et al. 2012)., Published as part of Kim, Min Jee, Kim, Sung-Soo, Choi, Sei-Woong & Kim, Iksoo, 2015, Saturnia jonasii Butler, 1877 on Jejudo Island, a new saturnid moth of South Korea with DNA data and morphology (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), pp. 374-386 in Zootaxa 3946 (3) on pages 378-379, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/243382, {"references":["Butler, A. G. (1877) Descriptions of Heterocera from Japan. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 20, 473 - 483. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682268","Nassig, W. A. (1994) Vorschlag fur neues Konzept der Gattung Saturnia Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, 15, 253 - 266.","Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Moriuti, S., Kawabe, A. & Owada, M. (1982) Moths of Japan. Vol. 1 & 2. Kodansha, Tokyo, 968 pp. & 556 pp., 392 pls.","Inoue, H. (1984) Notes on some species of the Saturniidae from Japan and Taiwan, with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies. Cho Cho, 7, 2 - 13.","Shiromoto, K. & Sakuratani, Y. (2007) Study on the foodplants of several species of saturniid moths Lepidoptera, Saturniidae in Japan. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan, 582, 215 - 237."]}

Saturnia boisduvalii Eversmann, 1846 Figs. 1 C, 1 D, 2 B and 2 D. Saturnia boisduvalii Eversmann, 1846, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 19: 83, no. 9, t. 4, f. 5; N��ssig, 1994: 257. Type locality: [Russia] Baikal, Kiachta, Urga, Kentei Gebirge. Caligula boisduvalii fallax Jordan, 1911: 217. Type locality: [Russia] Vladivostok, Askold, Ussuri, Amur. Caligula boisduvalii intermediula Bryk, 1948: 19. Type locality: [Korea] Shoutsu (Jueul). Material examined. 1 male, Jochimryung, Inje, Gwangwondo Province, N 37 �� 59 ' 31.3 ", E 128 �� 30 '01.4", 3.November, 2012, MNU. S. S. Kim; 1 female, Mt. Jirisan, Jeollabukdo Province, N 35 �� 21 ' 28.2 ", E 127 �� 34 ' 37.4 ", 1.October, 2011, MNU, S.W. Choi; 1 male, Mt. Jirisan, Jeollabukdo Province, N 35 �� 21 ' 28.2 ", E 127 �� 34 ' 37.4 ", 5.October, 2012, MNU, S.W. Choi; 1 female, Mt. Jirisan, Gyungsannamdo Province, N 35 �� 21 ' 18 ", E 127 �� 38 ' 08", 760m, 11.October, 2013, MNU, S.W. Choi; 4 females, Chuncheon, Gwangwondo Province, N 37 �� 54 '09.7", E 127 �� 38 '18.0", 26. September, 2014, MNU (CNU SB 4011 - SB 4014 for DNA), S. S. Kim. Diagnosis. This species is slightly smaller in wingspan (wingspan 75���80) than that of S. jonasii. The wing ground color and pattern elements are similar to those of S. jonasii but can be distinguished by the narrow gap between the eyespot and postmedial line of the forewing and the thin and dentate postmedial line and dorsally less pointed outer line of the hindwing subterminal band. S. boisduvalii male genitalia are similar to those of S. jonasii but can be distinguished by the long extended apex and short digitate harpe of the valva and the one long cornutus of the aedeagus. S. boisduvalii female genitalia of are similar to those of S. jonasii but can be distinguished by the tube-shaped ductus bursae with equal width throughout. Hosts. Juglans sinensis Dode in Juglandaceae, Morus alba L. in Moraceae, Prunus mume S. et Z., Prunus serrulata var. spontanea (Max.) Wils., Malus pumila var. dulcissima Koidz., Pyrus sp. in Rosaceae, Acer sp. in Aceraceae, and Viburnum awabuki K. Koch in Caprifoliaceae (Park et al. 1999). Distribution. North and South Korea, Japan, northern China, Amur, the Russian Far East, and in the deciduous broadleaf forest zone of southeastern Siberia (Park et al. 1999). Ecology. Adults occur once per year in Korea, from August to early October (Park et al. 1999)., Published as part of Kim, Min Jee, Kim, Sung-Soo, Choi, Sei-Woong & Kim, Iksoo, 2015, Saturnia jonasii Butler, 1877 on Jejudo Island, a new saturnid moth of South Korea with DNA data and morphology (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), pp. 374-386 in Zootaxa 3946 (3) on pages 380-381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/243382, {"references":["Eversmann, E. (1846) Lepidoptera quaedam nova in Russia observata. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou, 19, 83 - 89.","Nassig, W. A. (1994) Vorschlag fur neues Konzept der Gattung Saturnia Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, 15, 253 - 266.","Jordan, K. (1911) Saturniidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vol. 2. The Palaearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. Fritz Lehmann Verlag, Stuggart, pp. 209 - 226, pls. 31 - 35.","Bryk, F. (1948) Zur Kenntnis der Groβschmetterlinge von Korea. Parts II. Arkiv for Zoologi, 41, 1 - 225. [in German]","Park, K. T., Kim, S. S., Tshistjakov, Y. A. & Kwon, Y. D. (1999) Illustrated catalogue of moths in Korea (I). In: Park, K. T. (Ed.), Insects of Korea. Series 4. Junghaeng-Sa, Seoul, pp. 159 - 160, pls. 85 a - 85 b."]}

A partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is widely used as a molecular marker for species identification in animals, also termed a DNA barcode. However, the presence of more than one sequence type in a single individual, also known as heteroplasmy, is one of the shortcomings of barcode identification. In this study, we examined the extent and divergence of COI heteroplasmy, including nuclear-encoded mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs), at the genomic-DNA level from 13 insect species including orthopteran Anapodisma miramae, and a long fragment of mitochondrial DNA and cDNA from A. miramae as templates. When multiple numbers of clones originated from genomic DNA were sequenced, heteroplasmy was prevalent in all species and NUMTs were observed in five species. Long fragment DNA (∼13.5 kb) also is a source of heteroplasmic amplification, but the divergent haplotypes and NUMTs obtained from genomic DNA were not detected in A. miramae. On the other hand, cDNA was relatively heteroplasmy-free. Consistently, one dominant haplotype was always obtained from the genomic DNA-origin clones in all species and also from the long fragment- and cDNA-origin clones in the two tested individuals of A. miramae. Furthermore, the dominant haplotype was identical in sequence, regardless of the DNA source in A. miramae. Thus, one possible solution to avoid the barcoding problem in relationship to heteroplasmy could be the acquisition of multiple numbers of barcoding sequences to determine a dominant haplotype that can be assigned as barcoding sequence for a given species.

We aimed to analyze characteristics of encephalopathy after both hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ pediatric transplantation. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 662 pediatric transplant recipients (201 with liver transplantation [LT], 55 with heart transplantation [HT], and 67 with kidney transplantation [KT], 339 with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT]) who received their graft organs at Asan Medical Center between January 2000 and July 2014. Of the 662 patients, 50 (7.6%) experienced encephalopathy after transplantation. The incidence of encephalopathy was significantly different according to the type of organ transplant: LT, 16/201 (8.0%), HT, 13/55 (23.6%), KT, 5/67 (7.5%), and HSCT, 16/339 (4.7%) (P < 0.001). Drug-induced encephalopathy (n = 14) was the most common encephalopathy for all transplant types, but particularly after HSCT. Hypertensive encephalopathy was the most common after KT and HT, whereas metabolic encephalopathy was the most common after LT. The median time to encephalopathy onset also differed according to the transplant type: 5 days after KT (range 0–491 days), 10 days after HT (1–296 days), 49.5 days after HSCT (9–1,405 days), and 39 days after LT (1–1,092 days) (P = 0.018). The mortality rate among patients with encephalopathy was 42.0% (n = 21/50). Only 5 patients died of neurologic complications. Transplant-associated encephalopathy presented different characteristics according to the type of transplant. Specialized diagnostic approach for neurologic complications specific to the type of transplant may improve survival and quality of life in children after transplantation., Graphical Abstract