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RFID (radio frequency identification) is a modern supply chain management technology that is increasingly being used. RFID technology's potential to identify, detect, and monitor data across the supply chain significantly influences logistics and supply chain operations. The system may provide suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers with accurate, real-time inventory information. This exact stock data would result in lower labor costs, automated company practices, and improved supply chain efficiency. If executed correctly, it may minimize the ordering wait duration and Inventory management costs, improve inventory data quality, help avoid stockouts, and enhance the frequency of stock movements. RFID technology has prompted much debate and supposition over its possible repercussions. RFID is a new technical breakthrough that enables supply chain partners to cooperate closely by providing real-time informational transparency. Mean and T-test is applied in the study to find the result of the study with 193 respondents.

Amul is derived from the Sanskrit word "Amulya," which means valuable or priceless. This paper examines how the dairy product company has reached the level of excellence as one of the leading corporate players. It all began 75 years ago when impoverished farmers with little cattle banded together to establish a rural dairy organization. The fundamental purpose has been emphasized with a quick summary of the practices responsible for the brand's extraordinary development and success (Carroll & Shabana, 2010). Implementation of solid marketing and ethical tactics will be the focus of this study about the management of this enormous endeavor to become Asia's biggest dairy products producer. The progressive work of Amul inspired India's "White Revolution" by improving the lives of rural people in order to increase output and meet the rising demand for healthy, nutritious food in society. This also focuses on the company's innovative advertising and the brief description of the high-quality standards mantras responsible for the company's phenomenal growth and success. The company was concerned with dairy farmers and product consumers as the nation battled to contain the covid virus-19 pandemic (Uddin et al., 2020). During the lockdown, most dairy product companies decided to reduce media spending, but Amul continued to promote its brand by educating the public about the importance of covid-19 guidelines. Amul chose to alter its marketing techniques by forming its cooperative organization, which became a turning point in the dairy growth program for the nation. Amul's establishment of eco-friendly operations to meet growing demand and achieve more success is contingent on the company's motivated and devoted employees in producing safe foods and goods. The dairy company's growth concerning other dairy products occurred despite its exposure to several difficulties and formidable market competition. The tenacity and labor of poor farmers and livestock owners enabled them to become entrepreneurs and sustain their way of life (Ferroni & Zhou, 2012). The endeavor demonstrated that Amul is invaluable in every way, and we must protect it. Therefore, it is not self-serving since it always assures that the profits gained are dispersed equitably for the benefit of farmers and socioeconomic advancement. A standard questionnaire with a five-point interval scale was used to gather data from 119 respondents.

Promotions and marketing play a vital role in informing the potential consumers of the global market on attracting and convincing them for the inclination towards the product. It also helps to significantly modify the behavior of the existing consumers in bringing more customers to ensure a long-term success to set a business and ensure more profits involved in the effort. Tourism has been amongst one of the largest industries in India since the medieval days, but organized planning of tourism began from the 1950s through various methods of planned development. The Government of India recognized tourism as a potential instrument for development and employing the citizens from Post Independence. It was included in a series of five years plans from 1966. Promotion and marketing lead the tourism of India through various strategies of market planning by the use of the internet, newspaper advertisements, brochures, billboards, online advertisements, emails, and various means of the social media platform for the promotion of the cultural heritage of India. The Tourism Ministry released various international campaigns to promote India as an attractive, multi-cultural, modern, and sports-friendly destination for promoting tourism in the nation (Venkatesh & Raj, 2016). This will introduce us to various concepts and objectives of the promotion and marketing strategies to promote tourism through proper market management and environment. A sample of 127 respondents was collected from respondents through a "standard questionnaire," which was created on a five-point interval scale.

The perception of investors depends on the different behavioral traits. The stock market seems to be an exciting and exciting platform for investors to perform their investment activities (frydrych et al., 2014). The market has continuously grown over time in these years. However, investors are sometimes skeptical about investing because of the uncertainties and risks associated with the stock market. After going through many hurdles, the money earned over a long time is meant to be safe and risk-free. Therefore, the investors feel the risk in the stock market is high and fear investing in platforms like these. Awareness of the stock market is also essential for investing in suitable firms. There must be a fair understanding of the return on investments (roi) before investing a large sum of money into the firms (farris et al., 2015). As this is a hot topic among businesses, the study of the behavior of small investors concerning the stock market must be carried out to understand their perspective. Financial behavior is an important concept to understand if one wishes to analyze the perception of individual investors. It has been observed that some of the investors are dependent on self-made decisions while investing, whereas some are made aware by the different financial seminars or workshops. Therefore, this paper deals with empirical findings to establish a more profound understanding of the behavior of investors following the stock market. A sample of 117 small retail investors was surveyed through a structured questionnaire to know their perception of investing in the stock market and its impact on the investment process in India. The study concludes that there is a significant impact on investors' perception of investing in the stock market.

Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder, causing dysautonomia and multisystem failure. Symptoms include skeletal malformations, restricted joint mobility and desensitisation to pain. Patients with SWS presenting with intraoral lesions are extremely rare and this is probably due to their shortened lifespan. We present a case of a 9-month-old patient who presented to our Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS)Unit with a chronic inflamed ulcer affecting the tongue, secondary to trauma from erupting central incisors. We believe that depapillation in conjunction with an increased pain threshold contributed to its development. The patient was successfully treated by extraction of the lower central incisors and intralesional steroid injections under general anaesthetic. This case highlights that patients with SWS can present to the OMFS clinician with oral lesions and that they can be safely managed under general anaesthesia.

Food is the most basic necessity of any living person or creature. The urban areas of the world have shown tremendous changes in food consumption habits due to access of globalisation. The consumption behaviour of Indian urban society has changed drastically. On the basis of multiple changes in consumption pattern, the present study aims to understand the food consumption pattern of two urban areas which are the most opposite district financially, with Mewat urban being the lowest per capita income district of Haryana and Gurugram urban, the most financially rich area with highest per capita income. The journey of the study was to access and evaluate the expenditure pattern in these two areas on the basis of different income levels. 240 respondents, 120 each from Mewat and Gurugram urban, were selected for assessing expenditure pattern using stratified random sampling technique. The results stated the maximum expenditure by the Mewat urban people was on dairy products whereas the maximum expenditure by the Gurugram urban was on the cooked food.

In rural areas of developing countries, where about 40 % of all people live, the household stove accounts for more of all national fuel combustion occur under cooking pots. The present study was undertaken in Hisar district of Haryana state to assess the indoor air pollution level as per the energy ladder and its effect on respiratory health. The study was conducted in the rural villages of Hisar district and rural women who were using traditional chullah were selected as the sample of the study. Results revealed that most of the women were using chullah for cooking their own food and hara for animal feed with fuel placed on the lower rung of energy ladder i.e. crop waste and dung cakes, wood, kerosene, and LPG. Major health problems faced by women were ‘headache’ and ‘irritation in eyes’ while using the traditional chullah and hara. The majority of them were also having respiratory problems like ‘phlegm’ (mean score-2.7) ‘shortness of breath’ (mean score-2.6), ‘cough’ (mean score-2.5), and ‘wheezing’ (attacks) with mean score of 2.0, respectively. Mean PEFR values for the traditional chullah and hara exposed women were significantly lower as compared with MDV chullah and improved hara. Therefore, it is recommended that the use of cheap improved chullah and hara are the best alternative, which is the permanent solution of smoke and also consumes less fuel than traditional chullah and hara.

Nanotechnology cogitates manufacturing and exploitation of materials, in which all components are present at the nanoscale and their size ranges up to 100 nm. Nanoparticles can be synthesized chemically or biologically; nevertheless, biologically synthesized nanoparticles are less toxic to the environment and human health. Biogenesis of nanoparticles is acquiring momentum due to the use of biocompatible precursors’ viz., fungi, algae and various plant extracts. Nanoparticles are being useful in various branches of industrial products including energy storage and daily applications namely cosmetics, garments, optical stuff, catalytic, bactericidal, electronics, biological labeling as well as treatment of certain cancerous diseases. Due to their mounting applications, it is essential to develop a toxic-free approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles and their assemblage to eradicate the use of hazardous substances. The broad spectrum of naturally occurring cost effective precursors are available, which can be used in biomedicine, biosensors development, organic dyes and in the fabrication of nanodevices, etc. The study has reviewed the prospective of biocompatible organically synthesized nanoparticles and their cogency in various fields.

Histopathology for tumor margin assessment is time-consuming and expensive. High-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) images fresh tissues rapidly at cellular resolution and potentially facilitates evaluation. Here, we define FF-OCT features of normal and neoplastic skin lesions in fresh ex vivo tissues and assess its diagnostic accuracy for malignancies. For this, normal and neoplastic tissues were obtained from Mohs surgery, imaged using FF-OCT, and their features were described. Two expert OCT readers conducted a blinded analysis to evaluate their diagnostic accuracies, using histopathology as the ground truth. A convolutional neural network was built to distinguish and outline normal structures and tumors. Of the 113 tissues imaged, 95 (84%) had a tumor (75 BCCs and 17 SCCs). The average reader diagnostic accuracy was 88.1%, with, a sensitivity of 93.7%, and a specificity of 58.3%. The AI model achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 87.6%±5.9%, sensitivity of 93.2%±2.1%, and specificity of 81.2%±9.2%. A mean intersection-over-union of 60.3%±10.1% was achieved when delineating the nodular BCC from normal structures. Limitation of the study was the small sample size for all tumors, especially SCCs. However, based on our preliminary results, we envision FF-OCT to rapidly image fresh tissues, facilitating surgical margin assessment. AI algorithms can aid in automated tumor detection, enabling widespread adoption of this technique.

Background Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 virus is evolving continuously. The omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has the highest mutation in its spike protein, thus making the presently available vaccine ineffective or reducing its efficiency. Furthermore, the majority of the vaccines are constructed using a spike protein sequence from wild-type SARS-CoV-2. This raises the possibility of the virus evolving to the point where the vaccine's effectiveness is completely lost, even after booster doses. The study aims to develop a predictive vaccine as well as the epitopes for the updating of the vaccine sequences of currently available vaccines. In this study, following the immunoinformatics approach, predictive vaccine construction was done with the help of epitopes present on spike proteins of wild-type, delta, and omicron variants that encompass the majority of variants and possible new variants that arise from the combination of circulating variants. Results The vaccine that was constructed was stable and immunogenic. The vaccine was constructed with the help of 18 B-cell epitopes, 5 MHC class I epitopes, and 6 MHC class II epitopes. The epitope conservancy analysis suggests that the vaccine will work for the previously known variant of concern. The vaccine bound to TLR4, TLR2, B-cell receptor chains A and B, and ACE2 receptors with a z score of − 1.4, − 1.7, − 1.4, − 1.7, and − 1.4, respectively, with a cluster size of 121 highest for the ACE2 receptor and 46 lowest for B-cell receptor chain A. The C-ImmSim simulation results indicate that the vaccine is generating both humoral and cell-mediated responses at a sufficient level throughout the month upon injection of the vaccine as an antigen. Conclusion The study's findings indicate that the vaccine was both stable and immunogenic, providing a sufficient level of immunity. Following experimental validation, the vaccine can be used, and the epitopes can be employed for therapeutic purposes such as antibody synthesis. Graphical Abstract

New transition metal complexes of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) with new Schiff base [HLp] derived from pyrene-1-carbaldehyde and 4-Amino-3-mercapto-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazine were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Visible, ESR spectral studies, magnetic moment measurements and cyclic voltammetry. Results prove that [HLp] acts as bidentate ligand. Low conductance data reveal non-electrolytic nature of the complexes. The spectroscopic data and magnetic moment values along with elemental analytical data support octahedral geometries for Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) complexes and square planar geometry for Cu(II) complexes. ESR spectra of Cu(II) complexes exhibited g values trend as g∥>g⊥> ge. The nephelauxetic ratio (β) along with orbital reduction factors (K values) report the covalent nature of the metal-ligand bonds in complexes. Thermal analysis was also carried out to propose the composition of complexes and to determine their thermal stability. Coats-Redfern method was employed to evaluate some kinetic parameters of thermal degradation processes. In vitro antimicrobial properties of all synthesized compounds were investigated. After assessing the inhibition zones, metal complexes have been found more antimicrobial active than the Schiff base against both bacterial as well as fungal strains. Metal complexes also showed remarkable fluorescence and antioxidant properties.

Arsenic (As) is recognized as a toxic element and has been classified as a human carcinogen (group I) causing skin, lungs and bladder cancers. Arsenic contamination is a worldwide problem including several parts of India. While As contamination in drinking water has attracted much attention, plant based foods are also an important source of As. From irrigation water As gets loaded in agricultural soil and eventually accumulates in food grains and vegetables. Arsenic exists in several chemical forms and its accumulation and toxic effect to plant strongly depends on its availability and chemical speciation in soil. The chemical speciation and availability of As in soil is a complex phenomenon impacted by several edaphic and environmental factors. Both organic and inorganic forms of As are present in soil. Arsenate[As(V)]and arsenite [As(III)] are the major soluble inorganic forms of As and are also the most abundant As species. In aerated/aerobic soil As(V) while in anaerobic soil As(III) is the predominant form. Further, the availability of As(III) is generally higher in soil solution than As(V) because the former is relatively more weakly retained in the soil matrix. Organic As i.e. methylated forms of As are also present in small amount. However, depending on soil organic matter, moister and mineral composition they can be in significantly high concentration in some soils. Thus, availability of As in soil is driven by multiple factors, such as rain fall, temperature, pH, CEC, texture, Fe oxides & hydroxides, organic matter, sulfur & phosphorus concentration, soil redox conditions etc. Understanding these factors is important for mitigation of As problem in food through proper soil amendment or by selection appropriate crop.

The pandemic COVID-19 continues to threaten human life in all over the world. This pandemic changed the scenario of life in every way such as finance, health and even the food habits. This paper investigated the home confinement effects on consumer’s food consumption and eating habits during pandemic. In line with the recommendations for social distancing under pandemic conditions, the empirical data was collected through online survey. A sample size of 30 respondents was randomly selected from Hisar district in Haryana state. An online questionnaire was made and circulated through local social media( g-mail and what’s up) among the respondents during lockdown period starts from April to May 2021.The results revealed that maximum number of respondents (46.6%) belonged to 31-40 years of age group, belonging to BC category (46.6%),were graduate(40.0%) with main occupation as government service (56.6%).More than half of the respondents(56.6%) supermarket was the most preferred place of purchase of various food items from different food categories. Huge majority of the respondents (90.0%) prefer to consume home made products with rank I. Due to home confinement, majority of the respondents change their eating habits and follow practices in adoption of cooking and preparing food scored I rank.In stocking of food items, most of the respondents(80.0%) stock only non-perishable products such as cereal and cereal products and spices and condiments followed by other food categories.To ensure the safety of itself and others from Covid-19,take some simple precautions like social distancing, wearing a mask, keeping rooms well ventilated, avoiding crowds, cleaning your hands and coughing into a bent elbow or tissue.

Owing to ubiquitous distribution, high abundances and ecological relevance, Caenorhabditis elegans has strong potential interest as barometer of environment and human health. Ecotoxicological methods are used to evaluate the effect of various anthropogenic contaminants on the ecosystems that circumscribe both in-vivo and in-vitro toxicities to explore the pathways and mechanisms of toxicity and to set precise toxicity thresholds. The interest in C. elegans, as a model organism in toxicological studies, has increased over the past few decades. The enticement of C. elegans comes from the ease of metabolically active digestive, sensory, endocrine, neuromuscular, reproductive systems and genetic manipulation along with the ability to fluorescently label neuronal subtypes. The study reviews the competence of Caenorhabditis elegans as a potential model organism in various toxicity assays specifically neurotoxicity and oxidative stress.

One-carbon metabolism is crucial for the maintenance of healthy pregnancy and alterations in this pathway have been associated with various pregnancy-related complications. Therefore, the present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the altered folic acid, vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels are associated with the risk of early pregnancy loss (EPL). Plasma folic acid, vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels were analyzed in 83 females with EPL and 70 healthy pregnant females in their first trimester. Further, meta-analyses of folic acid, vitamin B12 and homocysteine were also performed involving various eligible studies. Results from our case-control study and meta-analysis showed that folic acid deficiency is not associated with the risk of EPL. On the other hand, low vitamin B12 and hyperhomocysteinemia were individually found to be significant risk factors for EPL in the present study (P.01, P.05, respectively) and meta-analysis as well (P.001, P.05, respectively). Vitamin B12 deficiency in combination with hyperhomocysteinemia was a more serious risk factor for EPL (Odds Ratio = 4.98, P = 0.002). Therefore, we conclude that vitamin B12 deficiency and elevated homocysteine levels are independent risk factors for EPL, and of higher risk when combined. The assessment of vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels may serve as a good screening marker for EPL risk.

Species composition and abundance of lizard populations was studied in the historical monuments such as the Devanahalli fort of the Bengaluru North City region, Bengaluru, India. The quadrants laid in the fort was surveyed for the estimation of the population density, abundance, sex ratio, frequency and distribution of the lizards in the Devanahalli fort. A total of nine species of lizards were recorded during the study, thus highlighting the significance of historical forts in acting as important urban habitats for reptiles. The reptilian fauna of the historical monuments such as forts, temples and archeological sites were found to be more distinct than the rest of the urban landscapes. In addition to this, notes on the morphometric analysis, behavioral patterns and natural history of recorded lizards was observed. Therefore, the abundance of the lizard populations in the historical fort’s call for its special concern for care because their archeological importance and will be of use for urban planning and conservation.

Five new palladium(II) complexes of 2-arylidene-1-(4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyrimidin-2-yl) hydrazines have been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analyses, spectroscopic techniques like IR, 1H–NMR, UV–visible, fluorescence and thermogravimetric analysis. In vitro antibacterial activity was carried out against two gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), in vitro antifungal evaluation against two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and also compared with corresponding ligands. Interaction of the ligands and their Pd(II) complexes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated with the help of fluorescence spectroscopy. Emission spectroscopic studies reveal that complexes interact more strongly with BSA protein than their parent hydrazones. New Palladium(II) complexes of 2-arylidene-1-(4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyrimidin-2-yl) hydrazines complexes are comparatively good binding agents with BSA proteins than corresponding ligands. In vitro biological studies show that these metal complexes exhibit enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities as compared to hydrazones.

We undertook meta-analyses on MTHFR 1298A>C substitution for critically evaluating its association with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). MTHFR genotype data for 5888 cases and 8401 controls from 39 studies were pooled to perform this meta-analyses. Genotype data were screened, scrutinized, pooled, analysed and subjected to sensitivity analysis to carefully evaluate the association between MTHFR 1298A>C and recurrent pregnancy loss. Genetic associations were sought using dominant, recessive and co-dominant models of genetic testing with odds ratio and 95% Confidence interval (CI) as the effect measures. Further analyses were undertaken by classifying the studies into Caucasian and East Asian sub-groups. Genetic heterogeneity was tested before pooling the data across studies. For assessing publication bias, Egger’s intercept test was undertaken. We found a significant association of 1298A>C substitution with increased risk of RPL in the dominant (P=0.000; OR = 1.58; 95% CI =1.25–1.99) as well as recessive (P=0.000; OR = 1.66; 95% CI =1.25–2.20) models. In sub-group analysis, we observed a significant association of the polymorphism with RPL in the Caucasian populations using dominant (P=0.000; OR = 1.98; 95% CI =1.42–2.76) and recessive (P=0.000; OR = 2.20; 95% CI =1.49–3.24) models. However, this substitution showed no association with RPL in the East Asian populations (P=0.149; OR = 1.187; 95% CI =0.94–1.50). MTHFR 1298A>C substitution shows association with the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss. The association is in a population-specific manner with the substitution being a strong risk factor only in the Caucasian populations.

The review study highlight the rigorous work profile of the workers in small scale industries and depict how the hazards caused to them in their daily life are affecting their health. Different hazards such as very severe pain in neck, head, shoulders, fingers, hands, and lower back were identified, always leading to various musculoskeletal disorders. A need to improve workstation and workplace environment to make it user friendly to workers is felt so the workers could be comfortable is highlighted in all the studies. The study has its focus majorly on the craft industries and presents the plight of the jewelers specially. Proper task analysis and work rest pattern are identified as useful to alleviate the mental fatigue and to improve work efficiency of the workers.

Rural population in India depends on traditional chullah for the cooking purpose. They depend on biomass inputs since it is obtainable free of cost. This practice can be harmful to the respiratory health of human beings, as well as contribute to climate change. The present study was conducted on 30 households of adopted village Budak of Hisar district under NASF- ICAR project. An observation sheet was used to collect the data regarding health effects of traditional chullah and impact of improved chullah. Study found the various health related problems viz: irritation in eyes, respiratory problems, backache, low visibility, headache etc. faced by the respondents while using traditional chullah. Irritation in eyes was the most reported problem by the respondents as it got highest mean score (2.6 and Ist rank). Average saved time in preparing the meal by the improved chullah was 13.16 minutes and technical benefits got first rank (overall mean score 2.9). Improved chullah could save biomass input, human health and environment by reducing the time in cooking and creating less smoke or no smoke while cooking.

Abstract: 5D & 4D printings are an advanced version of 3D printing class and are one of the most revolutionary and powerful fabrication methods used for preparing innovative structures and solid substances using precise additive manufacturing technology. It captures the imagination of one with its potential to produce flexible designing and fabrication of innovative products with high complexity and speed. This technology with the assistance of AI (Artificial Intelligence) facilitates real-time sensing, adapting to change, and predicting the state of printing. 3D printing works by employing advanced materials utilizing a computer aided design with tomography scan under AI control which deposits printing material in accordance with the nature of a file usually in STL format, but it requires time for printing. This shortcoming can be overcome by 4D printing where smart materials are incorporated with time as 4th dimension. This technique has self-repair and self-assembly properties that will save around 80% of time. Some printed materials are made sensitive to temperature, humidity, light, and other parameters so that they can respond to stimulus, but it’s one limitation of not being able to print complex shapes having curved surfaces can be overcome by utilising 5D printing where additive manufacturing is done by rotation of extruder head and rotation of print bed to print in 5 different axes. This review evaluates the prospective of these techniques with AI interference in medicine and pharmacy, with its effective and efficient production for the required design precision.

Introduction: Leprosy is continuous spectrum of varied clinicopathological manifestations of the disease.1 leprosy still continues to be one of major health problem due to consequent disabilities and social stigma.2,3 Timely diagnosis helps in proper treatment and reduce the chances of recurrence. It is chronic infection which affects skin and peripheral nerves.4,5 The nerve biopsies are difficult, diagnosis mainly depends upon clinical examination of skin lesions and histopathological diagnosis. Most of leprosy cases were diagnosed without histopathological examination.6 The aim of the present study was to know the Role of skin biopsy in diagnosing leprosy cases. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional comparative study of skin biopsies of clinically suspected or diagnosed leprosy cases coming to the tertiary care hospital. Results: Sixty two (62) biopsies were included in the study. All biopsies were classified histologically compared with clinical diagnosis. Out of 62 cases, BB was the main clinical diagnosis comprising 19(30.6%) followed by BL 16(25.8%), LL 11(17.8%), IND 9(14.5%), BT 5(8.1%) and TT 2(3.2%) remaining. Out of these 62 cases, 40 (64.5%) cases histopathological diagnosis were agreed with clinical diagnosis. Conclusion: Histological examination is an important tool in the accurate diagnosis of leprosy. Indeterminate and borderline leprosy cases diagnosed on clinical grounds are difficult due to it's varied presentation and could mimic with other diseases, therefore histopathological examination is useful to confirm diagnosis and accurate typing of leprosy for proper treatment. Keywords: Leprosy, histopathology TT-tuberculoid, BT-Borderline Tuberculoid, BB-Borderline Borderline, BL-Borderline Lepromatous, LL-Lepromatous leprosy.

This review paper deals with the global studies of how consumers have been affected at a global level during past pandemics and how they are coping with the current pandemic of COVID-19 in world and in India. A relationship has been tried to be established of how situations and preparedness have been changed during pandemics in parts of government policies and consumers themselves. Lockdown has impacted the change in behavior among many consumers in different attributes of life like in electricity consumption, food habits and lifestyle factors. Agricultural sector has been widely impacted due to the lockdown and different farmers growing varied crops have been influenced differently.

The following study deals with the detailed reviews regarding the interventions that have been done globally in the sector of entrepreneurial interventions in aspect of work simplification. Various standards hence can be considered while referring to different designs for enterprises, especially small scale enterprises. The studies have revealed the musculoskeletal disorders from manual material handling (MMH) works often involving strains and sprains to the lower back, shoulders, and upper limbs. The ergonomic interventions are found to give comfort to the workers in various postures. It is concluded that the design of the system must be incorporating to the worker, equipment, and environment as a whole.

Lifestyle factors, which include the practices we adopt in our daily life, have a significant role in shaping our overall health. These lifestyle choices are mainly centered on personal preferences and our surrounding social environment. In addition to lifestyle factors, we continuously interact with our environment, which impacts physiology. Several factors have been claimed to affect women's fertility; lifestyle-related factors, in particular, have received great attention in the last decade. Due to societal and professional pressure, childbearing age in women has gradually shifted to the 30s. Delayed age of childbearing along with modern lifestyle offers a wider window of opportunity for various lifestyle and genetic perturbations to penetrate to affect fertility. While clinical studies have strengthened a direct correlation between lifestyle, environment, and female reproductive health; experimental studies on animal models have investigated their mechanism of action. In most instances, these factors target the neuroendocrine pathways, resulting in metabolic derangements. This review aims to dissect the plausible interconnection of lifestyle and environmental factors with various neuroendocrine pathways and to discuss how it can affect the female physiology in the long-term, resulting in reproductive incompetence.