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The overall goal of the annual Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer (TREC) Training Workshop is to provide transdisciplinary training for scientists in energetics and cancer and clinical care. The 2022 Workshop included 27 early-to-mid career investigators (trainees) pursuing diverse TREC research areas in basic, clinical, and population sciences. The 2022 trainees participated in a gallery walk, an interactive qualitative program evaluation method, to summarize key takeaways related to program objectives. Writing groups were formed and collaborated on this summary of the 5 key takeaways from the TREC Workshop. The 2022 TREC Workshop provided a targeted and unique networking opportunity that facilitated meaningful collaborative work addressing research and clinical needs in energetics and cancer. This report summarizes the 2022 TREC Workshop’s key takeaways and future directions for innovative transdisciplinary energetics and cancer research.

Intermittent fasting entails restricting food intake during specific times of day, days of the week, religious practice, or surrounding clinically important events. Herein, the metabolic and circadian rhythm mechanisms underlying the proposed benefits of intermittent fasting for the cancer population are described. We summarize epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical studies in cancer published between January 2020 and August 2022 and propose avenues for future research. An outstanding concern regarding the use of intermittent fasting among cancer patients is that fasting often results in caloric restriction, which can put patients already prone to malnutrition, cachexia, or sarcopenia at risk. Although clinical trials do not yet provide sufficient data to support the general use of intermittent fasting in clinical practice, this summary may be useful for patients, caregivers, and clinicians who are exploring intermittent fasting as part of their cancer journey for clinical outcomes and symptom management.

Cancer-related fatigue is a prevalent, debilitating condition, and preliminary evidence suggests a relationship between higher diet quality and lower fatigue. Serum-based carotenoids, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E are biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake and therefore diet quality. To further elucidate the link between diet quality and cancer-related fatigue, associations were assessed between these serum-based nutrients and fatigue among American adults with special attention to cancer history. Data were analyzed from the United States 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset. Ten carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin E, and γ-tocopherol were measured from fasting blood samples and fatigue was patient-reported. Associations between carotenoid concentration and fatigue were estimated using ordinal logistic regression models. Adjusted models included a diagnosis of cancer (with the exception on nonmelanoma skin cancer, yes/no), age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, education, and exercise habits as covariates, and additional models included a cancer × nutrient interaction. Of 4,091 participants, 272 (8.0%) reported a history of cancer. Greater fatigue was associated with lower serum trans-lycopene, retinyl palmitate, and retinyl stearate (all P < 0.05) in separate models adjusting for potential confounders. For these nutrients, a one-SD increase in nutrient was associated with a 6.8%–9.9% lower risk of greater fatigue. Among cancer survivors only (n = 272), statistically significant associations were not observed between any of the nutrients and fatigue. In conclusion, greater serum concentrations of carotenoid biomarkers were associated with less fatigue. These results support further exploration into relationships between carotenoid intake, diet quality, and persistent fatigue.Significance:Cancer-related fatigue often persists for years into survivorship, reduces quality of life, and prevents people from returning to their lives before cancer. Interventions to address cancer-related fatigue are much needed. Herein, serum carotenoids were associated with lower fatigue, thereby supporting further development of nutritional interventions to address fatigue in survivorship.

Suppl. Table 1. Results of crude and adjusted models describing the association between carotenoid concentrations and fatigue: all model output. For body mass index, estimates are compared to normal weight (18.5-Suppl. Table 2. Results of adjusted model with the nutrient×cancer interaction term to explore the associations between carotenoids and cancer-related fatigue: all model output.Suppl. Table 3. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the effects of the nutrient×cancer interaction on fatigue. Models are adjusted for age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, education, physical activity, history of a cancer diagnosis, and nutrient concentration.Suppl. Table 4. Results of adjusted models (no interaction term) describing the association between carotenoid concentrations and fatigue only among cancer survivors: all model output; estimates for race/ethnicity are compared to non-Hispanic Whites, 1=Mexican American, 2=Other Hispanic, 4=non-Hispanic Black American, 5=Other non-Hispanic race, including multi-racial; estimates for body mass index are compared to those of normal weight; and estimates for education are compared to those with at least a college education. Exercise is estimated from metabolic equivalents (MET hours) per week as a continuous variable. Age, Years since Diagnosis, and carotenoid concentration are treated as continuous variables. (n=272)

Cancer-related fatigue is a prevalent, debilitating, and persistent condition. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a putative contributor to cancer-related fatigue, but relationships between mitochondrial function and cancer-related fatigue are not well understood.We investigated the relationships between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene expression and cancer-related fatigue, as well as the effects of fish and soybean oil supplementation on these relationships.A secondary analysis was performed on data from a randomized controlled trial of breast cancer survivors 4-36 months posttreatment with moderate-severe cancer-related fatigue. Participants were randomized to take 6 g fish oil, 6 g soybean oil, or 3 g each daily for 6 weeks. At pre- and postintervention, participants completed the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue questionnaire and provided whole blood for assessment of mtDNA gene expression. The expression of 12 protein-encoding genes was reduced to a single dimension using principal component analysis for use in regression analysis. Relationships between mtDNA expression and cancer-related fatigue were assessed using linear regression.Among 68 participants, cancer-related fatigue improved and expression of all mtDNA genes decreased over 6 weeks with no effect of treatment group on either outcome. Participants with lower baseline mtDNA gene expression had greater improvements in cancer-related fatigue. No significant associations were observed between mtDNA gene expression and cancer-related fatigue at baseline or changes in mtDNA gene expression and changes in cancer-related fatigue.Data from this exploratory study add to the growing literature that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the etiology and pathophysiology of cancer-related fatigue.

Cancer-related fatigue is a prevalent, debilitating condition, and preliminary evidence suggests a relationship between higher diet quality and lower fatigue. Serum-based carotenoids, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E are biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake and therefore diet quality. To further elucidate the link between diet quality and cancer-related fatigue, associations were assessed between these serum-based nutrients and fatigue among American adults with special attention to cancer history. Data were analyzed from the United States 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset. Ten carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin E, and γ-tocopherol were measured from fasting blood samples and fatigue was patient-reported. Associations between carotenoid concentration and fatigue were estimated using ordinal logistic regression models. Adjusted models included a diagnosis of cancer (with the exception on nonmelanoma skin cancer, yes/no), age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, education, and exercise habits as covariates, and additional models included a cancer × nutrient interaction. Of 4,091 participants, 272 (8.0%) reported a history of cancer. Greater fatigue was associated with lower serum trans-lycopene, retinyl palmitate, and retinyl stearate (all P < 0.05) in separate models adjusting for potential confounders. For these nutrients, a one-SD increase in nutrient was associated with a 6.8%–9.9% lower risk of greater fatigue. Among cancer survivors only (n = 272), statistically significant associations were not observed between any of the nutrients and fatigue. In conclusion, greater serum concentrations of carotenoid biomarkers were associated with less fatigue. These results support further exploration into relationships between carotenoid intake, diet quality, and persistent fatigue. Significance: Cancer-related fatigue often persists for years into survivorship, reduces quality of life, and prevents people from returning to their lives before cancer. Interventions to address cancer-related fatigue are much needed. Herein, serum carotenoids were associated with lower fatigue, thereby supporting further development of nutritional interventions to address fatigue in survivorship.

A brief historical review regarding the type locality of Euptychia stigmatica Godman, 1905 was conducted, which suggests that its type locality is actually Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, rather than northeastern Argentina, as previously purported. Consequently, E. stigmatica and its senior synonym E. cyanites Butler, 1871, are regarded to be two species-group names representing a taxon in the euptychiine genus Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964 known from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. A lectotype is designated for E. cyanites. Additionally, two closely related species are named and described using an integrative approach with morphological and molecular evidence. Caeruleuptychia harrisi Nakahara & Freitas, sp. nov. and C. aemulatio Nakahara & Willmott, sp. nov. both occur in Amazonia and COI barcode data recovered these taxa as part of the caerulea clade of Caeruleuptychia.

INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN) remains a significant toxicity in cancer survivors without preventative strategies or rehabilitation. Exercise and physical activity-based interventions have demonstrated promise in reducing existing CIPN symptoms and potentially preventing toxicity, however there is a significant gap in evidence due to the lack of quality clinical trials and appropriate outcome measures. AREAS COVERED: The authors systematically reviewed outcome measures in CIPN exercise and physical rehabilitation studies with expert panel consensus via the Peripheral Nerve Society Toxic Neuropathy Consortium to provide recommendations for future trials. Across 26 studies, 75 outcome measures were identified and grouped into 16 domains within three core areas - measures of manifestations of CIPN (e.g. symptoms/signs), measures of the impact of CIPN and other outcome measures. EXPERT OPINION: This article provides a conceptual framework for CIPN outcome measures and highlights the need for definition of a core outcome measures set. The authors provide recommendations for CIPN exercise and physical rehabilitation trial design and outcome measure selection. The development of a core outcome measure set will be critical in the search for neuroprotective and treatment approaches to support cancer survivors and to address the significant gap in the identification of effective rehabilitation and treatment options for CIPN.

Persistent concerns about college graduates’ foundational skills for workforce preparedness compels educators to continue exploring ways to address them. Although effective communication is widely regarded as essential for entry-level professionals, which skills matter most may vary. Employers’ satisfaction with communication skills also shifts over time. This study compares regional employers’ and undergraduate business majors’ satisfaction with given communication skills and their perceptions about various skills’ importance. Results showed students rank importance and satisfaction similarly, and students’ satisfaction with their skills exceeded employers’. Regressions showed student satisfaction with specific skills predict their perceived importance. Implications for curriculum development are discussed.

Purpose. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common dose-limiting side effect of taxane and platinum chemotherapy for breast cancer. Clinicians cannot accurately predict CIPN severity partly because its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Although inflammation may play a role in CIPN, there are limited human studies. Here, we identified the strongest predictors of CIPN using variables measured before taxane- or platinum-based chemotherapy, including serum inflammatory markers.Methods. 116 sedentary women with breast cancer (mean age 55 years) rated (1) numbness and tingling and (2) hot/coldness in hands/feet on 0-10 scales before and after six weeks of taxane- or platinum-based chemotherapy. A sub-study was added to collect cytokine data in the final 55 patients. We examined all linear models to predict CIPN severity at 6 weeks using pre-chemotherapy assessments of inflammatory, behavioral, clinical, and psychosocial factors. The final model was selected via goodness of fit.Results. The strongest pre-chemotherapy predictors of numbness and tingling were worse fatigue/anxiety/depression (explaining 27% of variance), older age (9%), and baseline neuropathy (5%). The strongest predictors of hot/coldness in hands/feet were worse baseline neuropathy (11%) and fatigue/anxiety/depression (6%). Inflammation was a risk for CIPN, per more pro-inflammatory IL-1β (6%) predicting numbness/tingling and less anti-inflammatory IL-10 predicting numbness and tingling (6%) and hot/coldness in hands/feet (9%).Conclusions. The strongest pre-chemotherapy predictors of CIPN included worse fatigue/anxiety/depression and baseline neuropathy. A pro-inflammatory state also predicted CIPN. Because this is an exploratory study, these results suggest specific outcomes (e.g., IL-1β) and effect size estimates for designing replication and extension studies.Trial Registration. NCT00924651

Vortex stretching is a common feature of many complex flows, including turbulence. Experiments and simulations of isolated vortex knots demonstrate that this behavior can also be seen in relatively simple systems, and appears to be dependent on vortex topology. Here we simulate the advection of material lines in the frozen flow fields of vortices on the surface of a torus. We find that knotted configurations lead to exponential stretching behavior which is qualitatively different than that observed by collections of unknots. This stretching can be explained by the formation of bights, sharp bends in the material lines which can be used to predict the stretching rate. This behavior is confirmed by computing the finite time Lyapunov exponents of the flow fields, which demonstrate the exponential stretching is mediated by bight forming regions between the vortex lines. This work both establishes a clear connection between topology and stretching behavior, as well as providing an intuitive mechanism for exponential growth of material lines in knotted flows.

Because the amount of available ground-motion data has increased over the last decades, the need for automated processing algorithms has also increased. One difficulty with automated processing is to screen clipped records. Clipping occurs when the ground-motion amplitude exceeds the dynamic range of the linear response of the instrument. Clipped records in which the amplitude exceeds the dynamic range are relatively easy to identify visually yet challenging for automated algorithms. In this article, we seek to identify a reliable and fully automated clipping detection algorithm tailored to near-real-time earthquake response needs. We consider multiple alternative algorithms, including (1) an algorithm based on the percentage difference in adjacent data points, (2) the standard deviation of the data within a moving window, (3) the shape of the histogram of the recorded amplitudes, (4) the second derivative of the data, and (5) the amplitude of the data. To quantitatively compare these algorithms, we construct development and holdout datasets from earthquakes across a range of geographic regions, tectonic environments, and instrument types. We manually classify each record for the presence of clipping and use the classified records. We then develop an artificial neural network model that combines all the individual algorithms. Testing on the holdout dataset, the standard deviation and histogram approaches are the most accurate individual algorithms, with an overall accuracy of about 93%. The combined artificial neural network method yields an overall accuracy of 95%, and the choice of classification threshold can balance precision and recall.

A double-strand break (DSB) must usually be repaired with as little alteration to the genome as possible, though some rare alterations provide valuable genomic evolution. InE.coli, a DSB undergoes resection to give 3’ ssDNA tails. These invading strand tails are loaded with RecA protein and then rapidly search the genome for the corresponding (allelic) partner. Thus, a searching ssDNA/RecA filament must almost never make stable non-allelic contact; therefore, it has been puzzling that RecA forms stable products that join partially homologous sequences. Homology testing by RecA family proteins begins with an 8-bp test, followed by successive homology tests of base pair triplets. Here we introduce a highly simplified homology recognition model to highlight how mismatch sensitivity could affect non-allelic pairing in bacterial genomes. The model predicts that even if each triplet test accepts 2 mismatches, RecA can have ∼ 95% probability of establishing allelic pairing after a DSB inE. coli; however, that accuracy requires homology testing ⪆50 contiguous base pairs, consistent with the homology lengths probedin vivo. In contrast, if no mismatches are accepted testing 14 bp is sufficient, and testing more base pairs does not reduce non-allelic pairing because bacterial genomes contain long repeats.

Purpose Cancer-related fatigue is a prevalent, debilitating condition that can persist for months or years after treatment. In a single-arm clinical trial, the feasibility and safety of a time-restricted eating (TRE) intervention were evaluated among cancer survivors, and initial estimates of within-person change in cancer-related fatigue were obtained. Methods Participants were 4–60 months post-cancer treatment, were experiencing fatigue (≥ 3 on a scale 0–10), and were not following TRE. TRE entailed limiting all food and beverages to a self-selected 10-h window for 14 days. Participants reported their eating window in a daily diary and completed the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), and symptom inventory pre- and post-intervention. Results Participants (n = 39) were 61.5 ± 12.4 years old and 1.8 ± 1.3 years post-treatment; 89.7% had had breast cancer. The intervention was feasible in that 36/39 (92.3%) of participants completed all questionnaires and daily diaries. It was also safe with no severe adverse events or rapid weight loss (average loss of 1.1 ± 2.3 pounds, p = 0.008). Most adhered to TRE; 86.1% ate within a 10-h window at least 80% of the days, and the average eating window was 9.33 ± 1.05 h. Fatigue scores improved 5.3 ± 8.1 points on the FACIT-F fatigue subscale (p p p

Article published in the journal Tropical Lepidoptera Research.

Cisandina n. gen. This description is intended to serve as a template description for taxa described herein, thus it accommodates both inter- and intraspecific characters without the need for a separate ‘variation’ section. Male: Forewing length: 22–26 mm (mean: 23.8 mm; n = 13) Head: Eyes brown with lightly colored hair-like setae, white scales at base; frons dark brownish to blackish, covered with greyish and whitish scales, as well as lightly colored elongate hair-like setae; first 20 0.0326 19 0.0326 18 0.0128 0.0199 17 0.134 0.1015 16 0.1167 0.0842 15 0.1398 0.1073 14 0.118 0.0855 13 0.1214 0.0889 12 0.1291 0.0966 11 0.117 0.0845 10 0.1168 0.0843 9 0.1445 0.112 8 0.1447 0.1122 7 0.1445 0.112 6 0.1243 0.0918 5 0.1325 0.1 4 0.1298 0.0973 3 0.1384 0.1058 2 0.1492 0.1167 1 0.1385 0.1059 _ Guiana _ Guiana Cisandina French _ Continued 1708 _15 - _ trinitensis _ 356 Cisandina _ French trinitensis _ 3 . MB- LCB Table 19.. 20 segment of labial palpi short, covered with white scales and white hair-like scales and black hair-like scales, second segment about twice as long as eye depth and covered with white scales and white hair-like scales laterally and dorsally, in addition to brownish elongated scales, ventrally adorned with brownish hair-like scales and whitish hair-like scales longer than segment width, third segment apparently roughly one-third of second segment in length (although this can be somewhat variable), and covered with brownish scales dorsally and ventrally, with white scales laterally; antennae approximately two-fifths of forewing length, with ca. 38–39 antennomers (n = 4), scape rounded, about as twice as long as pedicel and wider, flagellomeres orangish, distal few flagellomeres appearing dark, covered with greyish scales with whitish scales visible on each side at base of each flagellomeres, these scales more apparent on basal flagellomeres, distal 12–13 flagellomeres composing club. Thorax: Brownish, dorsally with greyish scales and scales with iridescent coloration, in addition to lightly colored long hair-like scales; laterally and ventrally brownish, scattered with greyish scales and some lightly colored scales, in addition to long hair-like scales; foreleg with whitish long hair-like scales and brownish long hair-like scales, femur, tibia and tarsus similar in length, tarsus not divided into subsegments; pterothoracic legs ventrally appearing lighter compared with more greyish or darker dorsal surface, tibia with two longitudinal rows of spines on ventral surface, as well as spines present laterally, tarsus with three longitudinal rows of spines ventrally until distal end of first tarsomer, number of rows increasing to four from distal end of first tarsomer onwards, pair of tibial spurs, equal in length, present at distal end of tibia. Wing venation: Basal half of forewing subcostal vein swollen; base of cubitus swollen; forewing recurrent vein absent; discocellular vein m 1 -m 2 (i.e., dcs) curved basally, m 2 -m 3 (i.e., dcm) appearing rather straight; hindwing humeral vein present, exiting from origin of Rs and curving; origin of M 2 slightly towards M 1 than M 3 (Fig. 5). Wing shape: Forewing variably sub-triangular, apex rounded, costal margin slightly convex, outer margin somewhat variable but almost straight, inner margin almost straight; hindwing rounded, appearing slightly elongate (apparent in C. lea n. comb. and C. esmeralda n. sp. due to their rather elongated forewing shape), apex angular, costal margin slightly convex, angled inwards at base, outer margin slightly undulating, inner margin slightly curved inwards near tornus, anal lobe convex, slightly rounded (Fig. 2). Dorsal forewing: Ground color brownish, varying from being rather uniformly brownish to covered with iridescent to semi-iridescent scales (Fig. 2), submarginal and marginal bands occasionally visible as darker bands. Dorsal hindwing: Ground color similar to forewing, varying from being rather uniformly brownish to covered with iridescent to semiiridescent scales (Fig. 2); submarginal and marginal bands occasionally visible as darker bands. Ventral forewing: Ground color variable, from greyish brown to more brownish, may or may not be covered variably with iridescent scales (Fig. 2); discal band extending from radial vein, crossing discal cell, often passing just basal of origin of Cu 2, fading and terminating in cell Cu 2; concolorous postdiscal band extending from radial vein towards inner margin, terminating at 2A if not already faded in Cu 2 , more or less parallel to discal band albeit they may appear close to each other at posterior end; umbra appearing as undefined dark brownish shading extending from area near VFW ocellus (in cell M 1) to cell Cu2, if not terminating earlier; submarginal band, appearing darker compared with discal and postdiscal band, often narrower than previous two bands, extending from apex towards tornus, rather smooth although jaggedness can be somewhat variable, appearing more or less evenly broad perhaps except for anterior and posterior end; concolorous marginal band, not jagged, narrower than submarginal band, traversing along marginal area from apex to tornus; fringe greyish; small ocellus in cell M 1, often possessing black central area and single white pupil with pale ring but may lack one or two of these elements, additional ocellus or ocelli may appear in cells R 5, M 2, M 3, and Cu 1. Ventral hindwing: Ground color range and variation similar to forewing, may or may not be covered variably with iridescent scales (Fig. 2); discal band, concolorous to that of VFW, similar in width or broader, extending from costa to inner margin, often passing origin of Rs, or just basal of origin of this vein; concolorous postdiscal band passing origin of M 2 and/or Cu 1, otherwise near origin of these veins, similar in width or broader compared with previous band and appearing more or less parallel; submarginal band, concolorous to that of VFW, similar in width or broader, more jagged, extending from apex towards tornus, posterior end occasionally fused or terminating very close to postdiscal band near inner margin; concolorous marginal band, narrower than previous band and less sinuate, traversing along marginal area from apex to tornus; fringe greyish; six submarginal ocelli in cells Rs, M1, M 2, M 3, Cu 1, and Cu 2 (ocellus in cell Cu 2 absent in C. trinitensis n. comb.), ocelli in cells M 1 and Cu 1 similar in size (as in C. castanya n. sp., C. fida n. comb., C. sanmarcos n. comb., and C. esmeralda n. sp.) or ocellus in Cu 1 may be larger (as in C. trinitensis n. comb., C. lea n. comb., and C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.), both ocelli often possessing black central area and single white pupil ringed in yellow, ocelli in cells Rs and Cu 2 smaller compared with previous two ocelli but general appearance is same, ocelli in cells M 2 and M 3 are similar in size and appearance to those in cells Rs and Cu2 but lacking black area, ocellus in cell M 2 placed more basally compared with ocellus in cell M 3. Abdomen: Eighth tergite sclerotized in narrow anterior band and broader posterior patch; eighth sternite variable in appearance from rather narrow band to broader patch, as well as separated into two patches in some specimens (see below for further details). Genitalia: Tegumen somewhat trapezoidal in lateral view (compared with more semi-circular and/or elongated tegumen in many other euptychiines) due to convexity of dorsal margin located posteriorly and anterior portion being rather straight, this convexity of dorsal margin variable as to its degree, ventral margin convex; uncus longer than tegumen in lateral view, setae visible at base and along ventral margin towards posterior end, uncus roughly straight in lateral view, appearing somewhat broad in lateral view towards base, middle section evenly broad in dorsal view, posteriorly terminating in slightly hooked point in lateral view, rather blunt in dorsal view; brachium broad at base, longer than uncus, tapering towards apex and terminating in pointed apical edge, dorsally projecting away from uncus with posterior portion curving back in; combination of ventral arms from tegumen and dorsal arms from saccus somewhat sinuate, roughly evenly broad; appendices angulares present, but not discernible in lateral view, visible as rectangular projection in posterior view (when valva removed); saccus appearance in lateral view varying from straight to curved, but generally length not exceeding uncus; juxta (i.e., fultura inferior) present as narrow stripe; valvae, distal half setose, basal two-thirds roughly rhomboidal in lateral view, apical process approximately one-third of valva although this ratio is variable (see below for further details), varying in appearance from a narrow, curving process slightly tapering towards apex to a broader, straight process (see below for further details), y terminating in angular tip, dorsal margin just distal of costa curving interiorly forming a sharp projection visible in dorsal view in C. lea n. comb. but apparently absent in other species, costa appearing somewhat as ‘fan-shaped’ plate, dorsal margin curving inwards and folded towards appendices angulares; phallus roughly straight, similar in length to valva in lateral in view, phallobase occupying about half of phallus, antero-dorsal opening large, sclerotized region from dorsal margin of phallobase projecting upwards and apparently forming part of manica at juncture of phallobase and aedeagus, manica covering approximately half of aedeagus, cornuti visible as roughly two sclerotized narrow patches of vesica, vesica visible at posterior opening of aedeagus (Fig. 3). Female: Forewing length: 21–27 mm (mean: 23.3 mm; n = 10) Similar to male except as follows: Foretarsus divided into five tarsomers; forewing somewhat rounded and broader (apparent in C. lea n. comb., C. esmeralda n. sp., C. fida n. comb., and C. sanmarcos n. comb. due to their rather elongated male forewing); overall coloration lighter; iridescent purple-ish lilac reflection on DFW variable, from absent to covering about basal half of DFW; iridescent purple-ish lilac reflection on DHW similarly variable, from absent to covering entire surface of DFW; iridescent scales around VHW tornus often less intense. Female genitalia and abdomen: Eighth tergite fully developed (as seventh tergite); papilla analis lacking posterior apothysis; lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, forming rounded to rectangular plate with wrinkled margin; sclerotized plate present at lateral side of eighth abdominal segment, anterior margin fused with lamella antevaginalis (lateral margin fused as well in C. fida n. comb. and C. sanmarcos n. comb.), dorsal margin of this lateral sclerotized plate indented around spiracle; inter-segmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segment pleated and expandable, elongated weakly sclerotized region present; ductus bursae membraneous, ductus seminalis exits close to ostium bursae, ductus bursae somewhat inflated between origin of ductus seminalis and ostium bursae, corpus bursae ellipse in dorsal view, with two relatively short signa parallel to each other and apparently located laterally, bursa extending to juncture of third and fourth abdominal segment (Fig. 4). Etymology: This generic name is based on the Spanish word ‘cisandina’, itself a compound word formed of the Latin preposition ‘cis’, meaning ‘on this side of’, and the Spanish adjective ‘andina’, meaning ‘Andean’, which is widely used to refer to the Neotropical region east of the Andes. The name refers to the fact that the species currently contained within this genus are found exclusively east of the Andean continental divide. The generic name should be regarded as a feminine noun in the nominative singular. Distribution and natural history: Cisandina n. gen. is an entirely South American genus known exclusively from east of the Andes (Fig. 8). Specifically, members are known from the cloud forests of the eastern Andes, the lowland rainforest of the Amazon basin, the Guianas, Trinidad, and the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil and northeastern Argentina. Despite this broad range, no more than two species ever occur in sympatry. All species seem to be uncommon to very rare and are typically found in undisturbed forest. Singer and Ehrlich (1993) reported the host plant of Cisandina lea n. comb. (under the name ‘ Cissia junia’) as being an unidentified Gramineae (Poaceae) species according to their study in Trinidad, although this record is based on a plant accepted by the female in captivity in their oviposition trials. We here provide data on the immature stages of C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. and C. castanya n. sp., including its natural host plant (Figs. 6 and 7), which constitute to date the only reliable immature stage data available for this genus., Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on pages 5-12, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["Nakahara, S., K. R. Willmott, O. H. H. Mielke, J. Schwartz, T. Zacca, M. Espeland, and G. Lamas. 2018 a. Seven new taxa from the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with revisional notes on Harjesia Forster, 1964 and Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964. Insecta Mundi 639: 1 - 38.","Singer, M. C., and P. R. Ehrlich. 1993. Host specialization of satyrine butterflies, and their responses to habitat fragmentation in Trinidad. J. Res. Lepid. 30: 248 - 256."]}

Euptychia lea [misidentification]: D’Abrera 1988: 768–769, figs. Systematic placement and diagnosis: As discussed under the immediately preceding taxon, C. esmeralda n. sp. is recovered as sister to C. lea n. comb. with a strong support (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot = 96.5/96). Our molecular phylogeny and DNA sequence divergence between these two species support its species-level status indicated by its distinctive male phenotype. Indeed, the iridescent greenish lilac scales possessed by the male of C. esmeralda n. sp. readily distinguish this species from the remainder of the genus and furthermore from all other known euptychiines. In addition, the more brownish ventral ground color, small ventral submarginal ocelli (smallest among all Cisandina n. gen. species), narrow and somewhat sinuate VHW postdiscal band, coupled with other narrow ventral bands (narrowest among all four similar-appearing Cisandina n. gen. species with iridescent scales) separate the male of this species from the other three Cisandina n. gen. species with iridescent scales discussed herein. The more elongate forewing is a character shared with the male of C. lea n. comb., but not with males of other taxa discussed herein. The female of C. esmeralda n. sp. is distinguished from the female specimens of C. lea n. comb. and C. castanya n. sp. by its lack of purple lilac scales on the dorsal surface thus the female of C. esmeralda n. sp. possesses a uniformly brown dorsal wing surface. Cisandina philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. is similar in this respect because the female of C. esmeralda n. sp. Is brown dorsally. Nevertheless, the narrower ventral bands and smaller ventral submarginal ocelli of C. esmeralda n. sp., as well as its smaller adult size, can be used to separate females of these two species. Furthermore, the outward-curving VFW postdiscal band of the female C. esmeralda n. sp. is rather distinctive. See also ‘Remarks’ below for further information regarding the identity of the female of this species. Male (Fig. 2e): Forewing length 23 mm (n = 1). Head: See head description for Cisandina n. gen. above., Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["D'Abrera, B. 1988. Butterflies of the Neotropical Region - Part V. Nymphalidae (Concl.) & Satyridae. Black Rock, Hill House, Victoria."]}

Cisandina sanmarcos (Nakahara & Lamas, 2018), New Combination (Figs. 1, 2o and p, 3r–t, 4i–k, 8) Magneuptychia sp. n.: Lamas & Grados [1997]: 58 Magneuptychia n. sp. Lamas, MS: Lamas 2004: 220 Euptychoides sanmarcos Nakahara & Lamas, in Nakahara et al. 2018a: 12–14, figs. 10–11, 16. Systematic placement and diagnosis: As discussed in Nakahara et al. (2018a), this species is closely related to C. fida n. comb. (Fig. 1). Cisandina sanmarcos n. comb. forms a strongly supported clade with C. fida n. comb. in the present study (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/ UFBoot=100/100), which is also strongly supported as sister to four species discussed above (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot=96.9/95). Nevertheless, the placement of C. sanmarcos n. comb. results in C. fida n. comb. being paraphyletic, as mentioned under the corresponding section of that species, and further discussion and justification as to its specific status can be found below. See corresponding section of C. fida n. comb. for diagnostic characters to distinguish these two taxa. Taxonomy: Nakahara et al. (2018a) described Euptychoides sanmarcos based on three males and eight females, including the male holotype. As mentioned in the original description, we were aware of the fact that the generic classification regarding this species would need subsequent revision, albeit due to its distinctiveness and the goal of Nakahara et al. (2018a) to describe ‘miscellaneous taxa’ to further future investigation of their relationships, we went ahead and named it prior to its ultimate generic assessment. The sole reason for describing this species under Euptychoides was because of its sister relationship with ‘ Euptychoides ’ fida, although knowing that ‘ Euptychoides ’ fida was distantly related to Euptychia saturnus Butler, 1867, the type species of Euptychoides. Nevertheless, the holotype male of Cisandina sanmarcos n. comb. from Madre de Dios, Peru figured in the original description (Fig. 10), evidently possesses characters discussed in the original description that separate the species from its sister species, Cisandina fida n. comb. Note that the holotype of E. sanmarcos was deposited at MUSM in October 2019 subsequent to its description, as indicated in the original description. Additionally, the female specimen housed at the MZUJ listed below was not included in the type series as this individual was not known to the authors during the course of preparing Nakahara et al. (2018a). Specimens examined (3 &male;, 10 &female; ): Bolivia: La Paz: Río Zongo, [16°3 ′ 40 ″ S, 68°1 ′ 2 ″ W], 1,200 m, (Garlepp), 1895–1896, 1 &male; [dissection, M-9141 Lee D. Miller], (MNHU). Peru: Cuzco: Cosñipata Valley, Quebrada Quitacalzón, [13°1 ′ 35 ″ S, 71°29 ′ 57 ″ W], 1,050 m, (Harris, B.), 12 Aug 2009, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103661; dissection, genitalic vial SN-14-18 MUSM], (MUSM), (Kinyon, S.), 25 Sep 2011, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103662], (MUSM); Cosñipata Valley, Quebrada Quitacalzón, [13°1 ′ 35 ″ S, 71°29 ′ 57 ″ W], 1,100 m, (Gibson, L.), 10 May 2012, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103663], (MUSM), (Kinyon, S.), 22 Sep 2014, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103666], (MUSM), (Lamas, G.), 22 Sep 2014, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103664; dissection, genitalic vial SN-16-17 MUSM], (MUSM), (Lamas, G.), 23 Oct 2010, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103667], (MUSM); Gallito de las Rocas conservation area [13° 04.513 ′ S 71° 25.133 ′ W], 1,000 –1,100 m, (G. Gallice), 9 Jul 2019, 1 &female; [2019-GR-0077], (ASA); Huánuco: Cordillera del Sira, [9°25 ′ S, 74°45 ′ W], 1,380 m, (Exp. Universidad Viena), Sep 1987 - Aug 1988, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103660], (MUSM); Madre de Dios: Cerro Pantiacolla, E Slope nr. summit, ca. 4-km ENE Shintuya, [12°38 ′ 19 ″ S, 71°17 ′ 19 ″ W], 960– 1,030 m, (Douglass, J. F.), 25 Jul 1980, 1 &male; [dissection, SN-14-149; HT sanmarcos], (MUSM); Puno: Tambopata – Candamo, Río Távara, [13°26 ′ S, 69°38 ′ W], 450– 1,050 m, (Baynes, H.), 1 Aug 1995, 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-103659], (MUSM), (Grados, J.), 9 Aug 1995, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103665], (MUSM); San Martín: Jorge Chávez, [5°41 ′ S, 77°40 ′ W], 1,200 –1,400 m, (Calderón, B.), 2003, 1 &female;, (MZUJ). Distribution and natural history: Cisandina sanmarcos n. comb. ranges from northern Peru (San Martín department) to La Paz, Bolivia (Fig. 8). All known sites are along the slopes of the eastern Andes in an altitudinal zone between 960 and 1,380 m. It is worth mentioning that an additional specimen of this species was collected subsequent to its description by GG at Gallito de las Rocas conservation area, Cosñipata Valley, Cuzco, Peru (13°04.513 ′ S, 71°25.133 ′ W) in July 2019, bringing the total number of known specimens of C. sanmarcos n. comb. to 11. GG sprayed the understory plants along the ridge with urine. This particular individual was patrolling, but it is unclear whether it was attracted to the urine or not. The forest along the ridge was primary, with remarkably extensive patches of bamboo (probably Guadua sp.) on the slopes that had most likely colonized landslides. Nothing otherwise notable was recorded in terms of its behavior.

Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, New Genus Type species: Papilio lea Cramer, 1777 – by present designation

Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, New Genus Type species: Papilio lea Cramer, 1777 – by present designation, Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["Cramer, P. 1777. De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld- Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique, vol. 2. Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp, Amsteldam, S. J. Baalde."]}

Cisandina fida fida (Weymer, 1911), New Combination (Figs. 2k and l, 8) Euptychia fida Weymer, 1911: 196, pl. 46, fig. f. Lectotype, designated herein. Euptychia fida: Gaede 1931: 446. Euptychoides fida: Forster 1964: 98, fig. 87; Lamas 2004: 219. Systematic placement and diagnosis: According to our molecular data, Cisandina fida n. comb. is paraphyletic, although the sister relationship between Peruvian C. fida n. comb. (LEP-58115) and C. sanmarcos n. comb. (KW-15-025) is poorly supported (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/ UFBoot=54.4/64). Discussion of this paraphyly is further developed in the ‘discussion’ section below. As mentioned in Nakahara et al. (2018a), these two species can be easily distinguished based on the following phenotypic characters: the nominate phenotype of Cisandina fida n. comb. has a jagged VHW postdiscal band (but see also diagnostic characters for the following taxon), whereas this band is rather straight in C. sanmarcos n. comb.; C. fida n. comb. possesses whitish coloration distal to the VHW postdiscal band, whereas this whitish coloration is absent in C. sanmarcos n. comb. and all other species discussed herein. Nakahara et al. (2018a) mentioned the length of VFW postdiscal band as a diagnostic character to distinguish these two species, but examination of additional Ecuadorian C. fida n. comb. revealed some individuals (e.g., FLMNH# 145742) in which the VFW postdiscal band terminates at 2A, as in C. sanmarcos n. comb. Taxonomy: Gustav Weymer (1911) described Euptychia fida in his ‘Saturnus group’ of Euptychia, based on an unspecified number of individuals from [Río] Songo [sic] and ‘Corvico’ (=Coroico), both situated in La Paz, Bolivia. The original description compared E. fida with E. vesta Butler, 1867 (= Graphita griphe (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867); see Nakahara et al. (2016) for further details regarding its synonymy and systematic placement), which is a distantly related taxon phenotypically resembling E. fida. However, as mentioned by Weymer (1911), male specimens of E. fida can easily be distinguished from G. griphe by the absence of androconial scales (termed ‘raised scale-streak’ by Weymer) on the DFW. The illustration of E. fida associated with the description (on pl. 46, fig. f) and showing its dorsal surface clearly indicates the absence of DFW androconial scales, which are visible on the painting of E. vesta on the same plate. Another wing pattern character that is informative in terms of identifying these two taxa is the presence/ absence of the DHW ocellus in cell Cu2, which is also vaguely discussed by Weymer. As reflected in the illustration provided by him, this DHW ocellus is present in G. griphe and absent in E. fida, regardless of the sex. Despite referring to some ventral wing pattern differences between these two species, Weymer only provided a drawing of the ventral surface for E. vesta, and not for E. fida. Given this information, four syntypes were located, three specimens at MNHU and a single male at ZSM, all from Songo [sic], Bolivia. We were unable to locate any syntype (s) from Coroico. Three syntypes in the MNHU were mentioned and discussed in Nakahara et al. (2018a) in association with the description of Euptychoides sanmarcos, although due to an unfortunate oversight, the specimen housed at ZSM was omitted. Nakahara et al. (2018a) noted wing pattern differences between Ecuadorian and Bolivian specimens, including the possibility of these two populations representing two species. All examined Ecuadorian specimens (all from Zamora-Chinchipe; n = 5) possess a rather straight VHW postdiscal band, whereas this band is jagged in Bolivian specimens (n = 5, including three syntypes). The single known Peruvian specimen, a male from Ucayali [doubtful locality – see below], has a straight VHW postdiscal band, suggesting that this specimen represents the same taxon as those individuals from southern Ecuador. The COI sequence of this Peruvian specimen (LEP- 58115) exhibits a genetic divergence of 2.46–7% compared with those two sequenced Ecuadorian specimens (LEP-16705 and LEP-10686). We also lack DNA data for Bolivian specimens, thus preventing further assessment based on molecular data and our judgement regarding taxonomic status of E. fida from southern Ecuador to central Peru must remain tentative.All known Bolivian specimens are phenotypically distinguishable from individuals collected in southern Ecuador and central Peru, suggesting that the latter population should be regarded as a distinct taxon, either as a species or subspecies.Apart from the lack of molecular data for Bolivian specimens, another piece of evidence needed to assess the taxonomic status for its neighboring northern population is material from other places in Peru. Without such data, it is impossible to determine whether the observed wing pattern differences are broadly clinal, or even potentially partially sympatric. We therefore follow Nakahara et al.’ s (2019a) approach of generating a parsimonious hypothesis for a single species, namely by considering it of subspecific rank and waiting for further evidence until we can test this null hypothesis. Additionally, in order to settle the nomenclature of this species, we here designate a lectotype for Euptychia fida based on the dissected female (male identification on the label apparently erroneous) specimen from Río Songo housed at the MNHU with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes (lectotype designation): // Songo stgr/Salona stgr.// LECTOTYPE &male; Euptychia fida Weymer designated by: Lee D. Miller 1989// Rio Songo (1,200 m) Bolivia (Yungas) 1895–1896. Garlepp// genitalia vial M-9051 &male; Lee D. Miller//. Despite having a lectotype label attached, L. D. Miller never published these designations as already noted by Nakahara et al. (2015). Specimens examined (5 &male;, 1 &female; ): Bolivia: La Paz: Río Zongo, [16°3 ′ 40 ″ S, 68°1 ′ 2 ″ W], 1,200 m, (Garlepp), 1895–1896, 1 &female; [dissection, 9051; ‘ Songa Stgr. / Salona Stgr. // Rio Songo (1,200 m) Bolivia (Yungas) 1895–1896. Garlepp // LECTOTYPE &male; Euptychia fida Weymer designated by Lee D. Miller 1989//genitalia vial M-9051 &male; Lee D. Miller’], (MNHU); Yungas, [16°17 ′ 13 ″ S, 66°48 ′ 33 ″ W], 1,200 m, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1267787; ‘ Salona Stgr. Bolivia // Yungas // Fruhstorfer Coll. B. M. 1937-285//BMNH(E) 1267787’], (NHMUK); Zongo, [16°5 ′ 46 ″ S, 68°3 ′ 9 ″ W], (Garlepp), 2 &male; [‘ Songo Bol. Garl. // LECTO-PARATYPE &male; Euptychia fida Weymer, des. Lee D. Miller 1989’], (MNHU), 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1267786; dissection, B.M. (N.H.) Rhopalocera vial No. 9531], (NHMUK), 1 &male; [dissection, SA19; ‘ Präparat Nr. SA 19 Zoolog. Staatssammlung München’ //’ Songo Bol. Garl. ’//’ Para-Typus Euptychia fida Weym. ’//’ fida Weym. ’//’ Original!’], (ZSM). Distribution and natural history: The nominate race of C. fida n. comb. is known to date only from Bolivia (Fig. 8), Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["Gaede, M. 1931. Familia Satyridae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus. 43: 1 - 320, 46: 321 - 544, 48: 545 - 759.","Forster, W. 1964. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroff. Zool. Staatssammlung Munchen 8: 51 - 188.","Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In G. Lamas (ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J. B. (ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, vol. 5 A. Scientific Publishers, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville.","Nakahara, S., K. R. Willmott, O. H. H. Mielke, J. Schwartz, T. Zacca, M. Espeland, and G. Lamas. 2018 a. Seven new taxa from the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with revisional notes on Harjesia Forster, 1964 and Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964. Insecta Mundi 639: 1 - 38.","Butler, A. G. 1867. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866: 458 - 504.","Nakahara, S., E. P. Barbosa, M. A. Marin, A. V. Freitas, T. Pomerantz, and K. R. Willmott. 2016. Graphita gen. nov., a New Genus for Neonympha griphe C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Neotrop. Entomol. 45: 675 - 691.","Nakahara, S., G. Lamas, S. Tyler, M. A. Marin, B. Huertas, K. R. Willmott, O. H. H. Mielke, and M. Espeland. 2019 a. A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilio arnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). ZooKeys 821: 85 - 152.","Nakahara, S., D. H. Janzen, W. Hallwachs, and M. Espeland. 2015. Description of a new genus for Euptychia hilara (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zootaxa. 4012: 525 - 541."]}

Cisandina lea (Cramer, 1777), New Combination (Figs. 1, 2a–d, 3a–d, 4a and b, 5, 8) Papilio lea Cramer, 1777: 87, pl. 151, figs. C, D. Lectotype, designated herein. = Papilio junia Cramer, 1780: 9, pl. 292, figs. D, E. Lectotype, designated herein. Satyrus lea: Godart [1824]: 464, 492. Satyrus junia: Godart [1824]: 492. Euptychia lea: Westwood 1851: 373, Butler 1868: 29, Kirby 1871: 52, Butler 1877: 121, Weymer 1911: 216, pl. 48, fig. f, Gaede 1931: 452, D’Abrera 1988: 768–769, figs. Euptychia junia: Westwood 1851: 373, Butler 1868: 30, Kirby 1871: 52, Butler 1877: 121, Kirby 1879: 135, Forster 1964: 128, Lamas 2004: 220. Magneuptychia lea: Forster 1964: 128, Lamas 2004: 220, Beccaloni et al. 2008: 335. Euptichia [sic] junia: Geyer 1832: 12, pl. [109], figs. 627, 628. Euptychia lea f. junia: Weymer 1911: 216. Euptychia lea var. junia: Gaede 1931: 452. Cissia junia: Singer and Ehrlich 1993: 251, fig. 1. Systematic placement and diagnosis: Our phylogenetic hypothesis places Cisandina lea n. comb. as sister to C. esmeralda n. sp., with strong support (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot = 96.5/96). The infra-specific genetic divergence based on DNA barcodes between the two sequenced individuals of C. lea n. comb. from two localities (LEP-34359 from French Guiana; BC-DZ-138 from Amazonas, Brazil) was 0.84%, whereas interspecific divergences between C. lea n. comb. and three sampled specimens of C. esmeralda n. sp. range from 5.01 to 5.3%. These three individuals of C. esmeralda n. sp. are from two sites, including BC-DZ-137 (holotype) from Paraná, Brazil, and the other two specimens from Misiones, Argentina. The infraspecific genetic divergences among these three sequenced individuals of C. esmeralda n. sp. were 0.02%. See Table 3 for further information regarding genetic divergence among Cisandina n. gen. taxa. The male of C. lea n. comb. is readily distinguished from C. esmeralda n. sp. by its iridescent to semi-iridescent bluish flush covering the DFW and DHW, whereas the DFW and DHW discal cell and adjacent area is greenish in male C. esmeralda n. sp. The broader ventral bands and larger ventral submarginal ocelli of C. lea n. sp. can be used to distinguish both sexes of these two closely related species. The female of C. lea n. comb. is also distinguished from the female of C. esmeralda n. sp. by the presence of iridescent bluish lilac reflection on the DHW, whereas this reflection appears more purplish in the female of C. esmeralda n. sp., and the ventral bands and ocelli overall appear larger in C. lea n. sp. compared with its sister species. Taxonomy: Papilio lea was described by Pieter Cramer, a Dutch merchant, in his De Uitlandsche Kapellen series (work completed by Caspar Stoll) based on an unspecified number of specimen(s) from ‘Berbices’, a then Dutch colony (i.e. Dutch Guiana) along Rio Berbice, an area now part of the Republic of Guyana. The original description only states ‘the blue color on both sides of the wings is shiny’. Nevertheless, Cramer provided illustrations of both wing surfaces of this taxon (pl. 151, figs. C, D), which can be used to narrow down the identity of P. lea. His drawings of this species clearly show the basal half of its DFW and all of the DHW being blue, although the anterior side of the DHW is not visible due to being covered by the forewing. The hindwing illustration shows six individual submarginal ocelli on the VHW in cells Rs, M1, M2, M3, Cu1, and Cu2, with the ocellus in cell M 2 placed more basally compared with that in cell M 3, as well as a single ocellus present on the VFW. There is some bluish coloration visible on the DFW and DHW, especially along the ventral bands and around the VHW submarginal ocelli.The presence of six VHW ocelli excludes all Neotropical satyrine species with blue DFW and/or DHW, in genera such as Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964, Magneuptychia, Chloreuptychia and Amiga Nakahara, Willmott, & Espeland 2019, as candidates for the species under description by Cramer, because all the species in those genera which possess bluish coloration only have five VHW ocelli, with the exception of a few species in Caeruleuptychia. Caeruleuptychia twalela Brévignon, 2005, Cae. pilata (Butler, 1867), and Cae. scripta Nakahara, Zacca, & Huertas, 2017 are the only three Caeruleuptychia species with bluish scales and six VHW ocelli, but the dorsal surface of Cae. twalela is entirely brown; the orangish rings of the VHW ocelli in cells M 1 and Cu 1 are skewed (i.e., not evenly broad) in Cae. pilata and Cae. scripta, whereas the rings of these ocelli are evenly broad in Cramer’s illustration. Perhaps one of the most notable features in Cramer’s drawing is the VHW ocellus in cell M 2 being placed more basally compared with that in cell M 3, a distinctive feature of Cisandina n. gen. This character excludes the possibility of Cramer referring to virtually any other euptychiine species apart from those discussed herein. Those few exceptions include some species in Moneuptychia Forster, 1964 such as M. vitellina Freitas & Barbosa, 2015, which can easily be distinguished by the lack of bluish coloration on the wing surface. Thus, Cramer’s P. lea represents either the female of P. lea as conceived herein, possibly C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. (in which some females have bluish dorsal coloration), or one of the new species described and named in this study. However, it is very unlikely that Cramer’s illustration represents C. castanya n. sp., C. esmeralda n. sp., or C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat., since none of these species are known from the Guianas. Our attempt to locate syntype (s) of P. lea resulted in finding three candidate specimens in RMNH, two females each with a label indicating ‘[Johan] Calkoen’ with the locality ‘ Surinam [e]’ (RMNH. INS 967256 and 967257), and a male specimen with a round label indicating ‘Verloren [van Themaat] Brasil’ (RMNH.INS 967280). Two collections now housed at RMNH, namely Joan Raye Heer van Breukelerwaard’s and Johan Calkoen’s collections, are both known to include Cramer types (de Jong 1982, Smit et al. 1986, Gernaat et al. 2012), and the former pair from ‘ Surinam [e]’ are evidently from the latter collection. The latter male from the Verloren van Themaat collection can also be regarded as a Cramer type based on information from some existing literature on his collection (e.g., Roepke 1941). Verloren van Themaat purchased van Eyndhoven’s collection that was believed to have been sold on 14 October 1861 (see Chainey 2005; Smit et al. 1986) which is another collection believed to have included Cramer specimens (Horn and Kahle 1935, Roepke 1941). Despite the fact that Verloren van Themaat’s collection is supposed to have been destroyed due to an unfortunate battle when the collection was kept near Utrecht (Chainey 2005), we cannot exclude the possibility of some specimens ending up at Leiden where the RMNH is situated. Although lacking the abdomen, the female specimen (RMNH.INS 967257) does overall match Cramer’s illustration of P. lea, with minor differences, such as bluish scales on the DFW being somewhat restricted to cells Cu2 and 2A (not covering the basal half as in fig. C), but this is likely due to the color being faded over time. Nevertheless, its locality ‘ Surinam [e]’ historically never included ‘Berbice’ (the type locality of P. lea), which was then referred to as Dutch Guiana, and thus, it is debatable whether this female represents a syntype of P. lea or not. Confusingly, Butler (1877: 121) listed ‘ Surinam [e]’ as the type locality for Euptychia lea (= P. lea), without any apparent evidence as to whether this was a misinterpretation or not. The only clue as without abdomen illustration; (j) illustration indicating location of signa on corpus bursae to left; (k) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([j and k] based on dissection SN-16-17); C. trinitensis n. comb.: (l) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded;illustration showing arrangement of signa to right (not to scale);(m) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([l and m] based on dissection SN-20-85). Scale bar = 1 mm. Drawings of C. sanmarcos n. comb. are reproduced from Nakahara et al. (2018a). to the whereabouts of the syntypes is contained in the last part of Cramer’s description ‘[The specimen(s)] now rests in the previous collection’, referring to the last part of the description of the immediately preceding taxon, ‘Merope’, described on the same page, ‘She rests in the Cabinet (=collection) of the honorable gentleman A. Gevers’. As mentioned by Chainey (2005), this ‘A. Gevers’ most likely refers to Abraham Paulusz Gevers (1712–1780), then the Mayor of Rotterdam, who had a natural history collection which was auctioned in 1787. Despite having no evidence of acquisition, specimens from his collection were perhaps bought by Calkoen and ended up in the RMNH, thus there exist a possibility that the provenance of the aforementioned specimen from ‘ Surinam [e]’ is the Gevers collection, but with a changed locality. Three years later, Cramer described Papilio junia, a taxon now regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Papilio lea by Lamas (2004), again in his De Uitlandsche Kapellen. Like his description of Papilio lea, the number and sex of the examined specimen(s) used to describe P. junia cannot be unambiguously determined from the original description, except for the type locality being ‘ Surinam [e]’. Cramer’s description is again terse, and his Dutch and French texts are accompanied with illustrations of both dorsal and ventral surfaces (pl. 292, figs. D, E). As stated in the text, the DFW and DHW are entirely bluish (described as ‘cerulean satinlike shine’ by Cramer), with his paintings reflecting a lighter blue color relative to the darker blue coloration of the dorsal wing shown in his illustration of P. lea. The general wing pattern of the ventral surface is similar to that of his illustration of P. lea, with some minor differences such as a paler ground color, more elongated VHW submarginal ocelli, and bluish coloration on the VHW restricted to the inner margin. It must be noted that a number of painters were involved in producing copies of Cramer’s work, and there is some evidence that inevitably some variability in markings and coloration resulted, in comparison with his original drawings (Chainey 2005). Thus, these subtle dissimilarities mentioned above may not actually reflect the differences observed by Cramer himself. However, it is worth noting the small incomplete ocelli in VFW cells M2 and M3 visible in the illustration of P. junia, which are especially apparent on the right wing, and which appear to be absent in his illustration of P. lea. The male specimen from the Verloren collection mentioned above (RMNH.INS 967280) does exhibit ocelli on the right VFW in cells M 2 and M 3, in addition to having an extra ocellus above M 1. The male specimen from the Calkoen collection also possesses a tiny smudge-like ocellus in the right VFW cell M 2, although apparently the ocellus is absent in cell M 3. Since its description, the taxonomic viewpoint of subsequent authors concerning P. junia has been variable, ranging between some regarding it as a valid species (e.g., Butler 1877, Forster 1964) and some considering it to be conspecific with P. lea (e.g., Weymer 1911, Lamas 2004). Despite this unstable taxonomic status, it is noteworthy that these names have rarely been applied to other euptychiine species in museum collections and/or scientific articles, with few exceptions (e.g., D’Abrera 1988), an unusual situation for a group where misidentification is extremely common. Specifically, the male specimen of this taxon, as painted by Cramer (pl. 292, figs. D, E), is distinctive and is less likely to be misidentified compared with the female which can be confused with species in the same genus such as C. castanya n. sp. Recently, Nakahara et al. (2019a) did not accept Calkoen specimens (also housed in the RMNH) as potential syntypes of Papilio ebusa Cramer 1780 because of the discrepancy in terms of the type locality indicated on the associated label. Unlike this previous case, the handwritten locality on the rounded label for RMNH.INS 967256 does match the type locality indicated in Cramer’s description of P. junia, both being ‘ Surinam [e]’. Thus, there seems to be no reason to reject this male specimen as a syntype, and thus we here designate this male syntype as the lectotype for P. junia with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes (lectotype designation): //Calkoen Suriname // RMNH.INS 967256//. Accepting this male specimen as a former syntype of P. junia reinforces the possibility of the aforementioned female specimen (RMNH.INS 967257) being a syntype of P. lea with an erroneous locality on the label. The fact that only a single female for a possible Cramer syntype was located at RMNH matches the fact that Cramer illustrated a female for P. lea and a male specimen for P. junia. Therefore, we designate this female from the Calkoen collection as the lectotype of P. lea with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes (lectotype designation): //Calkoen Suriname // RMNH.INS 967257//. Distribution and natural history: Cisandina lea n. comb. is known from the Guianas, Trinidad, southern Venezuela, as well as the central and lower Amazon in Brazil, in addition to northeastern Brazil (Fig. 8). Specimens examined (129 &male;, 80 &female; ): Brazil: Alagoas: São José de Lage, Usina Serra Grande, [8°58 ′ S, 36°3 ′ W], 400–500 m, 1–3 Aug 2003, 1 &female;, (ZUEC); Maceió, [9°39 ′ S, 35°46 ′ W], (Cardoso, A.), 30 Apr 1945, 1 &female;, (DZUP); Amazonas: Barcelos, Rio Aracá, Foz do Rio Curuduri, [0°5 ′ 50 ″ S, 63°17 ′ 22 ″ W], (Mielke, O. H. H., Casagrande, M. M.), 15–19 Jun 2010, 1 &female;, (DZ 49.955, BC-DZ 138) (DZUP); Ega (= Tefé), [3°22 ′ S, 64°42 ′ W], (Bates, H. W.), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)- 1497637], (NHMUK); Manaus, [3°7 ′ S, 60°2 ′ W], (Hahnel), 1886, 1 &female;, (MNHU); Manicoré, [5°49 ′ S, 61°17 ′ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265701], (FLMNH); Maués, [3°22 ′ S, 57°43 ′ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265699], 1 &female; [FLMNH- MGCL-265703], (FLMNH); Rio Negro, 50-km NW Manaus, (Schmidt, U.), 1–4 Nov 1993, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265705], [dissection, SN-20-31] (FLMNH); Bahia: [12°59 ′ S, 38°31 ′ W], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497632], (NHMUK); Espírito Santo: [20°20 ′ S, 40°17 ′ W], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497649], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497650], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497651], (NHMUK); Pará: [Rio] Tapajós, [4°16 ′ 8 ″ S, 55°59 ′ 10 ″ W], 25 m, (Bates, H. W.), 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497630], (NHMUK); Amazonas, (Fassl, A. H.), (ZSM); Bragança, [1°3 ′ S, 46°47 ′ W], (Mathan, M. de), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)- 1497641], (NHMUK); Breves, [1°40 ′ S, 50°28 ′ W], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)- 525609], (NHMUK); hwy Cuiabá-Santarém, km 1666, [3°17 ′ 17 ″ S, 54°56 ′ 22 ″ W], -150, (Callaghan, C. J.), 28 Jul 1978, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265697], (FLMNH); hwy Cuiabá-Santarém, km 958, [8°3 ′ S, 55°2 ′ W], (Callaghan, C. J.), 30 Jul 1978, 1 &female; [FLMNH- MGCL-265706] [dissection, SN-20-17], (FLMNH); Itaituba on Rio Tapajós, [4°16 ′ 8 ″ S, 55°59 ′ 10 ″ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH- MGCL-265702], [dissection, SN-20-16] (FLMNH); Itaituba, [4°17’S, 55°59’W], (Mich.), 1890, 1 &female; [dissection,Lee D. Miller 9136], (MNHU), 1893, 1 &male; [dissection, Lee D. Miller 9135], (MNHU); Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, [4°16 ′ 8 ″ S, 55°59 ′ 10 ″ W], 25 m, (Lathy), May 1932, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670284], (NHMUK); Óbidos, [1°54 ′ S, 55°31 ′ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265700], (FLMNH); Pará, [1°0 ′ S, 51°11 ′ W], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497629], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497640], (NHMUK), (Bates, H. W.), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)- 1497638], (NHMUK), (Wallace), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497639], (NHMUK); Rio Tapajós, [4°16 ′ 8 ″ S, 55°59 ′ 10 ″ W], 25 m, (Klug, G. G.), Chainey 2005 Cramer ep 1931, 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497729], (NHMUK); Rio Tapajós, Mujo, [2°41 ′ S, 54°38 ′ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265698], (FLMNH), Sep 1922, 1 &female; [FLMNH- MGCL-265704], (FLMNH); Santarém, [2°26 ′ S, 54°43 ′ W], (Smith, H. H.), 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497631], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497642], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497643], (NHMUK); Roraima: Alto Alegre, Ilha de Maracá, [3°21 ′ 41 ″ N, 61°26 ′ 2 ″ W], (Mielke, O. H. H., Casagrande, M. M.), 24–31 Aug 1987, 3&male; 1 &female; (DZ 49.925, DZ 49.935 - BC-DZ Willmott 191, DZ 49.945, DZ 49.965, 23–28 Feb 1988, 2 &female; (DZ 5371, DZ 49975) (DZUP); Not located: ‘Brasilia’, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497635],(NHMUK);‘Brazil’, 1&male; [BMNH(E)-1497633], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497634], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497636], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497652], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497653], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)- 1497654], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497647], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497648], (NHMUK); not located: ‘Amazon’, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497714], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497727], (NHMUK), (Bates, H. W.), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497730], (NHMUK) [Bates only collected in Brazil]. French Guiana: Cayenne: Cayenne, [4°56 ′ N, 52°20 ′ W], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-787669; (NHMUK); Saint, Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on pages 12-18, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["Cramer, P. 1777. De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld- Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique, vol. 2. Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp, Amsteldam, S. J. Baalde.","Cramer, P. 1780. De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld- Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons Exotiques des Trois Parties du Monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique, vol. 4. Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp, Amsteldam, S. J. Baalde.","Godart, J. B. 1824. 329 - 706, 708 - 711, 794 - 828. In P. A. Latreille, and J. B. Godart, (eds.), Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire naturelle des animaux veuve Agasse, Paris.","Westwood, J. O. 1851. Pp. 363 - 374. In E. Doubleday, (eds.), The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera: comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habits and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of","Butler, A. G. 1868. Catalogue of diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom.","Kirby, W. F. 1871. A synonymic catalogue of diurnal Lepidoptera. John Van Voorst, London, United Kingdom.","Butler, A. G. 1877. On new species of the genus Euptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 13: 116 - 128.","Gaede, M. 1931. Familia Satyridae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus. 43: 1 - 320, 46: 321 - 544, 48: 545 - 759.","D'Abrera, B. 1988. Butterflies of the Neotropical Region - Part V. Nymphalidae (Concl.) & Satyridae. Black Rock, Hill House, Victoria.","Kirby, W. F. 1879. Catalogue of the collection of diurnal Lepidoptera formed by the late William Chapman Hewitson of Oatlands, Walton-on-Thames; and bequeathed by him to the British Museum. John Van Voorst, London, United Kingdom.","Forster, W. 1964. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroff. Zool. Staatssammlung Munchen 8: 51 - 188.","Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In G. Lamas (ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J. B. (ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, vol. 5 A. Scientific Publishers, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville.","Beccaloni, G. W., A. L. Viloria, S. K. Hall, and G. S. Robinson. 2008. Catalogue of the host plants of the Neotropical butterflies. Catalogo de las plantas huesped de las mariposas Neotropicales. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, Zaragoza (Monografias del Tercer Milenio, vol. 8).","Geyer, C. 1832. Pp. 1 - 48. In Hubner, J., (ed.), Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge, bestehend in Bekanntmachung einzelner Geschlechter neuer oder seltener nichteuropaischer Arten, 4. Jacob Hubner, Augsburg.","Singer, M. C., and P. R. Ehrlich. 1993. Host specialization of satyrine butterflies, and their responses to habitat fragmentation in Trinidad. J. Res. Lepid. 30: 248 - 256.","Espeland, M., J. W. Breinholt, E. P. Barbosa, M. M. Casagrande, B. Huertas, G. Lamas, M. A. Marin, O. H. H. Mielke, J. Y. Miller, S. Nakahara, et al. 2019. Four hundred shades of brown: Higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 131: 116 - 124.","Butler, A. G. 1867. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866: 458 - 504.","de Jong, R. 1982. Rediscovery of the type of Papilio phineus Cramer and its bearing on the genera Phemiades Hubner and Propertius Evans (Hesperiidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 36: 279 - 289.","Smit, P., A. P. M. Sanders, and J. P. F. van der Veer. 1986. Hendrik Engel's alphabetical list of Dutch zoological cabinets and menageries. Nieuwe Nederlandse Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde en der Natuurwetenschappen 19: i - x, 1 - 340.","Gernaat, H. B. P. E., B. G. Beckles, and T. V. Andel. 2012. Butterflies of Suriname: A Natural History. Amsterdam, KIT Publishers.","Roepke, W. 1941. Over de vlinder-collectie Verloren van Themaat. Entomol. Ber. 10: 373 - 375","Chainey, J. E. 2005. The species of Papilionidae and Pieridae (Lepidoptera) described by Cramer and Stoll and their putative type material in the Natural History Museum in London. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145: 283 - 337.","Horn, W., and I. Kahle. 1935. Uber entomologische Sammlungen, Entomologen & Entomo-Museologie. I. Kapitel. Sammlungen, welche ihren Eigentumer gewechselt haben [Part]. Entomol. Beih. Berlin-Dahlem 2: 1 - 160.","Nakahara, S., K. R. Willmott, O. H. H. Mielke, J. Schwartz, T. Zacca, M. Espeland, and G. Lamas. 2018 a. Seven new taxa from the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with revisional notes on Harjesia Forster, 1964 and Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964. Insecta Mundi 639: 1 - 38.","Nakahara, S., G. Lamas, S. Tyler, M. A. Marin, B. Huertas, K. R. Willmott, O. H. H. Mielke, and M. Espeland. 2019 a. A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilio arnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). ZooKeys 821: 85 - 152."]}

Cisandina fida fida (Weymer, 1911), New Combination (Figs. 2k and l, 8) Euptychia fida Weymer, 1911: 196, pl. 46, fig. f. Lectotype, designated herein. Euptychia fida: Gaede 1931: 446. Euptychoides fida: Forster 1964: 98, fig. 87; Lamas 2004: 219. Systematic placement and diagnosis: According to our molecular data, Cisandina fida n. comb. is paraphyletic, although the sister relationship between Peruvian C. fida n. comb. (LEP-58115) and C. sanmarcos n. comb. (KW-15-025) is poorly supported (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/ UFBoot=54.4/64). Discussion of this paraphyly is further developed in the ‘discussion’ section below. As mentioned in Nakahara et al. (2018a), these two species can be easily distinguished based on the following phenotypic characters: the nominate phenotype of Cisandina fida n. comb. has a jagged VHW postdiscal band (but see also diagnostic characters for the following taxon), whereas this band is rather straight in C. sanmarcos n. comb.; C. fida n. comb. possesses whitish coloration distal to the VHW postdiscal band, whereas this whitish coloration is absent in C. sanmarcos n. comb. and all other species discussed herein. Nakahara et al. (2018a) mentioned the length of VFW postdiscal band as a diagnostic character to distinguish these two species, but examination of additional Ecuadorian C. fida n. comb. revealed some individuals (e.g., FLMNH# 145742) in which the VFW postdiscal band terminates at 2A, as in C. sanmarcos n. comb. Taxonomy: Gustav Weymer (1911) described Euptychia fida in his ‘Saturnus group’ of Euptychia, based on an unspecified number of individuals from [Río] Songo [sic] and ‘Corvico’ (=Coroico), both situated in La Paz, Bolivia. The original description compared E. fida with E. vesta Butler, 1867 (= Graphita griphe (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867); see Nakahara et al. (2016) for further details regarding its synonymy and systematic placement), which is a distantly related taxon phenotypically resembling E. fida. However, as mentioned by Weymer (1911), male specimens of E. fida can easily be distinguished from G. griphe by the absence of androconial scales (termed ‘raised scale-streak’ by Weymer) on the DFW. The illustration of E. fida associated with the description (on pl. 46, fig. f) and showing its dorsal surface clearly indicates the absence of DFW androconial scales, which are visible on the painting of E. vesta on the same plate. Another wing pattern character that is informative in terms of identifying these two taxa is the presence/ absence of the DHW ocellus in cell Cu2, which is also vaguely discussed by Weymer. As reflected in the illustration provided by him, this DHW ocellus is present in G. griphe and absent in E. fida, regardless of the sex. Despite referring to some ventral wing pattern differences between these two species, Weymer only provided a drawing of the ventral surface for E. vesta, and not for E. fida. Given this information, four syntypes were located, three specimens at MNHU and a single male at ZSM, all from Songo [sic], Bolivia. We were unable to locate any syntype (s) from Coroico. Three syntypes in the MNHU were mentioned and discussed in Nakahara et al. (2018a) in association with the description of Euptychoides sanmarcos, although due to an unfortunate oversight, the specimen housed at ZSM was omitted. Nakahara et al. (2018a) noted wing pattern differences between Ecuadorian and Bolivian specimens, including the possibility of these two populations representing two species. All examined Ecuadorian specimens (all from Zamora-Chinchipe; n = 5) possess a rather straight VHW postdiscal band, whereas this band is jagged in Bolivian specimens (n = 5, including three syntypes). The single known Peruvian specimen, a male from Ucayali [doubtful locality – see below], has a straight VHW postdiscal band, suggesting that this specimen represents the same taxon as those individuals from southern Ecuador. The COI sequence of this Peruvian specimen (LEP- 58115) exhibits a genetic divergence of 2.46–7% compared with those two sequenced Ecuadorian specimens (LEP-16705 and LEP-10686). We also lack DNA data for Bolivian specimens, thus preventing further assessment based on molecular data and our judgement regarding taxonomic status of E. fida from southern Ecuador to central Peru must remain tentative.All known Bolivian specimens are phenotypically distinguishable from individuals collected in southern Ecuador and central Peru, suggesting that the latter population should be regarded as a distinct taxon, either as a species or subspecies.Apart from the lack of molecular data for Bolivian specimens, another piece of evidence needed to assess the taxonomic status for its neighboring northern population is material from other places in Peru. Without such data, it is impossible to determine whether the observed wing pattern differences are broadly clinal, or even potentially partially sympatric. We therefore follow Nakahara et al.’ s (2019a) approach of generating a parsimonious hypothesis for a single species, namely by considering it of subspecific rank and waiting for further evidence until we can test this null hypothesis. Additionally, in order to settle the nomenclature of this species, we here designate a lectotype for Euptychia fida based on the dissected female (male identification on the label apparently erroneous) specimen from Río Songo housed at the MNHU with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes (lectotype designation): // Songo stgr/Salona stgr.// LECTOTYPE &male; Euptychia fida Weymer designated by: Lee D. Miller 1989// Rio Songo (1,200 m) Bolivia (Yungas) 1895–1896. Garlepp// genitalia vial M-9051 &male; Lee D. Miller//. Despite having a lectotype label attached, L. D. Miller never published these designations as already noted by Nakahara et al. (2015). Specimens examined (5 &male;, 1 &female; ): Bolivia: La Paz: Río Zongo, [16°3 ′ 40 ″ S, 68°1 ′ 2 ″ W], 1,200 m, (Garlepp), 1895–1896, 1 &female; [dissection, 9051; ‘ Songa Stgr. / Salona Stgr. // Rio Songo (1,200 m) Bolivia (Yungas) 1895–1896. Garlepp // LECTOTYPE &male; Euptychia fida Weymer designated by Lee D. Miller 1989//genitalia vial M-9051 &male; Lee D. Miller’], (MNHU); Yungas, [16°17 ′ 13 ″ S, 66°48 ′ 33 ″ W], 1,200 m, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1267787; ‘ Salona Stgr. Bolivia // Yungas // Fruhstorfer Coll. B. M. 1937-285//BMNH(E) 1267787’], (NHMUK); Zongo, [16°5 ′ 46 ″ S, 68°3 ′ 9 ″ W], (Garlepp), 2 &male; [‘ Songo Bol. Garl. // LECTO-PARATYPE &male; Euptychia fida Weymer, des. Lee D. Miller 1989’], (MNHU), 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1267786; dissection, B.M. (N.H.) Rhopalocera vial No. 9531], (NHMUK), 1 &male; [dissection, SA19; ‘ Präparat Nr. SA 19 Zoolog. Staatssammlung München’ //’ Songo Bol. Garl. ’//’ Para-Typus Euptychia fida Weym. ’//’ fida Weym. ’//’ Original!’], (ZSM). Distribution and natural history: The nominate race of C. fida n. comb. is known to date only from Bolivia (Fig. 8)

Cisandina esmeralda Nakahara & Barbosa, New Species (Figs. 1, 2e and f, 3e–g, 8)

Cisandina lea (Cramer, 1777), New Combination (Figs. 1, 2a–d, 3a–d, 4a and b, 5, 8) Papilio lea Cramer, 1777: 87, pl. 151, figs. C, D. Lectotype, designated herein. = Papilio junia Cramer, 1780: 9, pl. 292, figs. D, E. Lectotype, designated herein. Satyrus lea: Godart [1824]: 464, 492. Satyrus junia: Godart [1824]: 492. Euptychia lea: Westwood 1851: 373, Butler 1868: 29, Kirby 1871: 52, Butler 1877: 121, Weymer 1911: 216, pl. 48, fig. f, Gaede 1931: 452, D’Abrera 1988: 768–769, figs. Euptychia junia: Westwood 1851: 373, Butler 1868: 30, Kirby 1871: 52, Butler 1877: 121, Kirby 1879: 135, Forster 1964: 128, Lamas 2004: 220. Magneuptychia lea: Forster 1964: 128, Lamas 2004: 220, Beccaloni et al. 2008: 335. Euptichia [sic] junia: Geyer 1832: 12, pl. [109], figs. 627, 628. Euptychia lea f. junia: Weymer 1911: 216. Euptychia lea var. junia: Gaede 1931: 452. Cissia junia: Singer and Ehrlich 1993: 251, fig. 1. Systematic placement and diagnosis: Our phylogenetic hypothesis places Cisandina lea n. comb. as sister to C. esmeralda n. sp., with strong support (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot = 96.5/96). The infra-specific genetic divergence based on DNA barcodes between the two sequenced individuals of C. lea n. comb. from two localities (LEP-34359 from French Guiana; BC-DZ-138 from Amazonas, Brazil) was 0.84%, whereas interspecific divergences between C. lea n. comb. and three sampled specimens of C. esmeralda n. sp. range from 5.01 to 5.3%. These three individuals of C. esmeralda n. sp. are from two sites, including BC-DZ-137 (holotype) from Paraná, Brazil, and the other two specimens from Misiones, Argentina. The infraspecific genetic divergences among these three sequenced individuals of C. esmeralda n. sp. were 0.02%. See Table 3 for further information regarding genetic divergence among Cisandina n. gen. taxa. The male of C. lea n. comb. is readily distinguished from C. esmeralda n. sp. by its iridescent to semi-iridescent bluish flush covering the DFW and DHW, whereas the DFW and DHW discal cell and adjacent area is greenish in male C. esmeralda n. sp. The broader ventral bands and larger ventral submarginal ocelli of C. lea n. sp. can be used to distinguish both sexes of these two closely related species. The female of C. lea n. comb. is also distinguished from the female of C. esmeralda n. sp. by the presence of iridescent bluish lilac reflection on the DHW, whereas this reflection appears more purplish in the female of C. esmeralda n. sp., and the ventral bands and ocelli overall appear larger in C. lea n. sp. compared with its sister species. Taxonomy: Papilio lea was described by Pieter Cramer, a Dutch merchant, in his De Uitlandsche Kapellen series (work completed by Caspar Stoll) based on an unspecified number of specimen(s) from ‘Berbices’, a then Dutch colony (i.e. Dutch Guiana) along Rio Berbice, an area now part of the Republic of Guyana. The original description only states ‘the blue color on both sides of the wings is shiny’. Nevertheless, Cramer provided illustrations of both wing surfaces of this taxon (pl. 151, figs. C, D), which can be used to narrow down the identity of P. lea. His drawings of this species clearly show the basal half of its DFW and all of the DHW being blue, although the anterior side of the DHW is not visible due to being covered by the forewing. The hindwing illustration shows six individual submarginal ocelli on the VHW in cells Rs, M1, M2, M3, Cu1, and Cu2, with the ocellus in cell M 2 placed more basally compared with that in cell M 3, as well as a single ocellus present on the VFW. There is some bluish coloration visible on the DFW and DHW, especially along the ventral bands and around the VHW submarginal ocelli.The presence of six VHW ocelli excludes all Neotropical satyrine species with blue DFW and/or DHW, in genera such as Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964, Magneuptychia, Chloreuptychia and Amiga Nakahara, Willmott, & Espeland 2019, as candidates for the species under description by Cramer, because all the species in those genera which possess bluish coloration only have five VHW ocelli, with the exception of a few species in Caeruleuptychia. Caeruleuptychia twalela Brévignon, 2005, Cae. pilata (Butler, 1867), and Cae. scripta Nakahara, Zacca, & Huertas, 2017 are the only three Caeruleuptychia species with bluish scales and six VHW ocelli, but the dorsal surface of Cae. twalela is entirely brown; the orangish rings of the VHW ocelli in cells M 1 and Cu 1 are skewed (i.e., not evenly broad) in Cae. pilata and Cae. scripta, whereas the rings of these ocelli are evenly broad in Cramer’s illustration. Perhaps one of the most notable features in Cramer’s drawing is the VHW ocellus in cell M 2 being placed more basally compared with that in cell M 3, a distinctive feature of Cisandina n. gen. This character excludes the possibility of Cramer referring to virtually any other euptychiine species apart from those discussed herein. Those few exceptions include some species in Moneuptychia Forster, 1964 such as M. vitellina Freitas & Barbosa, 2015, which can easily be distinguished by the lack of bluish coloration on the wing surface. Thus, Cramer’s P. lea represents either the female of P. lea as conceived herein, possibly C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. (in which some females have bluish dorsal coloration), or one of the new species described and named in this study. However, it is very unlikely that Cramer’s illustration represents C. castanya n. sp., C. esmeralda n. sp., or C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat., since none of these species are known from the Guianas. Our attempt to locate syntype (s) of P. lea resulted in finding three candidate specimens in RMNH, two females each with a label indicating ‘[Johan] Calkoen’ with the locality ‘ Surinam [e]’ (RMNH. INS 967256 and 967257), and a male specimen with a round label indicating ‘Verloren [van Themaat] Brasil’ (RMNH.INS 967280). Two collections now housed at RMNH, namely Joan Raye Heer van Breukelerwaard’s and Johan Calkoen’s collections, are both known to include Cramer types (de Jong 1982, Smit et al. 1986, Gernaat et al. 2012), and the former pair from ‘ Surinam [e]’ are evidently from the latter collection. The latter male from the Verloren van Themaat collection can also be regarded as a Cramer type based on information from some existing literature on his collection (e.g., Roepke 1941). Verloren van Themaat purchased van Eyndhoven’s collection that was believed to have been sold on 14 October 1861 (see Chainey 2005; Smit et al. 1986) which is another collection believed to have included Cramer specimens (Horn and Kahle 1935, Roepke 1941). Despite the fact that Verloren van Themaat’s collection is supposed to have been destroyed due to an unfortunate battle when the collection was kept near Utrecht (Chainey 2005), we cannot exclude the possibility of some specimens ending up at Leiden where the RMNH is situated. Although lacking the abdomen, the female specimen (RMNH.INS 967257) does overall match Cramer’s illustration of P. lea, with minor differences, such as bluish scales on the DFW being somewhat restricted to cells Cu2 and 2A (not covering the basal half as in fig. C), but this is likely due to the color being faded over time. Nevertheless, its locality ‘ Surinam [e]’ historically never included ‘Berbice’ (the type locality of P. lea), which was then referred to as Dutch Guiana, and thus, it is debatable whether this female represents a syntype of P. lea or not. Confusingly, Butler (1877: 121) listed ‘ Surinam [e]’ as the type locality for Euptychia lea (= P. lea), without any apparent evidence as to whether this was a misinterpretation or not. The only clue as without abdomen illustration; (j) illustration indicating location of signa on corpus bursae to left; (k) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([j and k] based on dissection SN-16-17); C. trinitensis n. comb.: (l) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded;illustration showing arrangement of signa to right (not to scale);(m) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([l and m] based on dissection SN-20-85). Scale bar = 1 mm. Drawings of C. sanmarcos n. comb. are reproduced from Nakahara et al. (2018a). to the whereabouts of the syntypes is contained in the last part of Cramer’s description ‘[The specimen(s)] now rests in the previous collection’, referring to the last part of the description of the immediately preceding taxon, ‘Merope’, described on the same page, ‘She rests in the Cabinet (=collection) of the honorable gentleman A. Gevers’. As mentioned by Chainey (2005), this ‘A. Gevers’ most likely refers to Abraham Paulusz Gevers (1712–1780), then the Mayor of Rotterdam, who had a natural history collection which was auctioned in 1787. Despite having no evidence of acquisition, specimens from his collection were perhaps bought by Calkoen and ended up in the RMNH, thus there exist a possibility that the provenance of the aforementioned specimen from ‘ Surinam [e]’ is the Gevers collection, but with a changed locality. Three years later, Cramer described Papilio junia, a taxon now regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Papilio lea by Lamas (2004), again in his De Uitlandsche Kapellen. Like his description of Papilio lea, the number and sex of the examined specimen(s) used to describe P. junia cannot be unambiguously determined from the original description, except for the type locality being ‘ Surinam [e]’. Cramer’s description is again terse, and his Dutch and French texts are accompanied with illustrations of both dorsal and ventral surfaces (pl. 292, figs. D, E). As stated in the text, the DFW and DHW are entirely bluish (described as ‘cerulean satinlike shine’ by Cramer), with his paintings reflecting a lighter blue color relative to the darker blue coloration of the dorsal wing shown in his illustration of P. lea. The general wing pattern of the ventral surface is similar to that of his illustration of P. lea, with some minor differences such as a paler ground color, more elongated VHW submarginal ocelli, and bluish coloration on the VHW restricted to the inner margin. It must be noted that a number of painters were involved in producing copies of Cramer’s work, and there is some evidence that inevitably some variability in markings and coloration resulted, in comparison with his original drawings (Chainey 2005). Thus, these subtle dissimilarities mentioned above may not actually reflect the differences observed by Cramer himself. However, it is worth noting the small incomplete ocelli in VFW cells M2 and M3 visible in the illustration of P. junia, which are especially apparent on the right wing, and which appear to be absent in his illustration of P. lea. The male specimen from the Verloren collection mentioned above (RMNH.INS 967280) does exhibit ocelli on the right VFW in cells M 2 and M 3, in addition to having an extra ocellus above M 1. The male specimen from the Calkoen collection also possesses a tiny smudge-like ocellus in the right VFW cell M 2, although apparently the ocellus is absent in cell M 3. Since its description, the taxonomic viewpoint of subsequent authors concerning P. junia has been variable, ranging between some regarding it as a valid species (e.g., Butler 1877, Forster 1964) and some considering it to be conspecific with P. lea (e.g., Weymer 1911, Lamas 2004). Despite this unstable taxonomic status, it is noteworthy that these names have rarely been applied to other euptychiine species in museum collections and/or scientific articles, with few exceptions (e.g., D’Abrera 1988), an unusual situation for a group where misidentification is extremely common. Specifically, the male specimen of this taxon, as painted by Cramer (pl. 292, figs. D, E), is distinctive and is less likely to be misidentified compared with the female which can be confused with species in the same genus such as C. castanya n. sp. Recently, Nakahara et al. (2019a) did not accept Calkoen specimens (also housed in the RMNH) as potential syntypes of Papilio ebusa Cramer 1780 because of the discrepancy in terms of the type locality indicated on the associated label. Unlike this previous case, the handwritten locality on the rounded label for RMNH.INS 967256 does match the type locality indicated in Cramer’s description of P. junia, both being ‘ Surinam [e]’. Thus, there seems to be no reason to reject this male specimen as a syntype, and thus we here designate this male syntype as the lectotype for P. junia with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes (lectotype designation): //Calkoen Suriname // RMNH.INS 967256//. Accepting this male specimen as a former syntype of P. junia reinforces the possibility of the aforementioned female specimen (RMNH.INS 967257) being a syntype of P. lea with an erroneous locality on the label. The fact that only a single female for a possible Cramer syntype was located at RMNH matches the fact that Cramer illustrated a female for P. lea and a male specimen for P. junia. Therefore, we designate this female from the Calkoen collection as the lectotype of P. lea with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes (lectotype designation): //Calkoen Suriname // RMNH.INS 967257//. Distribution and natural history: Cisandina lea n. comb. is known from the Guianas, Trinidad, southern Venezuela, as well as the central and lower Amazon in Brazil, in addition to northeastern Brazil (Fig. 8). Specimens examined (129 &male;, 80 &female; ): Brazil: Alagoas: São José de Lage, Usina Serra Grande, [8°58 ′ S, 36°3 ′ W], 400–500 m, 1–3 Aug 2003, 1 &female;, (ZUEC); Maceió, [9°39 ′ S, 35°46 ′ W], (Cardoso, A.), 30 Apr 1945, 1 &female;, (DZUP); Amazonas: Barcelos, Rio Aracá, Foz do Rio Curuduri, [0°5 ′ 50 ″ S, 63°17 ′ 22 ″ W], (Mielke, O. H. H., Casagrande, M. M.), 15–19 Jun 2010, 1 &female;, (DZ 49.955, BC-DZ 138) (DZUP); Ega (= Tefé), [3°22 ′ S, 64°42 ′ W], (Bates, H. W.), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)- 1497637], (NHMUK); Manaus, [3°7 ′ S, 60°2 ′ W], (Hahnel), 1886, 1 &female;, (MNHU); Manicoré, [5°49 ′ S, 61°17 ′ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265701], (FLMNH); Maués, [3°22 ′ S, 57°43 ′ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265699], 1 &female; [FLMNH- MGCL-265703], (FLMNH); Rio Negro, 50-km NW Manaus, (Schmidt, U.), 1–4 Nov 1993, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265705], [dissection, SN-20-31] (FLMNH); Bahia: [12°59 ′ S, 38°31 ′ W], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497632], (NHMUK); Espírito Santo: [20°20 ′ S, 40°17 ′ W], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497649], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497650], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497651], (NHMUK); Pará: [Rio] Tapajós, [4°16 ′ 8 ″ S, 55°59 ′ 10 ″ W], 25 m, (Bates, H. W.), 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497630], (NHMUK); Amazonas, (Fassl, A. H.), (ZSM); Bragança, [1°3 ′ S, 46°47 ′ W], (Mathan, M. de), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)- 1497641], (NHMUK); Breves, [1°40 ′ S, 50°28 ′ W], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)- 525609], (NHMUK); hwy Cuiabá-Santarém, km 1666, [3°17 ′ 17 ″ S, 54°56 ′ 22 ″ W], -150, (Callaghan, C. J.), 28 Jul 1978, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265697], (FLMNH); hwy Cuiabá-Santarém, km 958, [8°3 ′ S, 55°2 ′ W], (Callaghan, C. J.), 30 Jul 1978, 1 &female; [FLMNH- MGCL-265706] [dissection, SN-20-17], (FLMNH); Itaituba on Rio Tapajós, [4°16 ′ 8 ″ S, 55°59 ′ 10 ″ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH- MGCL-265702], [dissection, SN-20-16] (FLMNH); Itaituba, [4°17’S, 55°59’W], (Mich.), 1890, 1 &female; [dissection,Lee D. Miller 9136], (MNHU), 1893, 1 &male; [dissection, Lee D. Miller 9135], (MNHU); Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, [4°16 ′ 8 ″ S, 55°59 ′ 10 ″ W], 25 m, (Lathy), May 1932, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670284], (NHMUK); Óbidos, [1°54 ′ S, 55°31 ′ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265700], (FLMNH); Pará, [1°0 ′ S, 51°11 ′ W], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497629], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497640], (NHMUK), (Bates, H. W.), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)- 1497638], (NHMUK), (Wallace), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497639], (NHMUK); Rio Tapajós, [4°16 ′ 8 ″ S, 55°59 ′ 10 ″ W], 25 m, (Klug, G. G.), Chainey 2005 Cramer ep 1931, 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497729], (NHMUK); Rio Tapajós, Mujo, [2°41 ′ S, 54°38 ′ W], (Le Moult, E.), 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265698], (FLMNH), Sep 1922, 1 &female; [FLMNH- MGCL-265704], (FLMNH); Santarém, [2°26 ′ S, 54°43 ′ W], (Smith, H. H.), 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497631], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497642], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497643], (NHMUK); Roraima: Alto Alegre, Ilha de Maracá, [3°21 ′ 41 ″ N, 61°26 ′ 2 ″ W], (Mielke, O. H. H., Casagrande, M. M.), 24–31 Aug 1987, 3&male; 1 &female; (DZ 49.925, DZ 49.935 - BC-DZ Willmott 191, DZ 49.945, DZ 49.965, 23–28 Feb 1988, 2 &female; (DZ 5371, DZ 49975) (DZUP); Not located: ‘Brasilia’, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497635],(NHMUK);‘Brazil’, 1&male; [BMNH(E)-1497633], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497634], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497636], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497652], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497653], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)- 1497654], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497647], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497648], (NHMUK); not located: ‘Amazon’, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497714], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497727], (NHMUK), (Bates, H. W.), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497730], (NHMUK) [Bates only collected in Brazil]. French Guiana: Cayenne: Cayenne, [4°56 ′ N, 52°20 ′ W], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-787669; (NHMUK); Saint

Cisandina fida directa Nakahara & Willmott, New Subspecies (Figs. 1, 2m and n, 3p and q, 4h and i, 8) Description and Diagnosis: Male: Forewing length 23.5–24.5 mm (n = 2): Differs from the nominotypical subspecies in the following respect: VHW postdiscal band rather straight; this band traverses distally after passing Cu 2 and bends back half way between Cu 2 and 2A (Fig. 2m). Female: Forewing length 24.5–25.0 mm (n = 2): Differs from the nominotypical subspecies by the same ventral forewing character provided for the male (Fig. 2n); differs from the male by having more broad and rounded wing shape; two small ocelli present in VFW cells M 2 and M 3 in one female (from Zamora, ridge to west, 13 Jan 2002), whereas the ocelli are absent in these cells in the other examined female (FLMNH-MGCL-145742). Type material. Holotype male, with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes:// ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe Zamora, ridge to west, 1,400–1,450 m 4°4.50 ′ S, 78°58.12 ′ W 18.v.2000, K. Willmott //DNA voucher LEP-14657// Genitalic vial SN-20-42 S. Nakahara // (FLMNH, to be deposited in INABIO). Paratypes (2 &male;, 2 &female; ): Ecuador: Zamora-Chinchipe: km 10 Los Encuentros-El Panguí, ridge E San Roque, [3°42 ′ 11 ″ S, 78°35 ′ 36 ″ W], 1,050 m, (Willmott, K. R., Hall, J. P. W.), 4 Aug 2009, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-145742] [dissection, SN-15-180], (FLMNH); km 14 Yacuambí-Saraguro rd., Juyapa, [3°34 ′ 48 ″ S, 78°57 ′ 2 ″ W], 1,740 m, (Willmott, K. R., J. I. R., J. C. R.), 21 Jun 2013, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-157449], (FLMNH); Zamora, ridge to west, [4°4 ′ 30 ″ S, 78°58 ′ 7 ″ W], 1,400–1,450 m, (Willmott, K. R.), 13 Jan 2002, 1 &female;, (FLMNH), 20 May 2000, 1 &male;, (FLMNH). Other records: Peru: Ucayali: Río Aguaytía, Previsto, [9°3 ′ S, 75°38 ′ W], 420–500 m, Oct 2006, 1 &male; [FLMNH- MGCL-281611; MGCL Accession #2016-40 E. C. Knudson / Bordelon], (FLMNH) [this locality is doubtful, and the specimen probably originated further west, in Huánuco department]. Etymology. This species-group name is a feminine Latin adjective meaning ‘straight, not curved’, in reference to the smoother VHW postdiscal band compared with the nominate race. Distribution and natural history. This subspecies is known from southern Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe) and central Peru (Fig. 8). In Ecuador, it occurs in cloud forest from 1,050 to 1,740 m, where it is rare and only known from ridge top localities. Males were attracted to rotting fish in canopy bait traps or to similar bait placed on leaves 1 m above the ground, and one female was found flying along the edge of a road through a secondary forest with abundant bamboo during the middle of the day., Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028

Cisandina philippa (Butler, 1867), New Combination, Reinstated Status (Figs. 1, 2g and h, 3h–j, 4c and d, 6a and b, 7a and b, 8) Euptychia philippa Butler, 1867: 485. Lectotype, designated herein; Butler 1868: 30, Kirby 1871: 52, Butler 1877: 121; Weymer 1911: 216, Riley and Gabriel 1924: 46, D’Abrera 1988: 768–769, figs. Euptychia lea f. philippa: Weymer 1911: 216. Euptychia lea var. philippa: Gaede 1931: 452. Euptychia batesii f. tersa Weymer 1911: 214, pl. 49, fig. a, Lamas 2004: 220. Lectotype, designated herein. Magneuptychia lea philippa: Lamas 2004: 220. Systematic placement and diagnosis: Our maximum likelihood approach found Cisandina philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. as a sister taxon to C. lea n. comb. + C. esmeralda n. sp., with a weak to moderate support (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot = 80.8/71). The infraspecific genetic divergence among seven sequenced C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. specimens varies from 0.04% to 3.55%, although this remarkably high maximum value (3.55%) is due to DNA99-022 (from Madre de Dios, Peru), which lacks data for the first approximately 250 nucleotides. The six Ecuadorian individuals, representing samples from Zamora-Chinchipe and Morona- Santiago provinces, exhibit a range of within-species COI divergence from 0.01 to 1.71% with a mean of 0.626%. Based on our COI data, genetic distance among these sampled C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. individuals and four other closely related Cisandina n. gen. species sequenced for this study is a minimum of 3.74%, suggesting an existence of a ‘barcoding gap’. See Table 3 for further information regarding genetic divergence of Cisandina n. gen. taxa. The male of C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. is readily distinguished from males of other species in the genus by its uniformly brown dorsal surface, whereas male specimens of other species exhibit either bluish or greenish iridescent scales on the dorsal surface. The female specimens of this species are also dorsally brown, which is also the case with C. esmeralda n. sp. but not two other species in the genus; see corresponding section of C. esmeralda n. sp. for further diagnostic characters to identify females. Taxonomy: Euptychia philippa was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in his monograph of Euptychia (sensu lato), where he introduced 60 new euptychiine butterflies to science. Like many other species described by Butler, information regarding the number of examined specimens and sex was not provided in the original description of E. philippa. His description of E. philippa was also not accompanied by any illustration of this taxon, but the identity of this species can be guessed from the Latin text and interpretation of a few other aspects of Butler’s work. First, E. philippa was described in his ‘Division II’ of Euptychia, which is one of his seven subdivisions of Euptychia he erected in his monograph of the group. Butler (1867: 481) characterized this ‘Division II’ as ‘wings variable above and below, of violet, blue and green’. Those species classified in this division, along with E. philippa, include E. picea Butler, 1867, E. lysidice (Cramer, 1777), E. glaucina Bates, 1865, E. aegrota Butler, 1867, E. pilata Butler, 1867, E. brixiola Butler, 1867, E. brixius (= Satyrus brixus Godart [1824]), E. coelestis Butler, 1867, E. urania Butler, 1867, E. lea, and E. junia. Despite some of these names not being considered valid today, Butler apparently grouped together species that possess iridescent wing coloration, judging from the phenotypes of the species listed by him. It is also worth noting that the two species immediately preceding E. philippa in Butler’s monograph are E. lea and E. junia, two names considered as applying to the same species by Lamas (2004), a proposal followed by the present study, and which species proves to be a member of Cisandina n. gen. in our molecular phylogeny (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the description of E. philippa begins by stating ‘ alae supra fuscae’ which translates to ‘wings above dark brown’, and ends by noting its ventral similarity with E. junia, both statements that narrow down the candidates examined by Butler to female C. esmeralda n. sp. or what we regard here as E. philippa. If this assumption is correct, the possibility of Butler examining female C. esmeralda n. sp. can be excluded on the basis of the type locality of E. philippa being Ega [=Tefé] according to the original description, whereas C. esmeralda n. sp. is a taxon known from the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil and Argentina. The syntype housed at the NHMUK is a male specimen with a uniformly brown dorsal surface as described by Butler and in accordance with characters and inferences discussed above. Like Butler, who considered the brown dorsal surface to be a character to justify E. philippa as a species-level taxon, some subsequent authors also followed this trend (e.g., D’Abrera 1988). On the other hand, other authors proposed an opposing taxonomic hypothesis, such as Weymer (1911), who regarded E. philippa to be a ‘form’ of P. lea from Ega (=Tefé). Following Weymer’s (1911) proposal, in which the name was considered to be subspecific according to Article 45.6.4.1 of the ICZN (1999), Lamas (2004) also regarded this taxon as subspecific. Nevertheless, both genetic divergence based on COI and multi-locus maximum likelihood (see ‘Systematic Placement and Diagnosis’, Fig. 1 and Table 2 for further information) are in favor of species-level status for this taxon with its uniformly brown dorsal surface. To reflect this taxonomic change and to settle its nomenclature as a senior subjective synonym of Euptychia batesii f. tersa, we here designate the aforementioned male syntype in the NHMUK as the lectotype of E. philippa, with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes, and reinstate its taxonomic status from subspecific to specific (lectotype designation, reinstated status): //B.M. TYPE No. Rh 3178 Euptychia philippa, &male; Butl.// &male; // Type of Species//Ega, U.Amazonas. H.W. Bates.// &male; Ega Philippa Butl. Type// Type H. T.// Godman-Salvin Coll. 1904.-1. Euptychia Philippa, Butl. //. Euptychia batesii f. tersa was described by Gustav Weymer in Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera of the World. The original description did not specify the number of specimen(s) he examined nor the sex, in addition to not providing any information on its locality. Despite being unrelated to Euptychia batesii Butler, 1867 (currently regarded as a subspecies of Magneutpychia harpyia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867), according to Lamas (2004)), Weymer described this taxon as a form of Euptychia batesii and also compared it with a close relative of that species, Euptychia analis Godman, 1905. The original description noted that the VHW ocelli in cells M 2 and M 3 were formed of a circular ring with a central pupil, rather than being silver spots as in Euptychia batesii (= Neonympha harpyia) and Euptychia analis. Also, Weymer pointed out the presence/absence of the VHW ocellus in cell Cu 2 as his justification for erecting this new ‘form’.Nevertheless, these phenotypes discussed by Weymer are often considered as informative characters at euptychiine species-level classification, and it is unclear why he considered tersa and batesii as conspecific. The illustration of the ventral surface associated with the original description (pl. 49, fig. a) does indeed show the phenotypic features described by Weymer, as well as the presence of the VFW ocellus in cell Cu1, which is apparently an unusual character for species discussed in this article. Lamas (2004) considered Euptychia batesii f. tersa as a junior subjective synonym of E. philippa. The female syntype, which is most likely the specimen on which Weymer based his illustration, given the presence of a VFW ocellus in cell Cu 1, is housed at SMT and figured in Warren et al. (2017). We here designate this female specimen, with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes, as the lectotype of E. batesii f. tersa in order to settle its nomenclature, and follow Lamas (2004) in regarding this taxon as a junior subjective synonym of E. philippa (lectotype designation): //GART specimen ID: 02498 Exemplar + Etiketten dokumentiert specimen + label data documented 2003// LECTOTYPUS // LECTOTYPE &female; Euptychia batesii f. tersa Weymer by G. Lamas ‘91// Stauding.& Bang-Haas Dresden, Ankauf 1961// Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden// tersa Weym.// Spec.// Original?//. Distribution and natural history: This species is known from the western Amazon, from the Andean foothills from Ecuador to southern Peru, east to the central Amazon, with a possible small area of sympatry with C. lea n. comb. in Tefé and the vicinity of Manaus (Fig. 8). It is sympatric with C. castanya sp. n. from central to southern Peru and in western Brazil (Rondônia). In Ecuador, this species occurs in lowland rainforest up to 1,400 m, where it is uncommon. Males and females were encountered at similar frequency, in a variety of sites, mostly in undisturbed terra firme forest, but also in floodplain secondary forest with abundant Guadua (Poaceae) bamboo. Individuals were encountered flying at varying heights above the ground, from 1 to 4 m, in both shady understory and in light gaps and at forest edges. A penultimate instar caterpillar was found on species of herbaceous bamboo, Taquara micrantha (Kunth) I.L.C.O liveira & R.P.O liveira (Poaceae) at Finca Las Piedras, Madre de Dios, Peru, on 20 April 2021 (voucher: 2020-FLP-IMM-0336), and the immature stages are described below. Specimens examined (39 &male;, 31 &female; ): Brazil: Acre: Marechal Thaumaturgo, Foz do Rio Tejo, Reserva Extrativista Alto Juruá, estrada para o Rio Arara, (Brown, K. S., Freitas, A. V. L.), 16 Sep 1997, 1 &male;, (ZUEC); [Marechal Thaumaturgo, Boca do Rio Tejo, Reserva Extrativista Alto Juruá], 20–27 Aug 1997, 1 &male; [‘BTEJO- REAJ-AC’], (ZUEC); Senador Guiomard, Reserva Catuaba, (Mielke & Casagrande), 31 Jan – 5 Feb – 2009, 1&male; 1 &female; [DZ 52.562, DZ 52. 564] (DZUP); Amazonas: Borba, Rio Abacaxis, Comunidade Paxiúba, [4°28 ′ 48 ″ S,58°34 ″ W], (Mielke, O. H. H., Casagrande, M. M.), 2–4 Jun 2008, 1 &female;, [DZ 52.563 – BC-DZ Willmott – 140] (DZUP); Ega (= Tefé), [3°22 ′ S, 64°42 ′ W], (Bates, H. W.), 1 &male; [‘ &male; Type of Species.’//’Godman-Salvin Coll. 1904- 1. Euptychia philippa, Butl. ’//’Ega, U. Amazons. H.W. Bates.’//’ &male; Ega Philippa Butl. Type’//’Type H.T.’//’B.M. TYPE No. Rh3178. Euptychia philippa. &male; Butl.’], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1266946; HT of philippa], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670283], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670295], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1670287], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1670288], (NHMUK); Igarapé Massauari, [2°54 ′ 17 ″ S, 57°8 ′ 23 ″ W], (Hahnel, P.), 1 &male;, (MNHU); Manicoré, [5°49 ′ S, 61°17 ′ W], (Hahnel, P.), 1887, 1 &male;, (MNHU); São Paulo de Olivença, [3°28 ′ S, 68°57 ′ W], (Mathan, M. de), 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670280], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670281], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670282], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1670211], (NHMUK), Jun– Jul 1883, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670275], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670276], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670277], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670278], 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670279], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1670285], 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1670286], (NHMUK), (Moss, A. M.), 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-525170], (NHMUK); Tefé, [3°22 ′ S, 64°44 ′ W], (Hahnel, P.), 1 &male; [dissection, 9076; ‘ NEOTYPE &male; Euptychia batesii f. tersa WeymerdesignatedbyLeeD.Miller1989//Teffe(=Tefé)Hhl.//Genitalia vial M-9076 &male; Lee D. Miller’], (MNHU) [unpublished neotype designation]; Rondônia: 1 km N Cacaulândia, [10°31 ′ 30 ″ S, 62°48 ′ W], 168 m, (Brock, J. P.), 28 Oct 1990, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265727], [dissection, SN-20-34] (FLMNH); 5 km S of Cacaulândia on Linha C-10 at Rio Pardo off B-65, [10°23 ′ 15 ″ S, 62°54 ′ 53 ″ W], (Gomes, O.), 13 Mar 1984, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-296552], (FLMNH), 29 Aug 1993, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265729; Station #15 forest], [dissection, SN-20-11] (FLMNH); Cacaulândia, 7 km E B-65, Fazenda Rancho Grande, [10°17 ′ 58 ″ S, 62°52 ′ 14 ″ W], (Austin, G. T.), 19 Nov 1992, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265728], (FLMNH), (Bongiolo, G.), 14 Jun 1992, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265726; Station #3 forest], (FLMNH). Ecuador: Morona-Santiago: jct. Río Mayalico- Río Santiago, Isla de las Conchas, [3°2 ′ 10 ″ S, 77°58 ′ 29 ″ W], 250 m, (Hall, J. P. W., Willmott, K. R., J. C. R., J. I. R), 8, 10 Aug 2015, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-217579], (FLMNH); hwy km 20 Mendez- Santiago rd., [2°47 ′ 6 ″ S, 78°15 ′ 24 ″ W], 850 m, (Perceval, M. J.), 14 Oct 1997, 1 &female;, (MIPE); km 30 Méndez-Limón rd., Río Yungantza, [2°52 ′ 13 ″ S, 78°21 ′ 56 ″ W], 650 m, (Hall, J. P. W.), 1–3 Mar 2017, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-281450], (FLMNH); Santiago de Mendez, [3°2 ′ 11 ″ S, 78°2 ′ W], (Nakahara, S.), 16 Jun 2014, 1 &female;, (FLMNH); Napo: Río Napo, hwy Puerto Napo-Ahuano rd., Chichicorrumi, [1°4 ′ 11 ″ S, 77°37 ′ 45 ″ W], 450 m, (Willmott, K. R., Hall, J. P. W.), 2, 9 Jul 1993, 1 &female;, (FLMNH); Orellana: Laguna Zancudococha, military trail, [0°35 ′ 16 ″ S, 75°28 ′ 16 ″ W], 220 m, (Aldaz, R.), 9–13 Jul 2017, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-288722], (FLMNH); Río Aguarico, Zancudococha, [0°34 ′ 23 ″ S, 75°26 ′ 13 ″ W], 240 m, (Willmott, K.R., J.C.R, J.I.R., Aldaz, R.), 14 Jul 2017, 1 &female;, (INABIO); Río Napo, Boca del Río Añangu, [0°31 ′ 43 ″ S, 76°23 ′ 41 ″ W], 220–300 m, (Willmott, K. R.), 27 Oct 2005, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-111516], (FLMNH); Shiripuno Lodge, Mirador trail, [1°4 ′ 50 ″ S, 76°44 ′ 42 ″ W], 350 m, (Hall, J. P. W., Willmott, K. R., J. C. R., J. I. R.), 8,9, 11 Aug 2018, 1 &male;, 1 &female;, (FLMNH); Sucumbíos: Cerro Lumbaquí Norte, [0°1 ′ 42 ″ N, 77°19 ′ W], 800–950 m, (Willmott, K. R., Hall, J. P. W.), 21–23 Jul 1999, 1 &male;, (FLMNH); Zamora-Chinchipe: 3 km E El Panguí, Centro Shuar Cháarip, [3°38 ′ 6 ″ S, 78°33 ′ 29 ″ W], 800 m, (Willmott, K. R., Hall, J. P. W.), 4 Aug 2009, 1 &female; [FLMNH- MGCL-145674], (FLMNH); km 11.5 Los Encuentros-Zarza, La Libertad, [3°47 ′ 54 ″ S, 78°36 ′ 26 ″ W], 1,250 m, (Willmott, K. R., Hall, J. P. W.), 6, 8 Aug 2009, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-145675], 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-145676], (FLMNH); Zamora, ridge to west, [4°4 ′ 30 ″ S, 78°58 ′ 7 ″ W], 1,400 –1,450 m, (Willmott, K. R.), 20 May 2000, 1 &male; [dissection, KW-14-008], (FLMNH). Peru: Cuzco: Pilcopata, Villa Carmen, [12°54 ′ S, 71°24 ′ W], 540 m, (Brock, J.), 31 Jan 2013, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103083], (MUSM); Quincemil, Quebrada Yanaorcco, [13°16 ′ S, 70°47 ′ W], 900 m, (Rodríguez, M.), Feb 2010, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103084], (MUSM); Junín: La Merced, [11°3 ′ S, 75°19 ′ W], 790– 762 m, (Watkins & Tomlinson), May–Jun 1903, 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1670293], (NHMUK); Loreto: Castaña, [0°48 ′ S, 75°14 ′ W], 150 m, (Lamas, G.), 26 Oct 1993, 1 &male; [MUSM- LEP-103079], (MUSM), 29 Oct 1993, 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-103080], (MUSM); Lower Río Ucayali, Río Pacaya, Aug-Sep 1912, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670291], (NHMUK); Pebas, [3°19 ′ S, 71°51 ′ W], 120 m, (Hahnel, P.), 1 &female; [dissection, 9077], (MNHU), (Mathan, M. de), Dec 1879 – Mar 1880, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670290], (NHMUK), Nov 1906, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1497733], (NHMUK); Zona Reservada Allpahuayo-Mishana, [3°57 ′ 30 ″ S, 73°25 ′ 30 ″ W], 170 m, (Ramírez, J. J.), 8 Aug 2001, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103092], (MUSM); Madre de Dios: 30 km SW Puerto Maldonado, [12°36 ′ S, 69°11 ′ W], 200 m, (Anderson, J. J.), 18–23 Oct 1982, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103087], (MUSM); Boca Río La Torre, [12°50 ′ S, 69°17 ′ W], 300 m, (Lamas, G.), 12 Feb 1982, 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-103082], (MUSM), 26 Sep 1981, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103085], (MUSM), 27 Sep 1981, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103086], (MUSM); Parque Nacional del Manu, Pakitza, [11°55 ′ 48 ″ S, 71°15 ′ 18 ″ W], 400 m, (Lamas, G.), 13 Oct 1990, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103089], (MUSM), 18 Oct 1990, 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-103081], 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103090], (MUSM), (Rowe, W.), 3 Nov 1990, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103088], (MUSM); Reserva Tambopata, La Colpa, [13°9 ′ S, 69°37 ′ W], 250 m, (Aibar, P.), 19 Oct 2000, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103091], (MUSM); Puno: Río Tambopata, [12°36 ′ S, 69°11 ′ W], 270 m, 15 Jul 1979, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265725], [dissection, SN-20-10] (FLMNH); San Martín: near Yurimaguas, ‘Chambireyacu’ [= Río Chambirayacu], [5°54 ′ S, 76°14 ′ W], 100 m, (Mathan, M. de), Jun-Aug 1885, 1 &male; [BMNH(E)-1670292], (NHMUK); Moyobamba, [6°2 ′ S, 76°58 ′ W], 855 m, Jan-Jun 1887, 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1670294], (NHMUK). Country unknown: Not located: ‘Amaz[on] S’, 1 &female; [BMNH(E)-1497644], (NHMUK); no data, 1 &male;, (MNHU), 1 &male;, (MNHU). Other r, Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["Butler, A. G. 1867. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866: 458 - 504.","Butler, A. G. 1868. Catalogue of diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom.","Kirby, W. F. 1871. A synonymic catalogue of diurnal Lepidoptera. John Van Voorst, London, United Kingdom.","Butler, A. G. 1877. On new species of the genus Euptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 13: 116 - 128.","Riley, N. D., and A. G. Gabriel. 1924. Catalogue of the type specimens of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera in the British Museum. Part I. Satyridae. Oxford University Press, London, United Kingdom.","D'Abrera, B. 1988. Butterflies of the Neotropical Region - Part V. Nymphalidae (Concl.) & Satyridae. Black Rock, Hill House, Victoria.","Gaede, M. 1931. Familia Satyridae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus. 43: 1 - 320, 46: 321 - 544, 48: 545 - 759.","Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In G. Lamas (ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J. B. (ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, vol. 5 A. Scientific Publishers, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville.","Cramer, P. 1777. De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld- Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique, vol. 2. Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp, Amsteldam, S. J. Baalde.","Godart, J. B. 1824. 329 - 706, 708 - 711, 794 - 828. In P. A. Latreille, and J. B. Godart, (eds.), Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire naturelle des animaux veuve Agasse, Paris.","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, United Kingdom.","Warren, A. D., K. J. Davis, E. M. Stangeland, J. P. Pelham, K. R. Willmott, and N. V. Grishin. 2017. Illustrated Lists of American Butterflies [accessed April 2020]. http: // www. butterfliesofamerica. com","Murray, D., and D. P. Prowell. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical Satyrine Subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34: 67 - 80."]}

Cisandina n. gen. This description is intended to serve as a template description for taxa described herein, thus it accommodates both inter- and intraspecific characters without the need for a separate ‘variation’ section. Male: Forewing length: 22–26 mm (mean: 23.8 mm; n = 13) Head: Eyes brown with lightly colored hair-like setae, white scales at base; frons dark brownish to blackish, covered with greyish and whitish scales, as well as lightly colored elongate hair-like setae; first 20 0.0326 19 0.0326 18 0.0128 0.0199 17 0.134 0.1015 16 0.1167 0.0842 15 0.1398 0.1073 14 0.118 0.0855 13 0.1214 0.0889 12 0.1291 0.0966 11 0.117 0.0845 10 0.1168 0.0843 9 0.1445 0.112 8 0.1447 0.1122 7 0.1445 0.112 6 0.1243 0.0918 5 0.1325 0.1 4 0.1298 0.0973 3 0.1384 0.1058 2 0.1492 0.1167 1 0.1385 0.1059 _ Guiana _ Guiana Cisandina French _ Continued 1708 _15 - _ trinitensis _ 356 Cisandina _ French trinitensis _ 3 . MB- LCB Table 19.. 20 segment of labial palpi short, covered with white scales and white hair-like scales and black hair-like scales, second segment about twice as long as eye depth and covered with white scales and white hair-like scales laterally and dorsally, in addition to brownish elongated scales, ventrally adorned with brownish hair-like scales and whitish hair-like scales longer than segment width, third segment apparently roughly one-third of second segment in length (although this can be somewhat variable), and covered with brownish scales dorsally and ventrally, with white scales laterally; antennae approximately two-fifths of forewing length, with ca. 38–39 antennomers (n = 4), scape rounded, about as twice as long as pedicel and wider, flagellomeres orangish, distal few flagellomeres appearing dark, covered with greyish scales with whitish scales visible on each side at base of each flagellomeres, these scales more apparent on basal flagellomeres, distal 12–13 flagellomeres composing club. Thorax: Brownish, dorsally with greyish scales and scales with iridescent coloration, in addition to lightly colored long hair-like scales; laterally and ventrally brownish, scattered with greyish scales and some lightly colored scales, in addition to long hair-like scales; foreleg with whitish long hair-like scales and brownish long hair-like scales, femur, tibia and tarsus similar in length, tarsus not divided into subsegments; pterothoracic legs ventrally appearing lighter compared with more greyish or darker dorsal surface, tibia with two longitudinal rows of spines on ventral surface, as well as spines present laterally, tarsus with three longitudinal rows of spines ventrally until distal end of first tarsomer, number of rows increasing to four from distal end of first tarsomer onwards, pair of tibial spurs, equal in length, present at distal end of tibia. Wing venation: Basal half of forewing subcostal vein swollen; base of cubitus swollen; forewing recurrent vein absent; discocellular vein m 1 -m 2 (i.e., dcs) curved basally, m 2 -m 3 (i.e., dcm) appearing rather straight; hindwing humeral vein present, exiting from origin of Rs and curving; origin of M 2 slightly towards M 1 than M 3 (Fig. 5). Wing shape: Forewing variably sub-triangular, apex rounded, costal margin slightly convex, outer margin somewhat variable but almost straight, inner margin almost straight; hindwing rounded, appearing slightly elongate (apparent in C. lea n. comb. and C. esmeralda n. sp. due to their rather elongated forewing shape), apex angular, costal margin slightly convex, angled inwards at base, outer margin slightly undulating, inner margin slightly curved inwards near tornus, anal lobe convex, slightly rounded (Fig. 2). Dorsal forewing: Ground color brownish, varying from being rather uniformly brownish to covered with iridescent to semi-iridescent scales (Fig. 2), submarginal and marginal bands occasionally visible as darker bands. Dorsal hindwing: Ground color similar to forewing, varying from being rather uniformly brownish to covered with iridescent to semiiridescent scales (Fig. 2); submarginal and marginal bands occasionally visible as darker bands. Ventral forewing: Ground color variable, from greyish brown to more brownish, may or may not be covered variably with iridescent scales (Fig. 2); discal band extending from radial vein, crossing discal cell, often passing just basal of origin of Cu 2, fading and terminating in cell Cu 2; concolorous postdiscal band extending from radial vein towards inner margin, terminating at 2A if not already faded in Cu 2 , more or less parallel to discal band albeit they may appear close to each other at posterior end; umbra appearing as undefined dark brownish shading extending from area near VFW ocellus (in cell M 1) to cell Cu2, if not terminating earlier; submarginal band, appearing darker compared with discal and postdiscal band, often narrower than previous two bands, extending from apex towards tornus, rather smooth although jaggedness can be somewhat variable, appearing more or less evenly broad perhaps except for anterior and posterior end; concolorous marginal band, not jagged, narrower than submarginal band, traversing along marginal area from apex to tornus; fringe greyish; small ocellus in cell M 1, often possessing black central area and single white pupil with pale ring but may lack one or two of these elements, additional ocellus or ocelli may appear in cells R 5, M 2, M 3, and Cu 1. Ventral hindwing: Ground color range and variation similar to forewing, may or may not be covered variably with iridescent scales (Fig. 2); discal band, concolorous to that of VFW, similar in width or broader, extending from costa to inner margin, often passing origin of Rs, or just basal of origin of this vein; concolorous postdiscal band passing origin of M 2 and/or Cu 1, otherwise near origin of these veins, similar in width or broader compared with previous band and appearing more or less parallel; submarginal band, concolorous to that of VFW, similar in width or broader, more jagged, extending from apex towards tornus, posterior end occasionally fused or terminating very close to postdiscal band near inner margin; concolorous marginal band, narrower than previous band and less sinuate, traversing along marginal area from apex to tornus; fringe greyish; six submarginal ocelli in cells Rs, M1, M 2, M 3, Cu 1, and Cu 2 (ocellus in cell Cu 2 absent in C. trinitensis n. comb.), ocelli in cells M 1 and Cu 1 similar in size (as in C. castanya n. sp., C. fida n. comb., C. sanmarcos n. comb., and C. esmeralda n. sp.) or ocellus in Cu 1 may be larger (as in C. trinitensis n. comb., C. lea n. comb., and C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.), both ocelli often possessing black central area and single white pupil ringed in yellow, ocelli in cells Rs and Cu 2 smaller compared with previous two ocelli but general appearance is same, ocelli in cells M 2 and M 3 are similar in size and appearance to those in cells Rs and Cu2 but lacking black area, ocellus in cell M 2 placed more basally compared with ocellus in cell M 3. Abdomen: Eighth tergite sclerotized in narrow anterior band and broader posterior patch; eighth sternite variable in appearance from rather narrow band to broader patch, as well as separated into two patches in some specimens (see below for further details). Genitalia: Tegumen somewhat trapezoidal in lateral view (compared with more semi-circular and/or elongated tegumen in many other euptychiines) due to convexity of dorsal margin located posteriorly and anterior portion being rather straight, this convexity of dorsal margin variable as to its degree, ventral margin convex; uncus longer than tegumen in lateral view, setae visible at base and along ventral margin towards posterior end, uncus roughly straight in lateral view, appearing somewhat broad in lateral view towards base, middle section evenly broad in dorsal view, posteriorly terminating in slightly hooked point in lateral view, rather blunt in dorsal view; brachium broad at base, longer than uncus, tapering towards apex and terminating in pointed apical edge, dorsally projecting away from uncus with posterior portion curving back in; combination of ventral arms from tegumen and dorsal arms from saccus somewhat sinuate, roughly evenly broad; appendices angulares present, but not discernible in lateral view, visible as rectangular projection in posterior view (when valva removed); saccus appearance in lateral view varying from straight to curved, but generally length not exceeding uncus; juxta (i.e., fultura inferior) present as narrow stripe; valvae, distal half setose, basal two-thirds roughly rhomboidal in lateral view, apical process approximately one-third of valva although this ratio is variable (see below for further details), varying in appearance from a narrow, curving process slightly tapering towards apex to a broader, straight process (see below for further details), y terminating in angular tip, dorsal margin just distal of costa curving interiorly forming a sharp projection visible in dorsal view in C. lea n. comb. but apparently absent in other species, costa appearing somewhat as ‘fan-shaped’ plate, dorsal margin curving inwards and folded towards appendices angulares; phallus roughly straight, similar in length to valva in lateral in view, phallobase occupying about half of phallus, antero-dorsal opening large, sclerotized region from dorsal margin of phallobase projecting upwards and apparently forming part of manica at juncture of phallobase and aedeagus, manica covering approximately half of aedeagus, cornuti visible as roughly two sclerotized narrow patches of vesica, vesica visible at posterior opening of aedeagus (Fig. 3). Female: Forewing length: 21–27 mm (mean: 23.3 mm; n = 10) Similar to male except as follows: Foretarsus divided into five tarsomers; forewing somewhat rounded and broader (apparent in C. lea n. comb., C. esmeralda n. sp., C. fida n. comb., and C. sanmarcos n. comb. due to their rather elongated male forewing); overall coloration lighter; iridescent purple-ish lilac reflection on DFW variable, from absent to covering about basal half of DFW; iridescent purple-ish lilac reflection on DHW similarly variable, from absent to covering entire surface of DFW; iridescent scales around VHW tornus often less intense. Female genitalia and abdomen: Eighth tergite fully developed (as seventh tergite); papilla analis lacking posterior apothysis; lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, forming rounded to rectangular plate with wrinkled margin; sclerotized plate present at lateral side of eighth abdominal segment, anterior margin fused with lamella antevaginalis (lateral margin fused as well in C. fida n. comb. and C. sanmarcos n. comb.), dorsal margin of this lateral sclerotized plate indented around spiracle; inter-segmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segment pleated and expandable, elongated weakly sclerotized region present; ductus bursae membraneous, ductus seminalis exits close to ostium bursae, ductus bursae somewhat inflated between origin of ductus seminalis and ostium bursae, corpus bursae ellipse in dorsal view, with two relatively short signa parallel to each other and apparently located laterally, bursa extending to juncture of third and fourth abdominal segment (Fig. 4). Etymology: This generic name is based on the Spanish word ‘cisandina’, itself a compound word formed of the Latin preposition ‘cis’, meaning ‘on this side of’, and the Spanish adjective ‘andina’, meaning ‘Andean’, which is widely used to refer to the Neotropical region east of the Andes. The name refers to the fact that the species currently contained within this genus are found exclusively east of the Andean continental divide. The generic name should be regarded as a feminine noun in the nominative singular. Distribution and natural history: Cisandina n. gen. is an entirely South American genus known exclusively from east of the Andes (Fig. 8). Specifically, members are known from the cloud forests of the eastern Andes, the lowland rainforest of the Amazon basin, the Guianas, Trinidad, and the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil and northeastern Argentina. Despite this broad range, no more than two species ever occur in sympatry. All species seem to be uncommon to very rare and are typically found in undisturbed forest. Singer and Ehrlich (1993) reported the host plant of Cisandina lea n. comb. (under the name ‘ Cissia junia’) as being an unidentified Gramineae (Poaceae) species according to their study in Trinidad, although this record is based on a plant accepted by the female in captivity in their oviposition trials. We here provide data on the immature stages of C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. and C. castanya n. sp., including its natural host plant (Figs. 6 and 7), which constitute to date the only reliable immature stage data available for this genus.

Cisandina castanya Lamas & Nakahara, New Species (Figs. 1, 2i and j, 3k–n, 4e and f, 6e–i, 7c–e, 8) Caeruleuptychia sp. n. 2: Robbins, Lamas, Mielke, Harvey & Casagrande, 1996: 231. Caeruleuptychia n. sp. Lamas, MS: Lamas 2004: 218. Systematic placement and diagnosis. The phylogenetic analysis placed Cisandina castanya n. sp. as sister to (C. lea n. comb. + C. esmeralda n. sp.) + C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat., although the support for this placement is moderate (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot = 85.9/81). The single barcoded individual of C. castanya n. sp. (DZ 52.561–BC-DZ-139, from Acre, Brazil) shows high genetic divergence, greater than 3.74% (ranging from 3.74 to 6.54%; mean 5.0283% (n = 12), see Table 3) compared with the three other Cisandina n. gen. species which form a clade to which it is supported as sister, reinforcing our taxonomic hypothesis. Males of C. castanya n. sp. are readily distinguishable from other species in the genus by their small forewing length, in addition to the presence of semi-iridescent bluish scales on the DFW and DHW. Females are distinguished from other species in the genus by possessing similar semi-iridescent bluish scales on the DFW and DHW, which extend from the inner margin of DFW and reach the discocellular vein, whereas the bluish scales on the DFW are more restricted to basal area in female C. lea n. comb. and absent in C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. As explained under the immediately preceding taxon, C. castanya n. sp. is sympatric with C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. and species-level diagnostic characters can be found in the immature stages as well, namely head scoli appearing more developed in C. castanya n. sp. (scoli/ headcapsule width ratio = 0.14; scoli length c. 0.4 mm.) compared with C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. (scoli/headcapsule width ratio=0.08; scoli length c. 0.2 mm.). Male (Fig. 2i): n = 3). Forewing length 22–23 mm (mean 22.3 mm; Head: See head description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Thorax: See thorax description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Abdomen: See abdomen description for Cisandina n. gen. above, eighth sternite rather narrow and appearing as two separated patches at anterior side. Wing venation: See wing venation description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Wing shape: See wing shape description for Cisandina n. gen. above, notable features include forewing appearing less elongate due to angle between forewing outer margin and inner margin being roughly right angle. Dorsal forewing: Notable features include, ground color brownish, iridescent purple-ish lilac scales covering most of DFW except for area anterior of costal vein, apex and distal side of cells M 1, M 2, M 3, Cu 1, although this area revealing ground color narrows posteriorly (Fig. 2i); see also DFW description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Dorsal hindwing: Notable features include, ground color similar to forewing, iridescent purplish lilac scales covering most of DHW except for area anterior of Rs and area posterior of 3A (Fig. 2i); see also DHW description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Ventral forewing: Notable features include, ventral bands narrow, discal band and postdiscal band parallel to each other and traversing in slightly outward diagonal direction, ocellus in cell M 1 small and may appear insignificant with pupil being invisible, additional ocellus may be present in adjacent cells (Fig. 2i); see also VFW description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Ventral hindwing: Notable features include, grey-ish blue scales covering areas in cells Cu1, Cu2 and 2A, submarginal ocelli appearing small, ocelli in cells M 1 and Cu 1 not reaching or barely reaching veins defining these cells, small ocellus may be visible at posterior end of postdiscal band in some specimens (Fig. 2i); see also VHW description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Genitalia: Notable features include, dorsal margin of tegumen rather smoothly curved as well as anterior portion of ventral margin of tegumen appearing ‘bent’ in lateral view, rather straight saccus in lateral view, apical process of valva narrow and curving (Fig. 3k–n); see also male genitalia description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Female (Fig. 2j): n = 3). Forewing length 21–22 mm (mean 21.7 mm, Similar to male except as follows: Notable features include, area of iridescent purplish lilac scales on DFW restricted to discal cell, basal part of cell M 3, more than half of Cu 1, most of cells Cu 2 and 2A (Fig. 2j); see also female wing shape and pattern description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Female genitalia: Notable features include, lamella antevaginalis appearing as rectangular ‘thumb-like’ plate with wrinkled margin; signa short, occupying basal half of corpus bursae, length of corpus bursae similar to ductus bursae (Fig. 4e and f); see also male genitalia description for Cisandina n. gen. above. Type material: Holotype male, with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes: // PERU, MD, Albergue Pantiacolla 400 m 12° 39 ′ S, 71° 14 ′ W 22.vi.2019 W. Dempwolf// SN-DNA19-48 (MUSM). Paratypes (10 &male;, 22 &female; ): Brazil: Acre: Senador Guiomard, Reserva Catuaba, [9°37 ′ S, 68°18 ′ W], (Mielke & Casagrande), 31 Jan–5 Feb 2009, 2 &female; [DZ 52.561] (DZUP); Mato Grosso: hwy Cuiabá- Santarém, km 715, [9°58 ′ 54 ″ S, 54°54 ′ 20 ″ W], 300 m, (Callaghan, C. J.), 14 Jul 1978, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265741], (FLMNH); Rondônia: Cacaulândia, ‘ Big Rock Trail’, 3 km E of Fazenda Rancho Grande on Linha C-20, [10°17 ′ 47 ″ S, 62°50 ′ 27 ″ W], (Austin, G. T.), 21 Sep 1992, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265743], (FLMNH); 12.5 km S of Cacaulândia, off B-65, Linha C-2.5, [10°27 ′ 16 ″ S, 62°53 ′ 59 ″ W], (Austin, G. T.), 12 Nov 1990, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265736], (FLMNH), 9 Dec 1990, 1 &male; [FLMNH- MGCL-265734], (FLMNH); 15 km S of Cacaulândia, off B-65, Linha C-0, [10°28 ′ 43 ″ S, 62°53 ′ 46 ″ W], (Austin, G. T.), 22 Apr 1991, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265737], (FLMNH); 3 km N Cacaulândia, dry trail off B-65, [10°30 ′ 24 ″ S, 62°48 ′ W], (Smith, J.), 23 Apr 1991, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-296555], (FLMNH); Cacaulândia, vicinity of Fazenda Rancho Grande, [10°17 ′ 58 ″ S, 62°52 ′ 14 ″ W], 180 m, (Austin, G. T.), 20 Oct 1989, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265739], (FLMNH), 29 Oct 1989, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265730] [dissection, SN-20-12] (FLMNH); 5 km S of Cacaulândia on Linha C-10 at Rio Pardo off B-65, [10°2 ′ 3 ′ 15 ″ S, 62°54 ′ 53 ″ W], (Gomes, O.), 23 Apr 1993, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265738] [dissection, SN-20-13], (FLMNH), 23 Jun 1996, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265742], (FLMNH), 7 Aug 1994, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265744], (FLMNH), 8 Jun 1996, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-296559], (FLMNH); Cacaulândia, 7 km E B-65, Fazenda Rancho Grande, [10°17 ′ 58 ″ S, 62°52 ′ 14 ″ W], (Austin, G. T.), 16 Sep 1992, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265745] [dissection, SN-20-33], (FLMNH), 26 Nov 1991, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265735], (FLMNH), 29 Nov 1991, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-265740], (FLMNH), (Austin, G.T.), 17 Jul 1995, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-296557], (FLMNH), 22 Jul 1994, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-296553] [dissection, SN-20-32], (FLMNH), 3 May 1995, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-296558], (FLMNH), 5 May 1995, 1 &female; [FLMNH-MGCL-296556], (FLMNH), (Brock, J. P.), 5 Nov 1989, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265733], (FLMNH), (Gomes, O.), 27 Jun 1989, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265731], (FLMNH); off B-65, Linha C-20 at Rio Pardo, [10°17 ′ 58 ″ S, 62°57 ′ 5 ″ W], (Austin, G. T.), 18 Sep 1992, 1 &male; [FLMNH-MGCL-265732], (FLMNH). Peru: Huánuco: Lower Ucayali, Río Pachitea, [8°46 ′ S, 74°32 ′ W], 150 m, (Tessman, G.), 1 &female;, (MNHU); Madre de Dios: 15 km E Puerto Maldonado, [12°32 ′ S, 69°3 ′ W], 200 m, (Medina, M.), 6 Feb 1990, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-100320] [dissection, SN-16-20], (MUSM); Parque Nacional del Manu, Pakitza, [11°55 ′ 48 ″ S, 71°15 ′ 18 ″ W], 340 m, (Harvey, D. J.), 27 Apr 1991, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-100319], (MUSM), (Mielke, O. H. H.), 3 Oct 1991, 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-100316], (MUSM), (Robbins, R. K.), 2 Oct 1991, 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-100317] [dissection, SN-16-36], (MUSM); Albergue Pantiacolla, [12º39 ′ S, 71º14 ′ W], 400–450m, (Lamas, G.), 29 Oct 2016, 1 &female;, (MUSM), 400m, (Gibson, L.), 30 Oct 2018, [SN-DNA19-49], 1 &male;, (MUSM). Other records: Peru: Loreto: Río Paranapura, Chambira, [5°54 ′ S, 76°14 ′ W], 120 m, (Razzeto, O.), 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-100318], (MUSM); Río Ucayali, Contamana, [7°21 ′ S, 75°0 ′ W], 135 m, (Büche, M.), Sep 1999, 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-100315], (MUSM). Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Spanish word ‘castaña’ and the Portuguese word ‘castanha’, both meaning ‘chestnut’ in English and, in much of Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil, more specifically ‘ Brazil nut’; Brazil nuts are large, emergent trees (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae)) that dominate the rainforest of the southwestern Amazon basin and whose distribution somewhat overlaps with that of this new butterfly species. These trees grow in abundance and characterize the landscape at Finca Las Piedras (Madre de Dios, Peru), where the immature stages of this new species were discovered. This species-group name is a feminine noun in apposition. Distribution and natural history: This species is distributed in the southwestern Amazon basin, from central and southern Peru eastwards into Brazil (Mato Grosso) (Fig. 8). A second-instar caterpillar and the last instar was found on a herbaceous bamboo, Olyra latifolia L. (Poaceae) at Finca Las Piedras, Madre de Dios, Peru, on 20 June 2020 (voucher: 2020-FLP-IMM-0188) and on 14 March 2021 (voucher: 2021-FLP-IMM-0234), respectively, and the immature stages are described below. The instar number (second) for 2020-FLP-IMM-0188 was determined based on comparing its size and appearance with other euptychiine larval instars. The host plant with the caterpillar was located at an edge habitat of a terra firme forest dominated by Brazil nut trees, with high incidence of light in the understory, fostering the growth of understory grasses. Remarks. The two male individuals from Loreto, Peru (MUSM- LEP-100315 and MUSM-LEP-100318) are classified as this taxon in MUSM. Nevertheless, these specimens possess some phenotypic characters not observed in other individuals examined for C. castanya n. sp. such as large ventral ocelli and presence of small ocellus at the VHW inner margin (at the posterior end of the VHW postdiscal band). Thus, we decided to exclude these individuals from the type series until further data becomes available to assess its identity., Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["Robbins, R. K., G. Lamas, O. H. H. Mielke, D. J. Harvey, and M. M. Casagrande. 1996. Taxonomic composition and ecological structure of the species-rich butterfly community at Pakitza, Parque Nacional del Manu, Peru, pp. 217 - 252. In D. E. Wilson and A. Sandoval (eds.), Manu. The biodiversity of southeastern Peru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.","Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In G. Lamas (ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J. B. (ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, vol. 5 A. Scientific Publishers, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville."]}

Cisandina sanmarcos (Nakahara & Lamas, 2018), New Combination (Figs. 1, 2o and p, 3r–t, 4i–k, 8) Magneuptychia sp. n.: Lamas & Grados [1997]: 58 Magneuptychia n. sp. Lamas, MS: Lamas 2004: 220 Euptychoides sanmarcos Nakahara & Lamas, in Nakahara et al. 2018a: 12–14, figs. 10–11, 16. Systematic placement and diagnosis: As discussed in Nakahara et al. (2018a), this species is closely related to C. fida n. comb. (Fig. 1). Cisandina sanmarcos n. comb. forms a strongly supported clade with C. fida n. comb. in the present study (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/ UFBoot=100/100), which is also strongly supported as sister to four species discussed above (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot=96.9/95). Nevertheless, the placement of C. sanmarcos n. comb. results in C. fida n. comb. being paraphyletic, as mentioned under the corresponding section of that species, and further discussion and justification as to its specific status can be found below. See corresponding section of C. fida n. comb. for diagnostic characters to distinguish these two taxa. Taxonomy: Nakahara et al. (2018a) described Euptychoides sanmarcos based on three males and eight females, including the male holotype. As mentioned in the original description, we were aware of the fact that the generic classification regarding this species would need subsequent revision, albeit due to its distinctiveness and the goal of Nakahara et al. (2018a) to describe ‘miscellaneous taxa’ to further future investigation of their relationships, we went ahead and named it prior to its ultimate generic assessment. The sole reason for describing this species under Euptychoides was because of its sister relationship with ‘ Euptychoides ’ fida, although knowing that ‘ Euptychoides ’ fida was distantly related to Euptychia saturnus Butler, 1867, the type species of Euptychoides. Nevertheless, the holotype male of Cisandina sanmarcos n. comb. from Madre de Dios, Peru figured in the original description (Fig. 10), evidently possesses characters discussed in the original description that separate the species from its sister species, Cisandina fida n. comb. Note that the holotype of E. sanmarcos was deposited at MUSM in October 2019 subsequent to its description, as indicated in the original description. Additionally, the female specimen housed at the MZUJ listed below was not included in the type series as this individual was not known to the authors during the course of preparing Nakahara et al. (2018a). Specimens examined (3 &male;, 10 &female; ): Bolivia: La Paz: Río Zongo, [16°3 ′ 40 ″ S, 68°1 ′ 2 ″ W], 1,200 m, (Garlepp), 1895–1896, 1 &male; [dissection, M-9141 Lee D. Miller], (MNHU). Peru: Cuzco: Cosñipata Valley, Quebrada Quitacalzón, [13°1 ′ 35 ″ S, 71°29 ′ 57 ″ W], 1,050 m, (Harris, B.), 12 Aug 2009, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103661; dissection, genitalic vial SN-14-18 MUSM], (MUSM), (Kinyon, S.), 25 Sep 2011, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103662], (MUSM); Cosñipata Valley, Quebrada Quitacalzón, [13°1 ′ 35 ″ S, 71°29 ′ 57 ″ W], 1,100 m, (Gibson, L.), 10 May 2012, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103663], (MUSM), (Kinyon, S.), 22 Sep 2014, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103666], (MUSM), (Lamas, G.), 22 Sep 2014, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103664; dissection, genitalic vial SN-16-17 MUSM], (MUSM), (Lamas, G.), 23 Oct 2010, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103667], (MUSM); Gallito de las Rocas conservation area [13° 04.513 ′ S 71° 25.133 ′ W], 1,000 –1,100 m, (G. Gallice), 9 Jul 2019, 1 &female; [2019-GR-0077], (ASA); Huánuco: Cordillera del Sira, [9°25 ′ S, 74°45 ′ W], 1,380 m, (Exp. Universidad Viena), Sep 1987 - Aug 1988, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103660], (MUSM); Madre de Dios: Cerro Pantiacolla, E Slope nr. summit, ca. 4-km ENE Shintuya, [12°38 ′ 19 ″ S, 71°17 ′ 19 ″ W], 960– 1,030 m, (Douglass, J. F.), 25 Jul 1980, 1 &male; [dissection, SN-14-149; HT sanmarcos], (MUSM); Puno: Tambopata – Candamo, Río Távara, [13°26 ′ S, 69°38 ′ W], 450– 1,050 m, (Baynes, H.), 1 Aug 1995, 1 &male; [MUSM-LEP-103659], (MUSM), (Grados, J.), 9 Aug 1995, 1 &female; [MUSM-LEP-103665], (MUSM); San Martín: Jorge Chávez, [5°41 ′ S, 77°40 ′ W], 1,200 –1,400 m, (Calderón, B.), 2003, 1 &female;, (MZUJ). Distribution and natural history: Cisandina sanmarcos n. comb. ranges from northern Peru (San Martín department) to La Paz, Bolivia (Fig. 8). All known sites are along the slopes of the eastern Andes in an altitudinal zone between 960 and 1,380 m. It is worth mentioning that an additional specimen of this species was collected subsequent to its description by GG at Gallito de las Rocas conservation area, Cosñipata Valley, Cuzco, Peru (13°04.513 ′ S, 71°25.133 ′ W) in July 2019, bringing the total number of known specimens of C. sanmarcos n. comb. to 11. GG sprayed the understory plants along the ridge with urine. This particular individual was patrolling, but it is unclear whether it was attracted to the urine or not. The forest along the ridge was primary, with remarkably extensive patches of bamboo (probably Guadua sp.) on the slopes that had most likely colonized landslides. Nothing otherwise notable was recorded in terms of its behavior., Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["Nakahara, S., K. R. Willmott, O. H. H. Mielke, J. Schwartz, T. Zacca, M. Espeland, and G. Lamas. 2018 a. Seven new taxa from the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with revisional notes on Harjesia Forster, 1964 and Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964. Insecta Mundi 639: 1 - 38.","Lamas, G., and J. Grados. [1997]. Mariposas de la Cordillera del Sira, Peru (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea y Hesperioidea). Rev. Peru. Entomol. 39: 55 - 61.","Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In G. Lamas (ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In Heppner, J. B. (ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, vol. 5 A. Scientific Publishers, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville.","Butler, A. G. 1867. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866: 458 - 504."]}

Cisandina trinitensis (Brévignon & Benmesbah, 2012), New Combination (Figs. 1, 2q and r, 3u–w, 4l and m, 8) Euptychia ? sp.: D’Abrera 1988: 780, figs. Magneuptychia trinitensis Brévignon & Benmesbah, 2012: 47, pl. 3, Figs. 1–4, pl. 4, Figs. 8, 8a. Systematic placement and diagnosis: Cisandina trinitensis n. comb. is moderately to strongly supported as sister to the remainder of Cisandina n. gen. (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot=91.9/92), with three sequenced individuals (LCB251, LCB356, MB_1708_15) forming a well-supported clade (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot = 100/100). Cisandina trinitensis n. comb. is readily distinguished from other species in the genus by the lack of an ocellus in VHW cell Cu2, coupled with the presence of four submarginal ocelli on the VFW (in cells M 1, M 2, M 3, and Cu 1). However, it must be noted that some ocelli on the VFW may appear as faint or only a trace, and with the limited number of specimens examined this character may prove unreliable. Taxonomy: Brévignon and Benmesbah (2012) described Magneuptychia trinitensis based on two males and two females, including the male holotype, all collected in French Guiana. The holotype was examined prior to deposition in MOBE, and it was also figured in the original description (pl. 3, Figs. 1 and 2), where the aforementioned characters are visible. We also incorporated sequences from the holotype in our molecular phylogeny (Fig. 1; LCB 251), thus leaving no doubt as to its rather distinctive identity, which is also indicated as being sister to the rest of the genus according to the maximum likelihood tree (Fig. 1). Distribution and natural history: Cisandina trinitensis n. comb. is so far known from a handful of sites all situated in French Guiana (Fig. 8). Specimens examined (3 &male;, 2 &female; ): French Guiana: Cayenne: Montagne de la Trinité, [4°36 ′ 2 ″ N, 53°24 ′ 43 ″ W], (Benmesbah, M.), 10 Nov 2010, 1 &female; [AT trinitensis], (LBCB), (Hermier, B.), 30 Oct 2008, 1 &female; [PT trinitensis], (LBCB); Nouragues Station, [4°5 ′ N, 52°41 ′ W], (Benmesbah, M.), 6 Sep 2010, 1 &male;, (MOBE); St-Laurent du Maroni: Maripasoula, Antecume-Pata, ‘filet’, [3°17 ′ 53 ″ N, 54°4 ′ 16 ″ W], (Benmesbah, M.), 13 Mar 2012, 1 &male; [HT trinitensis], (MOBE); Not located: ‘ French Guiana’, 1 &male; [PT trinitensis], (MOBE). Other records: French Guiana: Cayenne: Cayenne, [4°56 ′ N, 52°20 ′ W], 1 &male;, 1 &female;, (NHMUK) (D’Abrera (188: 780, ‘ Euptychia ? sp.’)); St-Laurent du Maroni: Maripasoula, Antecume- Pata, ‘filet’, [3°17 ′ 53 ″ N, 54°4 ′ 16 ″ W], (Benmesbah, M.), 13 Mar 2012, 1 &female; [PT trinitensis], (MOBE) (Brévignon and Benmesbah (2012))., Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, {"references":["Brevignon, C., and M. Benmesbah. 2012. Complement a l'inventaire des Satyrinae de Guyane (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), pp. 36 - 52. In D. Lacomme, and L. Manil (eds.), Lepidopteres de Guyane, Tome 7, Nymphalidae. Association des Lepidopteristes de France, Paris.","D'Abrera, B. 1988. Butterflies of the Neotropical Region - Part V. Nymphalidae (Concl.) & Satyridae. Black Rock, Hill House, Victoria."]}

Cisandina trinitensis (Brévignon & Benmesbah, 2012), New Combination (Figs. 1, 2q and r, 3u–w, 4l and m, 8) Euptychia ? sp.: D’Abrera 1988: 780, figs. Magneuptychia trinitensis Brévignon & Benmesbah, 2012: 47, pl. 3, Figs. 1–4, pl. 4, Figs. 8, 8a. Systematic placement and diagnosis: Cisandina trinitensis n. comb. is moderately to strongly supported as sister to the remainder of Cisandina n. gen. (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot=91.9/92), with three sequenced individuals (LCB251, LCB356, MB_1708_15) forming a well-supported clade (Fig. 1; SH-aLRT/UFBoot = 100/100). Cisandina trinitensis n. comb. is readily distinguished from other species in the genus by the lack of an ocellus in VHW cell Cu2, coupled with the presence of four submarginal ocelli on the VFW (in cells M 1, M 2, M 3, and Cu 1). However, it must be noted that some ocelli on the VFW may appear as faint or only a trace, and with the limited number of specimens examined this character may prove unreliable. Taxonomy: Brévignon and Benmesbah (2012) described Magneuptychia trinitensis based on two males and two females, including the male holotype, all collected in French Guiana. The holotype was examined prior to deposition in MOBE, and it was also figured in the original description (pl. 3, Figs. 1 and 2), where the aforementioned characters are visible. We also incorporated sequences from the holotype in our molecular phylogeny (Fig. 1; LCB 251), thus leaving no doubt as to its rather distinctive identity, which is also indicated as being sister to the rest of the genus according to the maximum likelihood tree (Fig. 1). Distribution and natural history: Cisandina trinitensis n. comb. is so far known from a handful of sites all situated in French Guiana (Fig. 8). Specimens examined (3 &male;, 2 &female; ): French Guiana: Cayenne: Montagne de la Trinité, [4°36 ′ 2 ″ N, 53°24 ′ 43 ″ W], (Benmesbah, M.), 10 Nov 2010, 1 &female; [AT trinitensis], (LBCB), (Hermier, B.), 30 Oct 2008, 1 &female; [PT trinitensis], (LBCB); Nouragues Station, [4°5 ′ N, 52°41 ′ W], (Benmesbah, M.), 6 Sep 2010, 1 &male;, (MOBE); St-Laurent du Maroni: Maripasoula, Antecume-Pata, ‘filet’, [3°17 ′ 53 ″ N, 54°4 ′ 16 ″ W], (Benmesbah, M.), 13 Mar 2012, 1 &male; [HT trinitensis], (MOBE); Not located: ‘ French Guiana’, 1 &male; [PT trinitensis], (MOBE). Other records: French Guiana: Cayenne: Cayenne, [4°56 ′ N, 52°20 ′ W], 1 &male;, 1 &female;, (NHMUK) (D’Abrera (188: 780, ‘ Euptychia ? sp.’)); St-Laurent du Maroni: Maripasoula, Antecume- Pata, ‘filet’, [3°17 ′ 53 ″ N, 54°4 ′ 16 ″ W], (Benmesbah, M.), 13 Mar 2012, 1 &female; [PT trinitensis], (MOBE) (Brévignon and Benmesbah (2012)).

Cisandina esmeralda Nakahara & Barbosa, New Species (Figs. 1, 2e and f, 3e–g, 8), Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028

Purpose of review Time-restricted eating (TRE) entails consuming energy intake within a 4- to 10-h window, with the remaining time spent fasting. Although studies have reported health benefits from TRE, little is known about the impact of TRE on common chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes and critically evaluates the most recent TRE research findings relevant to managing and treating these chronic diseases. Recent findings Most recent TRE studies have been in populations with overweight/obesity or metabolic syndrome; two have been in populations with diabetes, three in cancer survivors and none in populations with cardiovascular disease. Collectively, these studies showed that participants could adhere to TRE and TRE is well tolerated. These studies also showed preliminary efficacy for improved glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity, a reduction in body fat and blood pressure, reduced cardiovascular risk scores and increased quality of life. More research is required to define the most effective TRE protocol (i.e. length and timing of eating window, intervention duration). Summary TRE has demonstrated benefits on cardiovascular, metabolic and clinical outcomes relevant to the underlying pathophysiology, but there are limited data on TRE implemented specifically within populations with diabetes, cancer or cardiovascular disease.

PURPOSE: Falls are a modifiable source of morbidity for older adults with cancer, yet are underassessed in oncology practice. In this secondary analysis of a nationwide cluster-randomized controlled trial, we examined characteristics associated with patient-oncologist conversations about falls, and whether oncologist knowledge of geriatric assessment (GA) resulted in more conversations. METHODS: Eligible patients (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02107443 ) were age ≥ 70 years, had stage III/IV solid tumor or lymphoma, were being treated with noncurative treatment intent, and ≥ 1 GA domain impairment. Patients in both arms underwent GA. At practices randomly assigned to the intervention arm, oncologists were provided a GA summary with management recommendations. In both arms, patients had one clinical encounter audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded to categorize whether a conversation about falls occurred. Generalized linear mixed models adjusted for arm, practice site, and other important covariates were used to generate proportions and odds ratios (ORs) from the full sample. RESULTS: Of 541 patients (intervention N = 293 and usual care N = 248, mean age: 77 years, standard deviation: 5.3), 528 had evaluable audio recordings. More patients had conversations about falls in the intervention versus usual care arm (61.3% v 10.3%, P < .001). Controlling for the intervention and practice site, history of falls (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.6; P = .005) and impaired physical performance (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.7 to 12.8; P = .002) were significantly associated with patient-oncologist conversations about falls. CONCLUSION: GA intervention increased conversations about falls. History of falls and impaired physical performance were associated with patient-oncologist conversations about falls in community oncology practice.

Background Inflammation may contribute to cognitive difficulties in patients with breast cancer. We tested 2 hypotheses: inflammation is elevated in patients with breast cancer vs noncancer control participants and inflammation in patients is associated with worse attention and processing speed over the course of chemotherapy. Methods Serum cytokines (interleukin [IL]–4, 6, 8, 10; tumor necrosis factor [TNF]–α) and soluble receptors [sTNFRI, II]) were measured in 519 females with breast cancer before and after chemotherapy and 338 females without cancer serving as control participants. Attention and processing speed were measured by Rapid Visual Processing (RVP), Backward Counting (BCT), and Trail Making-A (TMT-A) tests. Linear regression models examined patient vs control cytokines and receptor levels, adjusting for covariates. Linear regression models also examined relationships between patient cytokines and receptor levels and test performance, adjusting for age, body mass index, anxiety, depression, cognitive reserve, and chemotherapy duration. Statistical tests were 2-sided (α = .05). Results sTNFRI and sTNFRII increased over time in patients relative to controls, whereas IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 decreased. Prechemotherapy, higher IL-8 associated with worse BCT (β = 0.610, SE = 0.241, P = .01); higher IL-4 (β = −1.098, SE = 0.516, P = .03) and IL-10 (β = −0.835, SE = 0.414, P = .04) associated with better TMT-A. Postchemotherapy, higher IL-8 (β = 0.841, SE = 0.260, P = .001), sTNFRI (β = 6.638, SE = 2.208, P = .003), and sTNFRII (β = 0.913, SE = 0.455, P = .045) associated with worse BCT; higher sTNFRII also associated with worse RVP (β = −1.316, SE = 0.587, P = .03). At prechemotherapy, higher IL-4 predicted RVP improvement over time (β = 0.820, SE = 0.336, P = .02); higher sTNFRI predicted worse BCT over time (β = 5.566, SE = 2.367, P = .02). Longitudinally, increases in IL-4 associated with BCT improvement (β = −0.564, SE = 0.253, P = .03). Conclusions Generally, worse attention and processing speed were associated with higher inflammatory cytokines and receptors and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients; future confirmatory studies are needed.

Purpose To quantify the impact of diabetes on the trajectory of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) from pre-chemotherapy to 6 months post-chemotherapy for patients with breast cancer compared to non-cancer controls.Methods This was a secondary analysis from a nationwide prospective longitudinal study of female patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy and age-matched women without cancer (controls). CRF was measured using the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory (MFSI) pre-, post-, and 6-months post-chemotherapy in patients; controls were assessed at equivalent time points. Diabetes status was obtained at baseline. Repeated measures mixed models estimated the association between CRF and diabetes controlling for cancer (y/n), body mass index, exercise and smoking habits, baseline anxiety and depressive symptoms, menopausal status, marital status, race, and education.Results A total of 439 patients and 235 controls (age: 52.8±10.5 years) had available data on diabetes status. Diabetes was twice as prevalent among patients as controls (11.6% vs. 6.8%). Patients had worse fatigue than controls throughout treatment (p Diabetes was associated with worse CRF with a clinically meaningful difference of 4.7±1.7 points on the fatigue measure in all participants (p=0.009) and patients alone (p=0.030). For MFSI subdomains, diabetes was associated with worse general (p=0.002), physical (p=0.005), and mental fatigue (p=0.025) but not worse emotional fatigue or vigor (p>0.14) among patients. Conclusions Diabetes was twice as prevalent in women with breast cancer compared to controls, and diabetes was associated with more severe CRF in patients before and after chemotherapy and at 6 months post-chemotherapy. Interventions that address diabetes management may also help address CRF during chemotherapy treatment

The southern green stink bug (SGSB) Nezara viridula L. is one of the most common stink bug species in the United States and can cause significant yield loss in a variety of crops. A suitable marker for the assessment of gene-editing tools in SGSB has yet to be characterized. The white gene, first documented in Drosophila, has been a useful target to assess the efficiency of introduced mutations in many species as it controls pigmentation processes and mutants display readily identifiable phenotypes. In this study we used the RNAi technique to investigate functions and phenotypes associated with the white ortholog in the SGSB and to validate white as a marker for genetic transformation in this species. This study revealed that white may be a suitable marker for germline transformation in the SGSB as white transcript knockdown was not lethal, did not impair embryo development and provided a distinguishable phenotype. Our results demonstrated that the white ortholog in SGSB is involved in the pathway for ommochrome synthesis and suggested additional functions of this gene such as in the integument composition, management of hemolymph compounds and riboflavin mobilization.

Mechanoluminescent materials, which emit light in response to elastic deformation, are demanded for use as in situ stress sensors. ZnS doped with Mn is known to exhibit one of the lowest reported thresholds for appearance of mechanoluminescence, with repeatable light emission under contact pressure

Ongoing employer concerns about communication skill deficits and workforce readiness among college graduates have prompted this regionally-based study comparing survey results between 2015 and 2018...

We here transfer an euptychiine taxon hitherto placed in the polyphyletic genus Magneuptychia Forster, 1964, to Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964. Caeruleuptychia francisca (Butler, 1870), n. comb. is reclassified based on a morphology-based maximum likelihood analysis, which is consistent with ongoing analyses of molecular data. Two putative synapomorphic characters are identified for the “Caeruleuptychia umbrosa clade”, one of which appears to be an unusual characteristic of euptychiine butterflies and is tested by optimizing onto the maximum likelihood tree. We also discuss the systematic placement of three additional enigmatic Caeruleuptychia species. A lectotype is designated for Euptychia francisca, and the genitalia of this species are illustrated here for the first time.

The functional status and physical performance of older adults with cancer are underassessed and undertreated despite the high prevalence of impaired functional status and physical performance in this population and their associations with chemotherapy-induced toxic effects and mortality.To examine the association between providing oncologists with a geriatric assessment (GA) summary with recommendations and having oncologist-patient conversations about functional and physical performance.Data for this secondary analysis were collected from October 29, 2014, to April 28, 2017, for a national cluster randomized clinical trial conducted by the University of Rochester Cancer Center National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program evaluating the effect of a GA intervention on patient satisfaction with communication about aging-related concerns. There were 17 practice clusters in the intervention group and 14 in the usual care group. All 541 participants underwent a GA including standardized functional and physical performance measures and had 1 clinical encounter audio-recorded, transcribed, and blindly coded to categorize conversations by GA domain. Participants were aged 70 years or older, with a stage III or IV solid tumor or lymphoma with palliative treatment intent, and impairment in 1 or more GA domain. Statistical analysis was performed from August 18, 2020, to January 10, 2022.Oncologist practices randomized to the intervention received a GA summary and validated recommendations for each patient prior to the audio-recorded clinical encounter.The primary analysis of this clinical trial assessed the effect of the intervention on patient satisfaction with oncologist communication about aging-related concerns. This secondary analysis assessed the post hoc hypothesis that the intervention would be associated with an increase in the proportion of patients having conversations with their oncologists and receiving oncologist recommendations specific to functional and physical performance concerns.A total of 541 patients (276 men [51%]; mean [SD] age, 77.5 [5.2] years [range, 70-96 years]) were analyzed at baseline. Excluding 13 patients without audio recordings, 86% of patients (95% CI, 78%-91%) in the intervention group vs 59% of patients (95% CI, 47%-69%; P .001) receiving usual care had conversations about functional or physical performance. Conversations were more frequently initiated by oncologists in the intervention group (84%; 95% CI, 77%-90%) than oncologists in the usual care group (58%; 95% CI, 45%-70%; P .001). Oncologists in the intervention group were more likely to address patients' concerns (43%; 95% CI, 33%-53%) than oncologists in the usual care group (17%; 95% CI, 10%-26%; P .001).In this secondary analysis of a cluster randomized clinical trial, providing oncologists with a GA summary was associated with an increase in the number of oncologist-patient conversations about functional and physical performance-related concerns with recommendations to address these concerns. These findings support the use of the GA summary and recommendations as important tools in caring for older adults with advanced cancer and functional or physical impairments.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02107443.

During mitosis, from late prophase onward, sister chromatids are connected along their entire lengths by axis-linking chromatin/structure bridges. During prometaphase/metaphase, these bridges ensure that sister chromatids retain a parallel, paranemic relationship, without helical coiling, as they undergo compaction. Bridges must then be removed during anaphase. Motivated by these findings, the present study has further investigated the process of anaphase sister separation. Morphological and functional analyses of mammalian mitoses reveal a three-stage pathway in which interaxis bridges play a prominent role. First, sister chromatid axes globally separate in parallel along their lengths, with concomitant bridge elongation, due to intersister chromatin pushing forces. Sister chromatids then peel apart progressively from a centromere to telomere region(s), step-by-step. During this stage, poleward spindle forces dramatically elongate centromere-proximal bridges, which are then removed by a topoisomerase IIα–dependent step. Finally, in telomere regions, widely separated chromatids remain invisibly linked, presumably by catenation, with final separation during anaphase B. During this stage increased separation of poles and/or chromatin compaction appear to be the driving force(s). Cohesin cleavage licenses these events, likely by allowing bridges to respond to imposed forces. We propose that bridges are not simply removed during anaphase but, in addition, play an active role in ensuring smooth and synchronous microtubule-mediated sister separation. Bridges would thereby be the topological gatekeepers of sister chromatid relationships throughout all stages of mitosis.

PURPOSE: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a disabling complication of many chemotherapies. We investigated the feasibility of using health plan claims and administrative data to identify CIPN occurrence by comparing patients who received neurotoxic and non-neurotoxic chemotherapies. METHODS: The sample included over 53,000,000 patients from two regional and one national insurer in the U.S. (>400,000 exposed to chemotherapy). Peripheral neuropathy was identified using a broad definition (Definition 1) and a specific definition (i.e., drug-induced polyneuropathy code) (Definition 2). RESULTS: CIPN incidence as measured by Definition 1 within 6 months of chemotherapy initiation was 18.1% and 6.2% for patients who received neurotoxic and non-neurotoxic chemotherapy, respectively (relative risk neurotoxic vs. non-neurotoxic (RR): 2.93 (95% CI: 2.87-2.98)). For Definition 2, these incidences were 3.6% and 0.1% (RR: 25.2 (95% CI: 22.8-27.8)). The incidences of new analgesic prescriptions for neurotoxic and non-neurotoxic groups were as follows: gabapentin, 7.1%/1.7%; pregabalin, 0.69%/0.31%; and duloxetine, 0.78%/0.76%. The incidence of CIPN as defined by Definitions 1 and 2 was low compared to that of published research studies, but the relative risk of CIPN among patients who received neurotoxic chemotherapies compared to those who received non-neurotoxic chemotherapies was high using Definition 2. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that as used currently by clinicians, administrative codes likely underestimate CIPN incidence. Thus, studies using administrative data to estimate CIPN incidence are not currently feasible. However, the drug-induced polyneuropathy code is a specific indicator of CIPN in administrative data and may be useful for investigating predictors or potentially preventive therapies of CIPN.

Introduction Black cancer survivors remain at a higher risk for secondary cancers, cancer recurrence, and comorbid conditions than non-Hispanic White survivors. Physical activity may help improve health outcomes and overall quality of life. We assessed cancer survivors’ physical activity by race/ethnicity and the effect of social determinants of health (SDH) constructs (i.e., economic stability, education, and access to health care) on physical activity. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The outcome variable was physical activity after cancer diagnosis and the predictor variables were SDH and race. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine associations between race and physical activity and the effect of SDH on physical activity. Results Among 3,787 cancer survivors, 91.6% self-identified as White and 8.4% as Black. Blacks were more likely than Whites to report low economic stability, low access to health care, and low health literacy (all ps Conclusions The findings suggest that though Black cancer survivors are less than White to engage in physical activity, and SDH partially explained the racial difference in physical activity behaviors. These findings highlight the need to address barriers to health-care access, economic stability, and educational attainment.