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This study aimed to compare the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) between apical periodontitis lesions with different clinical and histological features. Based on clinical data and history of disease, 100 human apical periodontitis lesions were categorised as either asymptomatic or symptomatic lesions. According to histological examination, lesions were divided into periapical granulomas and radicular cysts. Pulp tissues of 25 impacted wisdom teeth were used as controls. Homogenised tissue samples were centrifuged and supernatants were used for the determination of cytokine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significantly higher levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were found in symptomatic lesions compared with asymptomatic lesions and control tissues (P lt 0.001, P lt 0.001, respectively). The concentration of IL-1 was significantly higher in radicular cysts compared with periapical granulomas (P=0.003). Symptomatic lesions, as judged by high local production of IL-1 and IL-6, represent an immunologically active stage of the disease.

The objective of this study was the application of polymerase chain reaction in detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples. Twenty samples of bovine nasal swabs were separately inoculated in Vero cells. Laboratory strain TN 41 of bovine herpesvirus 1 served as a control in the experiment. The cytopathic effects were recovered in the cell line previously inoculated with a sample of bovine nasal swab, as well as in cells inoculated with the laboratory strain TN 41 of the bovine herpesvirus 1 after a period of incubation of 24h, 36h and 48h. Identification of the isolated strains of the virus was done by the virus - neutralization test with specific immune sera against BHV 1, with a titre of 1:16. Comparative analysis of DNA fragments of the laboratory strain of BHV1 and isolated strain obtained by polymerase chain reaction with primers for viral gB glycoprotein and thymidine-kinase coding region, confirmed that the isolated strain of the virus belongs to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1). Cilj nàših istraživanja je bio primena lančane reakcije polimeraze u dokazivanju prisustva goveđeg herpesvirusa 1 u kliničkim uzorcima materijala. Dvadeset uzoraka nosnih briseva goveda pojedinačno je inokulisano u ćelijsku liniju Vero. Referentni soj TN 41 virusa BHV 1 služio je kao pozitivna kontrola u ogledu. Posle 24h, 36h i 48h od inokulacije, utvrđena je pojava citopatogenog efekta u ćelijskoj liniji inokulisanoj uzorkom poreklom od jednog nosnog brisa goveda. Iste promene su ustanovljene i posle inokulacije referentnog soja TN 41 virusa BHV 1 u ćelijsku liniju Vero. Identifikacija izolovanog soja virusa poreklom iz uzorka nosnog brisa goveda, vršena je primenom testa virus - neutralizacije uz korišćenje specifičnog imunog seruma protiv virusa BHV 1, titra od 1:16. Uporednom analizom DNK fragmenata referentnog soja virusa BHV 1 i izolovanog soja virusa, dobijenih primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze uz korišćenje dva para prajmera koji su amplifikovali gene na molekulu DNK koji kodiraju sintezu glikoproteina B spoljašnjeg omotača virusa BHV 1 i timidin - kinaze, potvrđena je pripadnost izolovanog soja virusa goveđem herpesvirusu 1.

Oral reactivation of latent Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection may easily occur in cancer patients. Virus reactivation can cause oral mucosa damage, worsen already existing lesions caused by stomatotoxic effect of cancer therapy and, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, ample spreading and promote viral transmission. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cell-culture and direct immunofluorescence have been used to determine the frequency of oral HSV reactivation in 60 patients undergoing chemotherapy for different malignancies. By means of PCR, the presence of viral DNA was detected in 71.7% of patients prior to chemotherapy and in 85.0% after chemotherapy. 33.3% of patients before and 40.0% after chemotherapy were viral-culture positive, while 3.3% of patients before and 11.7% after chemotherapy were positive as shown by direct immunofluorescence. No significant difference in HSV-1 reactivation was found before and after chemotherapy. In addition, no significant difference was found when comparing HSV-1 reactivation in patients with and without mucositis. HSV-2 was not detected in any of the patients. Reactivation of latent HSV is exceptionally frequent in cancer patients. The results of this study suggest that virus reactivation occurs independently of cancer chemotherapy. The potential role of HSV reactivation in oral mucosa damage remains unclear.

Essential oils are widely used in medicine, dentistry and cosmetology as flavour and odour corrigents in various substances for oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to present comprehensively the possibilities for application of Melaleuca Alternifolia essential oil in dentistry based on the analysis of contemporary scientific and professional publications. The application of Tea tree essential oil in the treatment of periodontal, fungal and viral diseases is very efficient. The study of antimicrobial potential of ten different essential oils confirmed the efficiency of Tea tree oil against numerous Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. In vitro studies of bacteriostatic, bactericidal and fungicidal effect of Tea tree oil solution against ten different microorganisms confirmed sensitivity of the following microorganisms: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and slightly weaker effect against Streptococcus Mutans and Prevotella intermedia. Tea tree is very effective in the treatment of various diseases and is an introduction and momentum for the application of plant substances in the treatment of numerous diseases in dentistry. ., Etarska ulja imaju široku primenu u medicini, stomatologiji i kozmetologiji, kao korigensi ukusa i mirisa različitih sredstava za oralnu higijenu. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se kroz analizu aktuelnih naučnih i stručnih publikacija sveobuhvatno prikažu mogućnosti primene etarskog ulja Melaleuca Alternifolia u stomatologiji. Primena etarskog ulja čajnog drveta u lečenju parodontopatije, gljivičnih oboljenja, kao i u terapiji virusnih infekcija, se pokazala izuzetno efikasnom. Ispitivanjem antimikrobnog dejstva deset različitih etarskih ulja, potvrđeno je da je etarsko ulje čajnog drveta vrlo efikasno protiv niza Gram + i Gram - bakterija. In vitro ispitivanja bakteriostatskog, baktericidnog i fungicidnog delovanja rastvora ulja čajnog drveta na deset različitih mikroorganizama su potvrdila osetljivost sledećih mikroorganizama: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum i Porphyromonas gingivalis, i nešto slabije prema bakterijama Streptococcus Mutans i Prevotella intermedia. Čajno drvo se pokazalo izuzetno blagotvornim u lečenju različitih oboljenja i predstavlja uvod i podstrek za primenu biljnih preparata u lečenju brojnih manifestacija kod različitih oboljenja u stomatologiji. .

It is well known that the most of AIDS patient have evidence of more severe herpetic infection than immunocompetent persons. In this study we examined the characteristics of humoral immune response during active herpes simplex virus infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, and correlate the value of specific markers (titre of specific anti-HSV-IgM, anti-HSV-IgG antibody, titre of neutralization antibody and avidity of IgG) between these 2 groups. The results have shown that although AIDS patients have severe depression of their cellular immune response, they can mount an intensive humoral antiviral response during the active HSV-1 infection. They have higher titre and avidity of specific anti-HSV antibody than immunocompetent persons. But even with high titre of specific antibody, AIDS patient have no enough neutralizing antibodies. According to the clinical manifestation of herpetic infection in AIDS patient, our result showed significant association between the quantity of in vitro neutralizing activity and in vivo protection from severe herpetic infection.

Uvod: U novije vreme sve veći broj studija sugeriše da se genotipske varijante humanih papiloma virusa (HPV), uprkos filogentskoj srodnosti, mogu razlikovati u patogenosti i različito doprineti razvoju cervikalnih neoplazija. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se definiše zastupljenost različitih onkogenih tipova HPV kod ispitanica sa područja Južnobačkog okruga (AP Vojvodina) i odredi genotipska varijabilnost najprevalentnijih genotipova HPV, analizom DNK sekvenci i RFLP metodom.Materijal i metode: Istraživanje je sprovedeno u periodu od januara 2014. do novembra 2015.godine. Studija je obuhvatila 564 osobe ženskog pola, starosti od 18 do 69 godina. Genotipizacija 12 visokorizičnih tipova HPV izvršena je upotrebom komercijalnog kita HPV High Risk Typing Real-TM (Sacace Biotechnologies, Italy, CE, IVD). Automatskosekvenciranje amplifikovanih fragmenata L1 gena HPV rađeno je na automatskom sekvenatoru ABI Prism BigDye 3.1 (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, SAD). Bioinformatičkom analizom utvrđene su genetičke distance i filogenetski odnosi HPV izolata dobijenih u AP Vojvodini u odnosu na izolate iz drugih geografskih područja za tipove: 16, 18, 31 i 33. PCR-RFLP metodom ispitivana je heterogenost unutar HPV tipa 51, na nivou E1, L1 i L2 gena 11 odabranih HPV DNK pozitivnih izolata, primenom restrikcionih enima DraI, TaqI i PstI.Rezultati: Prevalencija HPV infekcije kod testiranih žena je iznosila 51,8%. Učestalost različitih tipova vema je varirala, pri čemu su najprevalentniji bili: HPV16 (34,5%); HPV 31 (20,5%); HPV 51 (13%); HPV33 (11,6%); HPV52 (11%) i HPV18 (11%). HPV tipovi 16 i 33 su najčešće dijagnostikovani u starosnoj grupi od 31-40 godina (25,5% i 6,21%), dok su HPV18 (8,16%), HPV31 (7,04% ) i HPV51 (12,3%) najčešće dokazani kod žena mlađih od 30 godina. Određene su genetičke distance i filogenetski odnosi u okviru populacije izolata iz Južnobačkog okruga, AP Vojvodine, u odnosu na druge izolate čije su genomske sekvence dostupneu GenBank bazi podataka. Filogenetska analiza nukleotidnih sekvenci HPV tipa 16 je potvrdila da se najveći broj izolata iz područja AP Vojvodine grupiše u liniju A, (podlinije A3 i A4 ) dok se jedan izolat izdvojio u liniju D (podlinija D1). Tri izolata HPV tipa 18 su grupisana u liniju A, a dva izolata kao posebna grupa. Utvrđeno je da genotipske varijante HPV 31 iz našeg područja pripadaju linijama A, B i C. Izolati HPV tipa 33 pripadali su liniji A (podlinije A1 i A2). Dobijene nukleotidne distance su pokazale da je razlika između analiziranih i referentnih sekvenci manja od 2%, štopotvrđuje sličnost na nivou varijante. Na osnovu PCR-RFLP analize u odabranim DNK pozitivnim na HPV tip 51, restrikcionom analizom PCR produkata na nivou L1, L2 i E1 gena, utvrđeno je da su prisutni samo genotipovi koji odgovaraju liniji A sa podlinijom A1.Zaključak: Rezultati studije predstavljaju prve dostupne podatke o rasprostranjenosti 12 visokorizičnih tipova HPV, kao i podatke o genomskoj arijabilnosti i filogenetskoj srodnosti najprevalentnijih HPV tipova kod žena sa područja Južnobačkog okruga. Najprevalentniji HPV tipovi našeg regiona su pokazali usklađenost sa evropskim izolatima, ali su nađene i ne-evropske varijante.Nizak procenat genetičkih distanci u okviru istog HPV tipa je u skladu sa niskom stopom mutacija kod ovih virusa. Iako se u današnje vreme RFLP metoda primenjuje u manjoj meri zbog uspona tehnologija sekvenciranja DNK, ova tehnika se može koristiti kao brza i jeftinija metoda za određivanje pojedinih linija ovih virusa. S obzirom da je u većini kliničkih laboratorija sekvenciranje DNK nedostupno,razvijena metoda se može koristiti za diferenciranje dve glavne linije HPV tipa 51, koje imaju različit onkogeni potencijal. Rezultati predstavljaju izuzetan doprinos epidemiološkoj proceni realnih potreba uvođenja rutinske imunizacije protiv visokoprevalentnih genotipova prisutnih u prekanceroznim promena na grliću materice inficiranih žena sa našeg područja. Tipizacija HPV virusa primenjenim metodama može biti od velike koristi u ranom otkrivanju maligne transformacijeinficiranih ćelija i prevenciji karcinoma grlića materice., Introduction:In recent times increasing number of researches suggests that genotypic variants of human papillomavirus (HPV), in spite of phylogenic relations, could differ in virulence and contribute the development of cervical neoplasia. The aim of this work was to define the partition of different oncogenic HPV types in examined women from the area of Juznobacka district (AP Vojvodina) and to determine genotypic variability of the most prevalent HPV genotypes, by DNA sequences’ analysis and RFLP method.Material and methods:The research wasconducted in period from January 2014 till November 2015. Study included 564 female persons, age from 18 to 69. The genotypization of 12 high-risk HPV types was performed with use of commercial kit HPV High Risk Typing Real-TM (Sacace Biotechnologies, Italy, CE, IVD). The automatic sequencing of amplified fragments of L1 HPV gene was performed on automatic sequencer ABI Prism BigDye 3.1 (PE Applied Biosystems,Foster, CA, USA). By bioinformatic analysis genetic distances, as well as phylogenic relations of HPV isolates in AP Vojvodina were determined in relation with isolates from other regions for types 16,18, 31 and 33. By PCR-RFLP, the heterogeneity within HPV type 51, at the level of E1, L1 and L2 genes 11 selected HPV DNA positive isolates, by use of restriction enzymes DraI, TaqI and PstI.Results:The prevalence of HPV infection in tested women was 51,8%. The frequency of different types varied considerably, where the most prevalent types were: HPV16 (34,5%); HPV 31 (20,5%); HPV 51 (13%); HPV33 (11,6%); HPV52 (11%) and HPV18 (11%). The HPV types 16 and 33 are diagnosed the most in age group from 31-40 (25,5% and 6,21%), while HPV 18 (8,16%), HPV31 (7,04% ) and HPV51 (12,3%) are the most diagnosed in women younger than 30. The genetic distances and phylogenic relations within samples from population of Južnobacka region, AP Vojvodina, are determined in relation to other samples whose genomic sequences are available in GenBank data base. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of HPV 16 confirmed that the most of isolates from the area of AP Vojvodina are grouped in line A (sublines A3 and A4), while one isolate separated to the line D (subline D1). Three isolates of HPV type 18 are grouped in line A, and two isolates grouped as separate group. It was confirmed that genotypic variants of HPV 31 from our region belong to lines A, B and C. Isolates of HPV type 33 belonged to line A (sublines A1 and A2). Gained nucleotide distances showed that difference between analyzed and referent sequences is lower than 2%, which confirme the similarity at the level of variant. Based on PCR-RFLP analysis in selected DNA of persons positive on HPV type 51, by restriction analysis of PCR products on the level of L1, L2 and E1 genes, it is confirmed that only genotypes that correspond to line A, subline A1 are present .Conclusions: The results of study present the first available data on abundance of 12 high-risk types, as well as data on genomic variability and phylogenic relations of the most prevalent HPV types in females from the Juznobacka region. The most prevalent HPV types of our region showed concordance with European isolates, but non-european variants were also found. Low percentage of genetic distances within the same HPV type is in concordance with low mutation rate of these viruses. Although today RFLP method is applied at lower scale because of rise of DNA technologies,this technique could be used as fast and efficient method for determination of particular lines of these viruses. Regarding that DNA sequencing is unavailable to the most of clinical laboratories,developed technique could be used for discrimination of two main lines of HPV type 51 that have different oncogenic potential. The results present considerable contribution to the epidemiological assessment of real needs for implementation of routine immunization against the high prevalent genotypes, present in precancerous alterations on the cervix of infected women from our area. Typization of HPV viruses by applied methods could be of great benefit in early detection of malignant transformations of infected cells and prevention of cancer of cervix.