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ObjectiveDry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease involving the tears and ocular surface. It impacts a patient’s quality of life (QoL) and ability to perform daily activities. This study assessed the burden of self-reported DED among adults in eight European countries.DesignOnline cross-sectional survey.SettingGeneral population in France, Italy, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Sweden.ParticipantsAdults aged ≥18 years with (n=6084) and without (n=6161) self-reported DED were recruited via emails and screened.Main outcome measuresAll participants completed National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25) and EuroQol-5 Dimension-5 Level Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). All DED participants completed the Eye Dryness Score (EDS) Visual Analogue Scale, and Ocular Comfort Index and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Specific Health Problem questionnaires. In addition, half of the respondents with DED completed Survey A (Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life) and the other half completed Survey B (Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness Questionnaire) and Dry Eye Questionnaire-5.ResultsParticipants with self-reported DED had lower functional vision and lower overall health status than participants without self-reported DED as measured by the NEI-VFQ and EQ-5D-5L, respectively.Increasing self-reported DED severity as measured by the EDS was shown to correspond with worse symptom severity/frequency, lower functional vision, higher impact on work productivity, daily activities and QoL.ConclusionThis study showed that patients’ reported burden of self-reported DED was similar across the eight European countries. Those with self-reported DED reported lower health status and functional vision compared to those without self-reported DED and these parameters worsen with increasing disease severity.

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the commonest malignancy worldwide (>80% located in the head and neck area). The aim of this study was to assess risk factors predisposing to local recurrence of NMSC of the middle third of the face (MTF). This was a single-centre retrospective analysis of patients with NMSC of the MTF treated during 1995-2010. Data on epidemiological and tumour characteristics were collected. Survival analysis was performed and log-rank tests were used to compare differences in survival for each variable. A total of 531 patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the MTF were identified. Most tumours were nodular type (28.4%), located on the nose (34.3%), and confined to the dermis (75.5%). Negative margins were achieved in 91% of cases. Median follow-up time was 35 months and 15.2% of patients developed local recurrence. Incomplete excision was the only variable predisposing to local recurrence. The cohort also included 114 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Most tumours were well differentiated (43.9%), located at the zygomatic area (49.1%), excised with negative margins (93%), and confined to the dermis (67.8%). At a median follow-up time of 42 months, local recurrence occurred in 15.7% of patients. Tumour size, depth of invasion, and prior history of head and neck SCC were risk factors for local recurrence. The variables predictive of recurrence of BCC were incomplete excision and for SCC tumour size, depth of invasion, and a prior history of head and neck SCC.

Corneal nerves are key components of the physiological system that controls ocular surface homeostasis. The cornea is primarily innervated by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerves (cranial nerve V), which distend bilaterally from the pons. The nasociliary branch (afferent) of the ophthalmic nerve is sensory for cornea, eyelid and conjunctiva. These nerve fibres play a role in sensing temperature, chemical and mechanical stimuli, and pain, whereas, branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) contain motor nerves that control blinking and autonomic (sympathetic and a paucity of parasympathetic) fibres that stimulate tear production and secretion via feedback loops between the ocular surface, lacrimal glands and brain. Disruption of these nerves with interruption of neural feedback loops between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands can lead to corneal diseases such as dry eye disease (DED) and neurotrophic keratopathy (NK). Inversely, hypersensitivity of the nerve fibres and/or dysregulation of pain-controlling nervous centres may lead to neuropathic pain. Recently, medications that specifically target regeneration of corneal nerves have started to become available - and considering the high prevalence of diseases associated with corneal nerve dysfunction, these agents promise to fulfil a hitherto important unmet need. In this review, we explore the physiology of corneal nerves, the pathology of corneal nerve diseases and how these relate to neuropathic pain, NK and DED. We also discuss what novel treatments may be useful against diseases involving corneal nerves.

Intravenous (i.v.) glucocorticosteroids (GCs) constitute the first-line treatment for active and moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy (GO). In cases of persistent disease, rituximab, a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, may be used, although studies have yielded conflicting results. In case 1, a 50-year-old female heavy smoker presented with severe bilateral disfiguring eyelid edema of four months, bilateral exophthalmos and a clinical activity score (CAS) of 5/7. Laboratory investigation showed thyrotoxicosis and high thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) levels [32 IU/L (normal

This interesting study raises a scientific issue for revisiting three important elements on diagnosis, use of preservatives and selection of the appropriate topical treatment. Itchy feeling can be encountered in other ophthalmic conditions misdiagnosed as allergy, benzalkonium chloride is responsible for surface toxicity resulting in reduced efficacy and tolerability of topical allergy medications and it should be avoided on the management of ocular allergy. Unpreserved ketotifen 0,025% has been shown to be the least toxic formulation being the optimum option for efficacy and tolerability on the management of ocular allergy.

Objective To describe a clinical entity of upper eyelid margin and meibomian gland inversion (MGI) sequential to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), in the absence of eyelash ptosis, trichiasis or manifest marginal entropion. We highlight its clinical features, surgical management and outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of symptomatic MGI cases refractory to conservative management who underwent surgery in our centre over a 4-year period. Anatomical correction, resolution of symptoms and possible complications are reported. Results A total of 21 eyelids of 13 patients (mean age: 68.5 ± 15.4, range: 32-88 years) were analysed. Symptomatic MGI patients were operated only if they have noted immediate comfort when we corrected the lid margin position with a cotton tip. Those with refractory superior punctate corneal staining (n = 14 eyes), blink-related discomfort (n = 8) and pseudo-blepharospasm (n = 3) reported complete postoperative resolution. Milder symptoms showed partial improvement: gritty feeling (79%), sore eye (80%) and watery eye (86%). However, symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) persisted in 88% of patients. One case recurred in 6 weeks and was offered revision surgery. Median follow-up was 5 (range: 3-12) months. Conclusion Meibomian gland inversion (MGI) is a subtle clinical entity that can be easily overlooked. Symptoms are often attributed to DED or MGD alone. It is likely that MGI represents early upper lid margin anatomical changes secondary to MGD before cicatricial marginal entropion becomes clinically apparent. Recommended treatment is conservative with intensive lid hygiene and topical MGD management. However, refractory symptomatic cases who respond positively to a 'cotton-tip test' (reversal of lid margin malposition with a rolling cotton-tip) may benefit from surgical intervention with favourable anatomical and functional outcome.

The pathogenesis of Graves’ disease (GD) and orbitopathy (GO) is not completely elucidated. On the other hand, vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms have been associated with vulnerability to a plethora of chronic autoimmune diseases. The primary aim of this study was to synthesize evidence on the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and GD. Secondary aim was to investigate their association with GO. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, CENTRAL and Scopus, up to December 8, 2018. Data were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was quantified with I2 index. Ten studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. TT subtype of TaqI polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of GD compared with Tt and tt polymorphisms (OR: 1.42; 95% CI, 1.05–1.94, p = 0.025), whereas tt was associated with a lower risk of GD, compared with TT and Tt polymorphisms (OR: 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62-0.99, p = 0.043). No association was found for ApaI, BsmI, and FokI polymorphisms. The bb subtype of BsmI polymorphism was associated with a lower risk in Asian, but with a higher GD risk in Caucasian populations, compared with BB/Bb subtypes. No eligible study was found regarding the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and the risk of GO. The TT subtype of the TaqI polymorphism was associated with a higher susceptibility for GD compared with Tt and tt. Regarding BsmI, the bb subtype was associated with increased GD risk in Caucasians, whereas it is protective in Asians.

The natural course of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) has been poorly documented. The aim of this review is to provide current knowledge regarding the natural course of mild GO, trying to address the issue of whether and to what extent it constitutes a chronic remitting or transient disease.We systematically searched PubMed for English language publications until August 2016 under the following terms: "Graves' orbitopathy" OR "Graves' ophthalmopathy" OR "thyroid eye disease" AND "natural course" OR "natural history".Few studies have investigated the course of mild orbital disease in patients with GO. Large controlled trials are lacking and data can be extracted mainly from small retrospective and some prospective studies, after excluding patients who had received radioiodine for thyrotoxicosis or surgical treatment for GO. In general, more than half of GO patients may show spontaneous improvement in their clinical features, whereas no safe conclusions can be drawn with regard to complete resolution, with percentages ranging from 6 to 58 %.The question whether mild GO is a remitting, albeit chronic disease, or even a transient event in the course of Graves' disease, remains currently unanswered.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition with signs and symptoms that vary depending on a wide range of environmental factors to which people are exposed in their daily lives. Factors such as variable temperature, airflow velocity, relative humidity, seasonality, and pollutants can alter the rate of tear film evaporation, improving or exacerbating symptoms of DED. Results from currently available clinical tests do not always correlate well with patient-reported symptoms, and the continually changing environment and variability in DED symptoms present challenges for the design and conduct of clinical trials. Controlled adverse environment chambers allow standardization of temperature, humidity, and airflow and may minimize potential confounding factors in clinical investigations. Their use can promote accurate study of the pathophysiology of DED, discovery of disease biomarkers, and assessment of the effect of various therapeutic approaches on patients' symptoms. Controlled adverse environment chambers have been used to simulate indoor surroundings such as airplane cabins and to test their effects on contact lens wearers. This review summarizes how these chambers may be useful for the development, approval, and differentiation of potential new treatments for DED.

Glaucoma therapy-related ocular surface disease (OSD) is a serious pathology with a broad spectrum of insidious clinical presentations and complex pathogenesis that undermines long-term glaucoma care. Preservatives, especially benzalkonium chloride (BAK), contained in topical intraocular pressure-lowering medications frequently cause or aggravate OSD in glaucoma. Management of these patients is challenging, and to date often empirical due to the scarcity of controlled long-term clinical trials. Most of the available data are extracted from case series and retrospective analysis. Preservative-free prostaglandins and prostaglandin/timolol fixed combinations are novel options developed to remove the harmful impact of preservatives, especially BAK, upon ocular tissues. Based on what is currently known on the value of preservative-free antiglaucoma therapies it is tempting to speculate how these new therapies may affect the future medical management of all glaucoma patients. This article provides a comprehensive and critical review of the current literature on preservative-free prostaglandins and preservative-free prostaglandin/timolol fixed combinations.

Dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface, is common and has a significant impact on quality of life. Reduced aqueous tear flow and/or increased evaporation of the aqueous tear phase leads to tear hyperosmolarity, a key step in the vicious circle of DED pathology. Tear hyperosmolarity gives rise to morphological changes such as apoptosis of cells of the conjunctiva and cornea, and triggers inflammatory cascades that contribute to further cell death, including loss of mucin-producing goblet cells. This exacerbates tear film instability and drives the cycle of events that perpetuate the condition. Traditional approaches to counteracting tear hyperosmolarity in DED include use of hypotonic tear substitutes, which have relatively short persistence in the eye. More recent attempts to counteract tear hyperosmolarity in DED have included osmoprotectants, small organic molecules that are used in many cell types throughout the natural world to restore cell volume and stabilize protein function, allowing adaptation to hyperosmolarity. There is now an expanding pool of clinical data on the efficacy of DED therapies that include osmoprotectants such as erythritol, taurine, trehalose and L-carnitine. Osmoprotectants in DED may directly protect cells against hyperosmolarity and thereby promote exit from the vicious circle of DED physiopathology.

The management of thyroid eye disease (TED) remains a therapeutic challenge. The current established therapies are unsatisfactory in one-third of the patients and have many limitations. Rituximab (RTX) is a CD20+ B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and rheumatoid arthritis. The early experience with RTX suggests that it is a promising alternative therapy for TED. Rituximab may compare favorably to the conventional glucocorticoid therapy and causes less collateral damage than retrobulbar orbital radiation and decompression surgery. In addition, the preliminary studies on RTX's proposed mechanism of action have revealed new insights into the pathogenic role of B-cells in TED. We summarize the current literature on the clinical application of RTX in TED and discuss its putative mechanisms of action.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a common and chronic disorder that has a significant adverse impact on patients' quality of life. It is a leading cause of evaporative dry eye disease (DED), as meibomian glands play an important role in providing lipids to the tear film, which helps to retard the evaporation of tears from the ocular surface. MGD is also often present in conjunction with primary aqueous-deficient DED. Obstructive MGD, the most commonly observed type of MGD, is the main focus of this article. MGD is probably caused by a combination of separate conditions: primary obstructive hyperkeratinization of the meibomian gland, abnormal meibomian gland secretion, eyelid inflammation, corneal inflammation and damage, microbiological changes, and DED. Furthermore, skin diseases such as rosacea may play a part in its pathology. Accurate diagnosis is challenging, as it is difficult to differentiate between ocular surface diseases, but is crucial when choosing treatment options. Ocular imaging has advanced in recent years, providing ophthalmologists with a better understanding of ocular diseases. This review presents a literature update on the 2011 MGD workshop and an optimized approach to accurate diagnosis of MGD using currently available methods and tests. It also outlines the emerging technologies of interferometry, non-contact meibography, keratography and in vivo confocal laser microscopy, which offer exciting possibilities for the future. Selected treatment options for MGD are also discussed.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate early visual and refractive outcomes of Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Method Nine eyes of 7 male and 2 female patients, mean age 73 years, were treated with DSAEK. Eight had pseudophakic bullous keratopathy and 1 had advanced Fuch's syndrome. Patients were followed up for a mean of 11.4 months (range, 4–26). The DSAEK technique consisted of stripping Descemet's membrane and endothelium from a recipient cornea and transplanting the posterior stroma and endothelium of a donor cornea using the Tan EndoGlide. The mean operating time was 61.89 minutes (standard deviation [SD], 9.3). Results The median donor diameter was 8.375 mm (range, 8.25–8.75) and the mean donor thickness was 114.4 μm (range, 98–129). Mean preoperative sphere was −2.41 that changed postoperatively in −1.21. Mean endothelial cell loss was 25% (range, 23%–45%) at 6 months after surgery. Corneal pachymetry was reduced from 796.6 μm preoperatively to 535.5 μm postoperatively. Best corrected vicual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40 or better postoperatively and exceeded the preoperative BCVA in all eyes. No graft failure was present. Two partial graft dislocations (1st and 5th postoperative day) were observed. One graft was successfully attached after reinjecting an air bubble (rebubbling) in the anterior chamber and the other graft was reattached with 4 10/0 nylon sutures after failed rebubbling. Conclusions The key to successful endothelial transplantation is the protection and preservation of as many donor endothelial cells as possible. The TAN EndoGlide is a device that consistently delivers a donor lenticule through a small incision with minimal endothelial loss, while making the insertion procedure relatively reliable and consistent, with the surgeon in full control of the donor at all stages of insertion. The endothelial cell loss during this technique is comparable (if not better) with other endothelial graft insertions systems.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of trypan blue on intraocular pressure (IOP) after small-incision cataract surgery. Design: Prospective, randomized study. Participants: Fifteen patients (30 eyes) with bilateral, dense, age-related cataracts. Methods: Patients with glaucoma, ocular hypertension, exfoliation, pigment dispersion syndrome, history of uveitis, recent use of topical or systemic steroids, and previous ocular surgery were excluded. The patients were randomly assigned to receive trypan blue during cataract surgery for enhancing capsulorrhexis in 1 of their eyes, while in the other eye, trypan blue was not used. Cataract surgery was performed in an identical fashion in both eyes, with a sutureless posterior limbal incision, phacoemulsification, and implantation of a foldable intraocular lens. The same viscoelastic (sodium hyaluronate) was used in all cases and was thoroughly aspirated at the end of the procedure. All patients received a single dose of 250 mg acetazolamide 8 hours after surgery. No other antiglaucomatous agent was used during surgery or postoperatively. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured preoperatively and at 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Results: IOP values were similar in both groups at all 4 postoperative measurements. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative IOP values between the eyes in which trypan blue was used and the control eyes. Conclusions: The use of trypan blue during small-incision cataract surgery does not have any effect on IOP during the immediate and early postoperative period.

Purpose To investigate the accuracy of the preoperative evaluation in identifying a membranous obstruction of the distal canaliculus and the success rate of an external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) when membranectomy of the canalicular obstruction is also performed. Design Retrospective, interventional case series. Methods The surgical records of the lacrimal cases operated at Moorfields Eye Hospital between January 1997 and December 1999 were reviewed. All the patients with evidence of a membranous block of the canalicular opening into the sac identified and excised during the course of a standard DCR procedure with silastic intubation and a minimum follow-up period of 12 months were selected for this study. The records were analyzed for preoperative evaluation with syringing and probing, surgical details, outcome, and complications. Results In 59 (85%) cases a functional anastomosis was established after tube removal. Additionally, 5 cases (7%) had patent system but required later ectropion repair and considered successful. Only 4 (6%) patients needed further lacrimal surgery, and one was referred to the ENT department for nasal polyps. The silastic tube was removed at a mean period of 6 weeks (SD = 4; range, 2–24 weeks), and the mean follow-up period was 13 months (SD = 3; range, 12–29 months). The preoperative evaluation failed to identify the membranous obstruction in 30 (43%) cases, which were correctly diagnosed intraoperatively. Conclusions In our series the anatomic success rate of 92% after DCR with membranectomy is comparable to the outcome of the DCR procedure. The distal canalicular membranous obstruction is an anatomic factor that may lead to surgical failure if not identified and excised.

Rigid nasal endoscopy is a reliable technique that can be used to assist in the preoperative nasal evaluation, operative tube positioning, and management after surgery. Postoperative function can be evaluated by using a passive dye test (FEDT) viewed directly, and minor interventions carried out without the need to remove the tube or do excessive probing. Endonasal endoscopy facilitates the maintenance of tube function with minimal manipulation and patient discomfort, and is fast and efficient. Its use should help improve tube retention and function. A detailed study over a number of years is necessary to provide convincing evidence for improving clinical standards. Lester T Jones wrote: The postoperative care of such a patient (having a glass bypass tube) should be in the hands of a physician who is willing to look into the nose, as inspection of the length and position of glass tube is most important. Endoscopic endonasal assistance helps the ophthalmologist to fulfill his criteria.

Background Orbital decompression is an established procedure for the management of exophthalmos and visual rehabilitation from optic neuropathy in cases of thyroid eye disease. Numerous procedures for removal of orbital bony wall, fat or a combination of these for a variety of indications in different stages of the disease have been well reported in the medical literature. However, the relative effectiveness and safety of these procedures in relation to the various indications remains unclear. Objectives To review current published evidence for the effectiveness of surgical orbital decompression for disfiguring proptosis in adult thyroid eye disease and summa rise information on possible complications and the quality of life from the studies identified. Search methods We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 10), MEDLINE (January 1950 to October 2011), EMBASE (January 1980 to October 2011), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com) and ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov). There were no date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. The electronic databases were last searched on 6 October 2011. We searched oculoplastic textbooks, conference proceedings from the European and American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (ESOPRS, ASOPRS), European Ophthalmological Society (SOE), the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) and American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) for the years 2000 to 2009 to identify relevant data. We attempted to contact researchers who are active in this field for information about further published or unpublished studies. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with no restriction on date or language comparing two or more surgical methods for orbital decompression with removal of bony wall, orbital fat or a combination of both for disfiguring proptosis or comparison of surgical techniques with any form of medical decompression. Data collection and analysis Each review author independently assessed study abstracts identified from the electronic and manual searches. Author analysis was then compared and full papers for appropriate studies were obtained according to the inclusion criteria. Disagreements between the authors were resolved by discussion. Main results We identified two randomised trials eligible for inclusion in the review. There was significant variability between the trials for interventions, methodology and outcome measures and therefore meta-analysis was not performed. One study suggested that the transantral approach and endoscopic transnasal technique had similar effects in reducing exophthalmos but that the endoscopic approach may be safer, relating to fewer complications. This study had short-term follow-up and lacked information on our primary outcome (success or failure of treatment). The second study provided evidence that intravenous steroids may be superior to primary surgical decompression in the management of compressive optic neuropathy requiring less secondary surgical procedures, although it relates more frequently to transient side effects. This study was weakened by a small sample size. Until more credible evidence is available recommendations as to best treatment cannot be reliably made. Authors' conclusions A single study showed that the transantral approach for orbital decompression was related to more complications than the endoscopic transnasal technique which is preferred by Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) surgeons, usually as an adjunctive procedure. Intravenous steroids were reported in a single trial to be the most efficient intervention for dysthyroid optic neuropathy. The majority of published literature on orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease consists of retrospective, cohort, or case series studies. Although these provide useful descriptive information, clarification is required to show the relative effectiveness of each intervention for various indications. The two RCTs reviewed are not robust enough to provide credible evidence to our understanding of current decompressive surgery and to support recommendations for clinical practice. There is evidence from currently available uncontrolled studies that removal of the medial and lateral wall (balanced decompression) with or without fat removal may be the most effective surgical method related to only a few complications. There is a clear need for randomised studies evaluating the balanced two-wall, three-wall and orbital fat decompression techniques. Comparison with other surgical techniques for orbital decompression or with immunosuppression in cases of compressive optic neuropathy would also be important. These studies should primarily address the reduction of exophthalmos, disease severity, complication rates, quality of life and cost of the intervention.

In newborns with unilateral buphthalmos and presumed congenital glaucoma, the differential diagnosis should include the rare condition of orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis. The authors present the diagnostic challenge of an unusual case of neurofibromatosis type 1 with unilateral congenital glaucoma, buphthalmos, and sphenoid-orbital dysplasia. The accompanying type of osseous orbital dysplasia has rarely been described in the literature, complicating the diagnostic and management process.

AIM—The aim of this study was to assess the repeatability and reproducibility by physicians of upper lid measurements and to investigate the influence of clinical experience on the learning curve effect. METHODS—Both eyes of 22 outpatients were assessed for three basic measures of ptosis: marginal reflex distance (MRD) for upper and lower lids, upper lid skin crease (SC), and levator function (LF). Patients with variable eyelid positions were excluded. The patients were measured twice by a consultant and once by each of a clinical fellow, a specialist registrar, and a senior house officer in random order. Each observer was masked to their colleagues' results and followed a standard measurement protocol. Data were analysed using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS—Consultant repeatability was high and consistent, the median difference between measures being 0 for each of the four parameters. Clinically acceptable reproducibility was shown in all measurements for even the least experienced physician and was particularly consistent for extreme observations. There was evidence of a learning curve effect. CONCLUSIONS—These results suggest that interobserver and intraobserver variability in assessment of upper lid ptosis using a standard measurement protocol is low and clinically acceptable when the technique of assessment is standardised.

Thyroid eye disease manifests as orbital inflammation resulting in extraocular muscle enlargement and orbital fat proliferation. This causes exophthalmos, ocular motility impairment and eyelid retraction. Numerous surgical procedures have been introduced for correction of exophthalmos by removal of bony walls. The limited success and high complication rate of the early methods lead to the evolution of an alternative procedure for reduction of retrobulbar volume by removal of intraorbital fat. The indications for this procedure extended from orbital decompression to compressive optic neuropathy with satisfactory results. The moderate complication rate and the fact that orbits with predominant muscle enlargement respond purely to this technique leads to the evolution of a combined procedure with orbital fat removal and bony wall decompression. The scattered published evidence comprising retrospective case series highlights the need for prospective controlled clinical trials in order to improve patient care and clinical practice.

The study compares the use of Jones' retractor plication and the Wies procedure as a primary procedure for the repair of involutional lower lid entropion in the absence of horizontal lid shortening.Retrospective case series comparison.One hundred two cases with at least 6 months follow-up after primary surgery for involutional lower lid entropion performed between 1993 and 1996.Two groups were compared: Jones' retractor plication was performed in one group and the Wies procedure in the other; neither group had horizontal shortening of the lower eyelid.The rates of cure, recurrence, and overcorrection of the lower lid entropion.Jones' retractor plication was performed in 37 (36%) patients and the Wies procedure in 65 (64%). Two of the 37 (5%) Jones cases had recurrent entropion develop, both at 31 months after surgery, compared with 1 1 of 65 (17%) recurrences after the Wies procedure (P = 0.81); recurrence after Wies procedure was earlier, at a median of 6 months after surgery. There were 20 of 65 (31 %) overcorrections after the Wies procedure and 4 of 37 (11 %) after the Jones procedure (P0.02); one quarter of each group required secondary repair of the overcorrection (5 of 20 after failed Wies procedure; 25% after failed Jones procedure). Overall, there were 6 of 37 (16%) unsatisfactory results after the Jones procedure in contrast to 31 of 65 (48%) after the Wies procedure (P0.001).These data provide strong evidence (P0.001) that, in the absence of horizontal shortening of the lower eyelid, a successful outcome is more likely after Jones retractor plication than after the Wies procedure.

Purpose of review The successful treatment of canalicular obstructions continues to represent a therapeutic challenge. Conjuctivodacryocystorhinostomy with a Lester Jones bypass tube is the standard treatment in these situations. Although a high rate of anatomic success can be achieved with this procedure, a relatively high rate of complications and poor patient satisfaction have been reported. Because of this, alternative techniques have emerged. Herein, we review all these techniques described in the literature. Recent findings Increasing interest in minimally invasive surgery and developments in fiberoptic technology have fueled advances in endocanalicular surgery. Canalicular trephination for obstructions at any level of the canalicular system and laser and balloon canaliculoplasty for focal canalicular and common canalicular stenoses may offer a well tolerated, fast and easy alternative, with potentially better patient satisfaction when compared with conjuctivodacryocystorhinostomy. Summary The alternative techniques to conjuctivodacryocystorhinostomy are less invasive, and respect and utilize any healthy and functional part of the canalicular system. The correct choice of the technique for a given canalicular obstruction, and therefore the long-term success, depends on the site and degree of the obstruction.

Background: To report the results of cryopreserved human amniotic membrane transplantation for the management of symptomatic bullous keratopathy. Methods: Prospective non-comparative interventional case series study. Consecutive cases with symptomatic bullous keratopathy for more than 12 months not amenable to conservative treatment were managed with amniotic membrane transplantation. They were recruited over a 5-year period (September 1999 to November 2004) in one referral centre. Only one eye of each patient (the worse affected eye in bilateral cases) was operated. A 360 degree conjunctival peritomy was followed by removal of the diseased corneal epithelium. Amniotic membrane was transplanted over the cornea as a patch and sutured to the free conjunctival edges. Primary outcome measures were ocular pain and epithelial defects; secondary measures were visual acuity and ocular surface inflammation. Results: Four out of 85 recruited cases did not complete the minimum observation of 12 months and were excluded from the study. The mean follow-up period for the remaining 81 cases was 21 ± 4.2 months (range 14–34 months). Seventy-one (87.6%) eyes became asymptomatic with healed epithelium, seven required repeated amniotic transplantation and three underwent penetrating keratoplasty. Visual acuity improved in 64 (79%) patients and remained unchanged in 14. No complications were recorded. Conclusions: Amniotic membrane transplantation is an efficient and safe treatment for symptomatic bullous kerato pathy, when penetrating keratoplasty is not available. It has been shown to alleviate pain, promote corneal epithelialization and reduce conjunctival inflammation whereas in some cases it may also improve visual acuity.

No real new treatment has been developed in the last decade for thyroid eye disease (TED). Glucocorticoids (GC), orbital radiotherapy (OR) or a combination of both, are most frequently used in the treatment of TED for the iv immunosuppressive effects. However, we now have novel information regarding the when and how corticosteroids should be used. In general, the iv route of GC administration is preferable to the oral use. iv GC should be used at much lower doses than previously (4.5 to 6 g cumulative dose), possibly with a small dose of oral prednisone (or equivalent) in the interpulse period and for a few weeks after completion of iv treatment. Careful assessment of patients before treatment for identification of possible risk factors of liver toxicity is mandatory. Finally, monitoring of patients, particularly for liver function, is warranted during and after treatment. Although OR's effectiveness was disputed by a study few years ago, more recent studies have reconfirmed its beneficial role in TED and shown that it still has a positive role to play in patients with active TED. Finally, although Somatostatin-analogs (SM-as) gave the impression some years ago that might represent an effective weapon for TED management and initial, mostly uncontrolled and non-randomized trials with small number of patients supported this notion, newer randomized, double-blind studies with larger number of patients have not confirmed the first optimistic results. The question after that is if SM-as should be considered as a rubber bullet in the treatment of TED and we have to forget about them. The answer should be "no yet," especially in the light that the role of SM-as may be revitalized by the use of analogs with higher affinity for all somatostatin receptors subtypes. Such analogs are now available and under investigation in different diseases with very promising results.

The management of Graves' ophthalmopathy is shared between endocrinologists and ophthalmologists. Assessment and treatment of the active inflammatory stage is based on the clinical activity and disease severity scores, often without detailed eye examination by the treating endocrinologist.We report a case of acute viral keratoconjunctivitis occurring during immunosuppressive treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy which masked the signs, symptoms and response to treatment of the orbitopathy, posing a differential diagnostic challenge.The apparent worsening of the ophthalmopathy and the increased clinical activity score led the treating endocrinologist to alter the management decisions. Ophthalmic examination confirmed the diagnosis of viral keratoconjunctivitis and immunosuppressive treatment was continued with significant final improvement of Graves' ophthalmopathy.Ocular surface conditions, unrecognised by the treating physician, may complicate the assessment of thyroid ophthalmopathy when detailed eye examination is not performed. The diagnostic challenge of Graves' ophthalmopathy requires a combined approach by an endocrinologist and an ophthalmologist working as a team.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the use of the Holmium YAG laser in the endoscopic placement of Lester Jones tubes in patients with a blocked canaliculus or failed lacrimal pump function.Sixteen cases with a non-functional canaliculus were included over a one-year period. Following caruncle excision, a 19 G needle is inserted through the medial canthal tissues into the nasal space. Nasal endoscopy confirms the accurate positioning in relation to the nasal anatomy. With the Holmium YAG laser, a tissue channel is fashioned around the guide needle through the structures of the lateral nasal wall to facilitate an accurate and secure placement of the Jones tube.The endoscopic, laser-assisted placement reduces the operating time to less than 20 minutes, minimizes tissue trauma and does not require the initial surgical steps of an open DCR procedure. There were 14 cases (87.5%) with securely retained tubes and two cases (12.5%) that required tube replacement. The advantage of the procedure is especially great in revision surgery where the ostium is opened through scar tissue.Nasal endoscopy with the assistance of the Holmium YAG laser offers simplicity and precision in the placement of Jones tubes. It minimizes tissue trauma and increases the surgical success rate.

Purpose To investigate the efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the treatment of severe fibrinous anterior chamber reactions after intraocular surgery. Setting Ophthalmology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. Methods The study comprised routine surgical and postoperative cases selected in a nonrandomized fashion. Low-dose tPA infusion (0.2 mL of 125 μg/mL) was administered through a side-port in the anterior chamber in 25 patients with recent or long-standing fibrin formation after cataract extraction (n = 13), trabeculectomy (n = 5), combined procedure (n = 5), or penetrating keratoplasty (n = 2). Patients were treated 4 to 25 days postoperatively (mean 7 days). Results Fibrin lysis was observed 2 to 12 hours after tPA infusion. No hemorrhage or other complications occurred, and no further treatment was necessary in any patient. Three cases of delayed partial fibrin lysis resolved with intense topical steroid treatment. There were no recurrences over the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions Low-dose tPA was an effective and safe method for the management of anterior chamber fibrin formation. Treatment was well tolerated and gave excellent results with no complications.

Purpose To report a case of bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis due to group G Streptococcus after a dental procedure. METHODS Case report of a 69-year-old woman who presented with pain, decreased vision, bilateral uveitis, and a unilateral hypopyon 1 week after treatment for an abscessed tooth. Results Bilateral endophthalmitis was diagnosed, and group G Streptococcus was cultured from the vitreous samples. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of endogenous endophthalmitis following a dental procedure. Furthermore, it was due to group G Streptococcus, which is a rare cause of this condition.

Background Entropion is a condition in which the eyelid margin turns in against the eyeball. Involutional or senile entropion is one of the most common lower lid malpositions in the elderly. The interventions described and currently used for the treatment of this condition are surgical in nature, although non-surgical temporary medical treatment for the early stages of entropion has also been reported. The relative effectiveness of these interventions has not yet been resolved. Objectives To examine the effect of interventions for involutional entropion and to assess whether any method is superior to any other. Search methods We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 10), MEDLINE (January 1950 to November 2011), EMBASE (January 1980 to November 2011), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com),ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). There were no date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. The electronic databases were last searched on 2 November 2011. We also searched oculoplastic textbooks, conference proceedings from the European and American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (ESOPRS, ASOPRS), European Ophthalmological Society (SOE), the Association for Recearch in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) and American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) for the years 2000 to 2009 to identify relevant data. We attempted to contact researchers who are active in this field for information about further published or unpublished studies. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with no restriction on date or language comparing two or more surgical methods for correction of involutional lower eyelid entropion in people older than 60 years of age with involutional lower lid entropion. Data collection and analysis Each review author independently assessed study abstracts identified from the electronic and manual searches. Author analysis was then compared and full papers for appropriate studies were obtained according to the inclusion criteria. Disagreements between the authors were resolved by discussion. Main results We identified one RCT which met our inclusion criteria and was included in this review. Sixty-three participants with primary involutional lower eyelid entropion were randomised to everting sutures alone or everting sutures with a lateral tarsal strip. Eight participants were lost to follow-up. The trial indicates that the combined procedure for horizontal and vertical eyelid tightening in the form of everting sutures and lateral tarsal strip is highly curative for involutional entropion compared to vertical tightening in the form of everting sutures alone. The superiority of the combined approach is also supported by many good quality uncontrolled studies on specific surgical procedures but these were not included in the analysis as they were not part of the inclusion criteria. Authors' conclusions A single RCT showed that the combination of horizontal and vertical eyelid tightening with everting sutures and lateral tarsal strip is highly efficient for entropion compared to vertical tightening with everting sutures alone. Retrospective case series studies also support the combined surgical repair but details from these studies on specific surgical techniques cannot be included in the analysis.Evidence from a single RCT is unlikely to change clinical practice and thus it is still our view that there is a clear need for more randomised studies comparing two or more surgical techniques for entropion surgery addressing the recurrence and complications rate.