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Aim: Mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) are broadly used drug delivery carriers. In this study, the authors analyzed the responses to MSPs of astrocytes and microglia, the two main cellular players in neuroinflammation. Materials & methods: Primary murine cortical mixed glial cultures were treated with rhodamine B-labeled MSPs. Results: MSPs are avidly internalized by microglial cells and remain inside the cells for at least 14 days. Despite this, MSPs do not affect glial cell viability or morphology, basal metabolic activity or oxidative stress. MSPs also do not affect mRNA levels of key proinflammatory genes; however, in combination with lipopolysaccharide, they significantly increase extracellular IL-1β levels. Conclusion: These results suggest that MSPs could be novel tools for specific drug delivery to microglial cells. Plain language summary Mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) are broadly used drug delivery carriers. In this study, the authors analyzed the responses of two types of brain cells, astrocytes and microglia, to MSPs. Mouse astrocytes and microglia were kept alive in cultures and were treated with MSPs that were labeled with a red fluorescent agent to facilitate visualization under the microscope. MSPs are avidly internalized by microglial cells and remain inside the cells for at least 14 days. Despite this, MSPs do not affect glial cell viability or morphology, basal metabolic activity or oxidative stress. When given alone, MSPs do not affect mRNA levels of key proinflammatory genes. However, MSPs given in combination with lipopolysaccharide, a strong proinflammatory agent, significantly increase extracellular levels of IL-1β, one of the proinflammatory mediators studied. These results suggest that MSPs could be novel tools for specific drug delivery to microglial cells.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-4-jbd-10.1177_01650254211020128 for Cultural contributors to negative emotionality: A multilevel analysis from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium by Eric E. Desmarais, Brian F. French, Emine Ahmetoglu, Ibrahim Acar, Carmen Gonzalez-Salinas, Elena Kozlova, Helena Slobodskaya, Oana Benga, Mirjana Majdandžić, Roseriet Beijers, Carolina de Weerth, Blanca Huitron, Eun Gyoung Lee, Sae-Young Han, Seong-Yeon Park, Lorenzo Giusti, Rosario Montirosso, Soile Tuovinen, Kati Heinonen, Katri Raikkonen, Zhengyan Wang, Felipe Lecannelier, Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares, Sara Casalin, Samuel P. Putnam and Maria A. Gartstein in International Journal of Behavioral Development

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-3-jbd-10.1177_01650254211020128 for Cultural contributors to negative emotionality: A multilevel analysis from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium by Eric E. Desmarais, Brian F. French, Emine Ahmetoglu, Ibrahim Acar, Carmen Gonzalez-Salinas, Elena Kozlova, Helena Slobodskaya, Oana Benga, Mirjana Majdandžić, Roseriet Beijers, Carolina de Weerth, Blanca Huitron, Eun Gyoung Lee, Sae-Young Han, Seong-Yeon Park, Lorenzo Giusti, Rosario Montirosso, Soile Tuovinen, Kati Heinonen, Katri Raikkonen, Zhengyan Wang, Felipe Lecannelier, Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares, Sara Casalin, Samuel P. Putnam and Maria A. Gartstein in International Journal of Behavioral Development

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-jbd-10.1177_01650254211020128 for Cultural contributors to negative emotionality: A multilevel analysis from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium by Eric E. Desmarais, Brian F. French, Emine Ahmetoglu, Ibrahim Acar, Carmen Gonzalez-Salinas, Elena Kozlova, Helena Slobodskaya, Oana Benga, Mirjana Majdandžić, Roseriet Beijers, Carolina de Weerth, Blanca Huitron, Eun Gyoung Lee, Sae-Young Han, Seong-Yeon Park, Lorenzo Giusti, Rosario Montirosso, Soile Tuovinen, Kati Heinonen, Katri Raikkonen, Zhengyan Wang, Felipe Lecannelier, Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares, Sara Casalin, Samuel P. Putnam and Maria A. Gartstein in International Journal of Behavioral Development

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-jbd-10.1177_01650254211020128 for Cultural contributors to negative emotionality: A multilevel analysis from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium by Eric E. Desmarais, Brian F. French, Emine Ahmetoglu, Ibrahim Acar, Carmen Gonzalez-Salinas, Elena Kozlova, Helena Slobodskaya, Oana Benga, Mirjana Majdandžić, Roseriet Beijers, Carolina de Weerth, Blanca Huitron, Eun Gyoung Lee, Sae-Young Han, Seong-Yeon Park, Lorenzo Giusti, Rosario Montirosso, Soile Tuovinen, Kati Heinonen, Katri Raikkonen, Zhengyan Wang, Felipe Lecannelier, Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares, Sara Casalin, Samuel P. Putnam and Maria A. Gartstein in International Journal of Behavioral Development

We estimated the CH4 budget in Finland for 2004–2014 using the CTE-CH4 data assimilation system with an extended atmospheric CH4 observation network of seven sites from Finland to surrounding regions (Hyytiälä, Kjølnes, Kumpula, Pallas, Puijo, Sodankylä, and Utö). The estimated average annual total emission for Finland is 0.6 ± 0.5 Tg CH4 yr−1. Sensitivity experiments show that the posterior biospheric emission estimates for Finland are between 0.3 and 0.9 Tg CH4 yr−1, which lies between the LPX-Bern-DYPTOP (0.2 Tg CH4 yr−1) and LPJG-WHyMe (2.2 Tg CH4 yr−1) process-based model estimates. For anthropogenic emissions, we found that the EDGAR v4.2 FT2010 inventory (0.4 Tg CH4 yr−1) is likely to overestimate emissions in southernmost Finland, but the extent of overestimation and possible relocation of emissions are difficult to derive from the current observation network. The posterior emission estimates were especially reliant on prior information in central Finland. However, based on analysis of posterior atmospheric CH4, we found that the anthropogenic emission distribution based on a national inventory is more reliable than the one based on EDGAR v4.2 FT2010. The contribution of total emissions in Finland to global total emissions is only about 0.13%, and the derived total emissions in Finland showed no trend during 2004–2014. The model using optimized emissions was able to reproduce observed atmospheric CH4 at the sites in Finland and surrounding regions fairly well (correlation > 0.75, bias < ± ppb), supporting adequacy of the observations to be used in atmospheric inversion studies. In addition to global budget estimates, we found that CTE-CH4 is also applicable for regional budget estimates, where small scale (1x1 in this case) optimization is possible with a dense observation network.

Fast-growing international migration as a factor of labor market globalization is an important trend of the world economy and a determinant of social-political transformations. The study of fundamental economical reasons for international migration is relevant due to their prognostic, predictable, and normative potential, which can be used in conditions of global economic non-stability. This chapter analyzes the role of natural resources, financial, and labor factors in economic growth of the modern states and studies relationships between stimulating the role of natural resources, finance, and labor with levels of modern countries' economy development. Based on achieved results findings about fundamental reasons of international migration, transformation of labor factor's role in providing an economical progress of the states, efficiency of positive impact of manufacturing factors (domestic and attracted from international markets) are offered.

Postindustrialization today belongs to the most important criteria of national economic competitiveness and a factor which directly determines country's positioning in the world economy and international labor distribution. Under the conditions of resource potential limitedness of industrial development as such, this makes extremely actual the search for new principles and new mechanisms for accelerated postindustrial modernization. In this chapter we carry out the analysis of postindustrialization as a socioeconomic phenomenon in order to reveal the fundamental causes of its origin and the whole wide spectrum of its consequences which are supposed to transform the global economic system. We also plan to present the conceptual grounds of infrastructural and institutional provision for postindustrial modernization viewed here as a large-scale reform of a socioeconomic system of a country under the intellectualization of production relations initiated and fully supported by the state.

The article discusses the need to improve the methodology of modern students learning mathematics. The author analyzes the results of the experimental teaching for two years, which is based on a comprehensive system of learning based on a synthesis of the implementation of the basic educational program and the supplementary education to students.