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Endophoric demonstratives such as this and that are among the most frequently used words in written texts. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how exactly they should be subdivided and classified in terms of their different types of use. Here, we develop a new taxonomy of endophoric demonstratives based on a large-scale corpus including three written genres: news items, encyclopedic texts, and book reviews. The taxonomy enables analysts to reliably code endophoric demonstratives based on objectively applicable criteria, while at the same time making them aware of many subtle borderline cases. We consider the taxonomy as a theoretical foundation for future theoretical and empirical work into endophoric demonstratives, and as an analytical tool allowing researchers to unify and compare the results of studies on endophoric demonstratives coming from different genres and languages.

Adopting a healthy lifestyle after a cancer diagnosis has been increasingly found to be beneficial for the overall health of the patient, as well as positively affect cancer-specific outcomes (Demark‐Wahnefried et al., 2015; WCRF/AICR, 2018). However, patients do not seem to equally adhere to cancer-related lifestyle recommendations. More specifically, patients tend to adhere more to smoking and alcohol recommendations, as compared to physical activity and diet recommendations (Tollosa et al., 2019). There may be many reasons for this, from social stigma surrounding drinking and smoking, to the more developed programmes and clearer guidelines in relation to smoking and drinking. One reason might be that smoking and drinking seem to obviously affect health, while physical activity and diet might be perceived as less influential or beneficial (to one’s general health and to one’s cancer). To better understand why cancer patients sometimes do not adhere to certain lifestyle recommendations, it is necessary to explore whether they perceive the benefits of performing those behaviours. According to influential health models, such as the health belief model, perceiving benefits has been shown to be a strong predictor of behaviour (Champion & Skinner, 2008). Therefore, understanding whether the behaviours are perceived as differently beneficial creates a starting point to understanding non-adherent lifestyle behaviour in cancer patients.

In previous work, silent gesture has been employed to gauge cognitive biases that surface in the absence of a system of linguistic conventions. The work emphasises similarities in silent gestures produced by speakers of different languages (e.g., in word order preferences). However, this simplifying assumption of cognitive universality is not always justified; in different cultures, different cognitive strategies might be dominant. The expression of spatial information is an interesting domain in this respect, since many different conceptualisations have been observed in different cultural settings. In this study we first investigate how this variation potentially influences the structures that emerge when people improvise to convey information in the absence of their first language, by running a silent gesture study with participants from two different populations (Bali and the Netherlands) (experiment part A). We then look at how the products of improvisation are affected by interaction, first in a communicative setting with low potential for ambiguity (experiment part B), and then in a setting with a high potential for ambiguity (experiment part C). We expect that different strategies will become dominant in the two groups of participants, due to differences in spatial encoding in the two cultures. Further, we expect to observe changes in strategy as a response to changes in the level of ambiguity in interaction. The three parts of the experiment together allow us to tease apart different pressures on emerging linguistic conventions for conveying spatial information. The details of this study are partly inspired by the results from our earlier work in which we replicated the set-up from Motamedi et al. (2021) with Balinese and Dutch participants (Naegeli et al., 2022). That study focused on the emergence of (spatial) argument distinction strategies in improvised communication and over generational transmission. It employed the silent gesture paradigm in a director-matcher task. One participant, in the role of the director, was tasked with communicating a sentence pair to their interlocutor, the matcher. The matcher saw an array of sentence pairs and was asked to choose the target sentence pair (the one seen by the director) from the array. The sentence pairs were made up of different transitive and intransitive events. Crucially, for some of the sentences the agent was the same person in both sentences of the pair whereas in others the agent switched for the second sentence of the pair. This stimulus design forced participants to find a way to communicate whether the agent remained the same or whether there was an agent change. We conducted this replication in Bali and in the Netherlands to investigate cross-cultural differences in use of grammatical space. To simulate the generational transfer, we employed iterated learning as in the original experiment. Relevant to the present study, we there found that Balinese participants overwhelmingly made use of a strategy barely presented in the original (UK) and the Dutch data set. To differentiate the two agents, the Balinese participants would map one of them on their own body (by pointing or gesturing towards themselves) and indexing the other agent in space opposite themselves. This description in the character perspective was used by four out of the five iterated learning chains we collected data from in Bali. In comparison, a similar indexing strategy was used by early generations of only one of the five UK chains in Motamedi et al. (2021). However, the authors report that the later generations switched it to an observer perspective indexing strategy in which both agents are indexed in abstract space in front of the gesturer on a sagittal axis. Furthermore, this use of character perspective descriptions was also recorded by de Vos (2012) in a spatial array description task by signers of Kata Kolok, a rural sign language native to the North of Bali. The present study will further investigate and compare the use of space by Balinese and Dutch participants. This time we will focus on spatial array descriptions similar to those in de Vos (2012) but using pictures instead of physical objects (original paradigm: Levinson et al., 1992). In a silent gesture experiment, participants will be asked to describe spatial arrays consisting of a Figure and a Ground object using only silent gestures. As touched upon above, the experiment has three parts. The first part (part A), a single-participant set-up, is designed to on-the-spot elicit a spatial description from a participant without there being an explicit interactive pressure. In part two (part B) and three (part C), the same participant will be paired up with an interlocutor in a director-matcher task. The participant who completed the first part of the experiment takes on the role of the director and is again asked to give gestural descriptions of the stimuli pictures with the interlocutor, acting as the matcher, being tasked with choosing the described stimulus picture from an array of pictures. The latter two parts of the experiment differ solely in the composition of the meaning space created by the picture array the matcher sees. Whereas in part B there is no ambiguity in the meaning space, in part C we introduce ambiguity by choosing pictures for the array that all share the same intrinsic constellation of Figure and Ground object as the target picture. This ambiguity causes participants communication problems, if they only use a character perspective description (the Figure object would be mapped on the gesturer’s body) which only describes the Figure object’s position in relation to the Ground object, and not the orientation of the scene with respect to an external viewpoint. With the three parts to this experiment, we aim to investigate questions about the role of interaction as well as communicative ambiguity in emergence of communication.

This preregistration concerns the experimental phase of a study in which we examine the impact of audio-recording outpatients visits for later reference by both the patient and medical specialist impacts their interaction and communicative exchange. Here, we preregister our hypotheses and analyses that focus on investigating the extent to which audio-recording outpatient visits affects both patients' and healthcare providers' satisfaction with the held medical discussion.

The first aim of this scoping review is to synthesize existing knowledge about the barriers and facilitators patients and care providers face when deciding to make audio-recordings of clinical outpatient consultations for later reference. Secondly, we aim to synthesize existing knowledge about the clinical effects of making and sharing these audio-recorded consultations for re-consultation.

The broad research questions of this study are: - Does the use of metaphors and puns in online dating profiles affect impressions that are formed about the profile owners’ attractiveness and dating intention and do personality perceptions mediate this relationship? - Do online daters accommodate to the use of metaphors and puns in dating profiles of others by using metaphors and puns in their response messages? - Is the degree of accommodation in response messages to metaphor and pun use in dating profiles moderated by the profile owner’s perceived attractiveness?

The first goal of this study is to determine how perceived profile text originality affects perceptions of attractiveness and dating intention. More specifically, this study investigates whether different positive and negative personality perceptions, that is, perceived intelligence, sense of humor, and oddness, mediate the relationship between perceived profile text originality and perceived attractiveness and dating intention. To investigate this, a large sample of actual dating site users were presented with real dating profile texts. Participants assessed the profiles’ originality, the profile owners’ perceived attractiveness and their intention to date the profile owner, and rated the profile owners on the mediation variables perceived intelligence, sense of humor, and oddness. The second goal of this study is to examine in a more exploratory way what characteristics in dating profile texts enhance perceptions of text originality. To do so, all profile texts are manually coded on different meaning and form characteristics that could be indicators of profile text originality. Participants’ scores given to perceived profile text originality scores are then used to indicate what online daters perceive as original meaning and form characteristics, and whether different characteristics of profile text originality affect impression formation differently.

In focus group interviews with patients and clinicians seperately, we aim to examine what drives or prevents patients to generate, manage and share their personal and medical data with their healthcare provider via their patient portal. We also aim to examine the perceived impact of patient-generated (and managed) medical data on the quality and safety of patient care, the patient-care provider relationship, shared decision making processes, and care satisfaction.

In the Velten (1968) method, individuals are presented with mood-induction statements gradually increasing in valence (positive or negative), and are asked to read them out loud. This method has been used as an effective emotion induction method for decades. We wonder if we can create a visual equivalent to the Velten method, using affective images (IAPS).

Data from experiment 1 and experiment 2 of the manuscript "Can the Curse of Knowing Be Lifted?"

We examine whether offering patients the ability to listen back to hospital-facilitated audio-recordings of their clinical consultation is something that both patients and clinicians want. In particular, we aim to identify which barriers and facilitators patients and clinicians perceive of making use of such in-house facility, and how they think it affects the quality and safety of healthcare. We investigate these questions in a scoping review (1) and focus group interviews (2) with both patients and clinicians.

Cigarette smoking poses a major threat to public health, contributing to more than 6 million annual preventable deaths worldwide (Reitsma et al., 2017). With the recent advances of technology, a range of digital interventions for smoking cessation have been developed (for a review see Graham et al., 2016). Chatbots – for example - can serve as highly accessible and cost-efficient tools with the potential to facilitate personalized interactions. Despite the advantages of small barriers for smokers to adopt and continuous availability, however, digital interventions often struggle with low engagement rate and high attrition (Saul et al., 2016; Strecher et al., 2008; Richardson et al., 2013). Low engagement is problematic for digital interventions as greater engagement has proved to be a significant predictor of improved outcomes for general health behaviour change and smoking cessation specifically (Bricker et al., 2013; Buller et al., 2014; Cobb & Poirier, 2014; Pike et al., 2007), indicating that engagement plays a crucial role in increasing intervention effectiveness. Therefore, in light of these observations, identifying features that promote engagement with digital interventions is a research priority. Therapeutic relationship is another important factor in longitudinal smoking cessation interventions. therapeutic alliance has demonstrated a positive and consistent relationship with addiction treatment outcomes (Connors et al., 1997; Goldberg et al., 2013; Martin et al., 2000). In digital interventions, a primary challenge is whether a therapeutic alliance, considered a central component of successful intervention, can develop when the process is computerized and human therapists may not be involved (Cook & Doyle, 2004; D’Alfonso et al., 2020). Motivational Interviewing (MI) can be effective in promoting engagement and therapeutic alliance. MI is a client-centred, directive, yet non-confrontational counselling approach to enhancing motivation for change. (Miller & Rollnick, 2013). It is an effective counselling strategy in addictive behaviours (Hettema et al., 2005; Lundahl et al., 2013; Romano & Peters, 2015). It has found increasing prominence as an approach to address engagement difficulties in health promotion and smoking cessation specifically (Carroll et al., 2006; Medley & Powell, 2010). MI-consistent behaviours are also found to predict a stronger therapeutic alliance (Boardman et al., 2006; Torres et al., 2019). MI is a versatile approach. It has been used as additive to other interventions, as a prelude to another treatment where it serves as a preparatory role, and as a stand-alone intervention. A meta-analysis concluded that the effect of MI is most pronounced when it works as a pre-treatment prelude (Lundahl et al., 2010; Burke et al., 2003). These observations suggest the advantages of employing MI as early as possible in an intervention. However, to the best of our knowledge, only one study investigated the effectiveness of integrating MI into a pre-treatment intake session in a clinical program (Carroll et al., 2006), and no research has explored MI in a chatbot setting. Based on the established importance yet lack of engagement and therapeutic alliance in digital smoking cessation interventions, and the effectiveness of MI in addressing such challenges, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating MI into chatbot-conducted pre-treatment assessment-feedback sessions in (1) building a therapeutic alliance and (2) enhancing engagement. A primary challenge for a chatbot to integrate MI is to express empathy, a core spirit manifested by reflective listening. Unlike a human counsellor, it is difficult for a chatbot to deeply interpret client’s input. Perceived empathy has been proved as a strong predictor of positive treatment outcome (e.g., Kim et al., 2004; Olson, 1995). Therefore, this study also aims to answer the question that whether a chatbot using reflective listening can indeed be perceived as empathetic. References Boardman, T., Catley, D., Grobe, J. E., Little, T. D., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2006). Using motivational interviewing with smokers: Do therapist behaviors relate to engagement and therapeutic alliance? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31, 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05 .006 Bricker, J., Wyszynski, C., Comstock, B., & Heffner, J. L. (2013). Pilot randomized controlled trial of web-based acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(10), 1756–1764. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt056 Buller, D. B., Borland, R., Bettinghaus, E. P., Shane, J. H., & Zimmerman, D. E. (2014). Randomized trial of a smartphone mobile application compared to text messaging to support smoking cessation. Telemedicine Journal and E-Health, 20(3), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0169 Burke, B. L., Arkowitz, H., & Menchola, M. (2003). The efficacy of motivational interviewing: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 843-861. Carroll, K. M., Ball, S. A., Nich, C., Martino, S., Frankforter, T. L., Farentinos, C., Kunkel, L. E., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S. K., Morgenstern, J., Obert, J. L., Polcin, D., Snead, N., & Woody, G. E. (2006). Motivational interviewing to improve treatment engagement and outcome in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse: A multisite effectiveness study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81(3), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.002 Cobb, N., & Poirier, J., (2014). Effectiveness of a multimodal online well-being intervention: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(1), 41-48. Connors, G. J., Carroll, K. M., DiClemente, C. C., Longabaugh, R., & Donovan, D. M. (1997). The therapeutic alliance and its relationship to alcoholism treatment participation and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 588–598. Cook, J., & Doyle, C. (2004). Working alliance in online therapy as compared to face-to-face therapy: Preliminary results. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(2), 95-105. D’Alfonso, S., Lederman, R., Bucci, S., & Berry, K. (2020). The digital therapeutic alliance and human-computer interaction. JMIR Mental Health, 7(12), e21895 https://doi.org/10.2196/21895 Goldberg, S. B., Davis, J. M., & Hoyt, W. T. (2013). The Role of Therapeutic Alliance in Mindfulness Interventions: Therapeutic alliance in Mindfulness Training for Smokers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 936–950. Graham, A., Carpenter, K., Cha, S., Cole, S., Jacobs, M., Raskob, M., & Cole-Lewis, H. (2016). Systematic review and meta-analysis of Internet interventions for smoking cessation among adults. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 7, 55. Hettema, J., Steele, J., Miller, W.R. (2005). Motivational interviewing. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 91–111. Kim, S. S., Kaplowitz, S., & Johnston, M. V. (2004). The Effects of Physician Empathy on Patient Satisfaction and Compliance. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 27(3), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278704267037 Lundahl, B. W., Kunz, C., Brownell, C., Tollefson, D., & Burke, B. L. (2010). A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing: Twenty-five years of empirical studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(2), 137-160. Lundahl, B., Moleni, T., Burke, B.L., Butters, R., Tollefson, D., Butler, C., Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational interviewing in medical care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Patient Education and Counseling, 93, 157–168. Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 438–450. Medley, A. & Powell, T. (2010). Motivational Interviewing to promote self-awareness and engagement in rehabilitation following acquired brain injury: A conceptual review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20(4), 481-508. Miller, W., & Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational Interviewing. Helping People Change. The Guilford Press. Olson, J. (1995). Relationships between nurse-expressed empathy, patient-perceived empathy and patient distress. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 27(4), 317-322. Pike, K., Rabius, V., McAlister, A., Geiger, A. (2007). American cancer society's QuitLink: Randomized trial of internet assistance. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(3), 415–420. Reitsma, M. B., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J. S., Abajobir, A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abera, S. F., Abraham, B., Abyu, G. Y., Adebiyi, A. O., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A. V., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A. Al, Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., … Gakidou, E. (2017). Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015. The Lancet, 389(10082), 1885–1906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30819-X Richardson, A., Graham, A.L., Cobb, N., Xiao, H., Mushro, A., Abrams, D., Vallone, D. (2013). Engagement promotes abstinence in a web-based cessation intervention: Cohort study. Journal of Medical Internet Research,15(1), e14. Romano, M., Peters, L. (2015). Evaluating the mechanisms of change in motivational interviewing in the treatment of mental health problems: a review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 1–12. Saul, J. E., Amato, M. S., Cha, S., & Graham, A. L. (2016). Engagement and attrition in Internet smoking cessation interventions: Insights from a cross-sectional survey of “one-hit-wonders.” Internet Interventions, 5, 23-29. Strecher, V., McClure, J., Alexander, G., Chakraborty, B., Nair, V., Konkel, J., Greene, S., Couper, M., Carlier, C., Wiese, C., Little, R., Pomerleau, C., Pomerleau, O. (2008). The role of engagement in a tailored web-based smoking cessation program: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research,10(5), e36. Torres, A., Frain, M., & Tansey, T. N. (2019). The impact of motivational interviewing training on rehabilitation counselors: Assessing working alliance and client engagement. A randomized controlled trial. Rehabilitation Psychology, 64(3), 328–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000267

Article: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233592

In two experiments, we examined whether an explicit attention to another’s perspective fosters perspective-taking. In the first experiment, we attempted to replicate Todd et al.’s (2011) findings that a mind-set focusing on self-other differences incites speakers to adopt another person’s perspective in a subsequent task. Results showed that perceivers focusing on self-other differences were just as likely to describe an object’s location from their egocentric perspective as perceivers focusing on self-other similarities. In the second experiment, we intensified perceivers’ awareness of perspectives by allocating them to a self- or an other-perspective setting. Participants in these perspective-settings received explicit instructions to regard their own (self-focus) or another person’s (other-focus) viewpoint during the perspective-taking task. Participants allocated to the baseline condition did not receive explicit perspective-focus instructions. Findings revealed that other-focused speakers were more likely to adopt another person’s perspective than self-focused speakers. However, compared to the baseline, in which speakers were very likely to locate the object from their egocentric perspective, an explicit self- or other-focus did not foster perspective-taking. We conclude that an explicit awareness of differences in perspectives does not attenuate perceivers’ egocentric anchoring during spatial perspective-taking.

This study is a follow-up study of a previously preregistered experiment, for background description please refer to https://osf.io/e9bvp/. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a motivational interviewing chatbot and a confrontational counselling chatbot. We extend the previous study by extending the counselling interactions and introducing two new outcome variables (i.e., self-efficacy, interaction satisfaction)

Forgas (1999) studied the effect of mood on politeness, finding that that sad (compared to happy) individuals tended to be more polite. In the current study, we aim to replicate his study in a more naturalistic setting, in which dyads of high-functioning autistic, or neurotypical, individuals ask each other difficult questions. Politeness will be scored according to the Brown and Levinson (1987) subtypes of politeness, combined into a Degree of Politeness (DOP) or General Politeness Score (GPS).

Recent studies have repeatedly shown that interlocutors sometimes fail to (accurately) regard the perspective of their interaction partner, leading to (egocentric) errors in social interaction. However, it remains scarcely investigated how interlocutors can be stimulated to accurately engage in the process of perspective-taking during the interaction that requires perspective-taking to occur. The aim of this project is to fill this knowledge gap by focusing on how the perceptual and conceptual domains of perspective-taking can be facilitated by a stimulated attention to the other’s perspective. Four studies are presented, each focusing on fostering different domains of perspective-taking.

In this study, we aim to investigate the boundaries of general and personalised statistical information for cancer patients. From earlier research we know that patients increasingly use the internet as a source for information about their disease such as incidence, treatment options, survival outcomes or quality of life after treatments. Usually, such information is communicated by using statistics. With the improvement of technology, such statistical information can be tailored by using characteristics of the individual patient. What is unclear however is if patients actually want to receive such personalised statistics. Additionally, research has shown that information coping styles, levels of anxiety and numeracy skills can all influence general information needs. In this study, we aim to explore cancer patient need for both general and personalised statistical information. Therefore, the aim of this research is twofold: (1) to investigate the needs of cancer patients for receiving personalized statistical information about treatment outcomes, and (2) to determine how individual difference factors of patients (e.g., information coping style, numerical skills, and anxiety levels) are related to their needs. The main research questions of our project are: RQ 1: What are cancer patient needs for receiving general and personalized statistical information about treatment outcomes? RQ2: How do individual difference factors relate to cancer patient needs for receiving personalized statistical information about treatment outcomes?

The COVID-19 pandemic is a health crisis without precedent in modern times. In The Netherlands, as elsewhere, it called for drastic measures to prevent an unmanageable spread of the virus. Convincing the public to follow these measures requires timely, clear communication. But other factors potentially also play a role in determining people’s behavior, including their risk perception (how likely they believe they, or their loved ones, may be affected) and media use (which news sources and media platforms they read). These influences may vary over time, as new facts (e.g., Boris Johnson on the IC) or new statistics (hospital admissions, death rates) become available. The aim of this project is to study the impact of the public’s risk perception and media use on adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures over time. From the onset of the pandemic, we participated in an international pilot study (including China, USA, South-Korea, Italy) to study these factors in different countries (with different governmental policies). However, this involved a convenience sample with students, typically young, healthy, and not at risk. Therefore, it is essential to supplement this with representative samples of the population, including different age groups, levels of SES and health status. This project will (1) longitudinally explore the relationships between validated constructs of risk perceptions, media use, and adherence to preventive measures over 4 waves, (2) identify different clusters (based on their media use and risk perceptions) of population segments that might be particularly at risk for non-adherence to the preventive measures, and (3) share the study results with the public to initiate a conversation about how to communicate about and respond to pandemic infection diseases.

The grammatical use of space for referential strategies such as spatial modification and role shift is attested across many sign languages (e.g., Engberg-Pedersen 1993; Liddell 2003). However, in some sign languages like Kata Kolok (rural sign language used in the North of Bali) and Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language(rural sign language used in southern Israel) these strategies have not developed (de Vos 2012, Padden et al. 2010). One reason put forward as to why sign languages have not developed spatial strategies is rooted in the time-depth hypothesis, suggesting that these languages are not old enough yet for these strategies to have arisen (Sandler et al. 2005). Yet, while Kata Kolok and Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language are younger compared to, for example, American or British Sign Language they vastly differ in age, moreover, another “young” Nicaraguan Sign Language developed spatial strategies early on in its emergence (Senghas et al. 1997). Furthermore, Motamedi et al. (2021) found that when they asked hearing participants to communicate using only gestures, they also produced spatial strategies to distinguish arguments. The experiment simulated intergenerational transmission using an iterated learning design with five generations which makes the artificial mini sign languages developed in the lab younger still than Nicaraguan Sign Language. Thus, on its own, the time-depth hypothesis seems an unsatisfactory explanation as to why some sign languages lack anaphoric uses of space. The aim of the current study is to investigate another possible explanation - the gestural origin hypothesis. The gestural origin hypothesis suggests that typological differences like the presence or absence of spatial modification could be rooted in the surrounding co-speech gesture system (Nyst 2019). In order to explore this, the study at hand will replicate the study conducted by Motamedi et al. (2021) (https://osf.io/hp5md/) in the Netherlands and in Bali. Following the gestural origin hypothesis, Dutch participants are expected to develop strategies similar to English-speaking participants in Motamedi et al. (2021) as Dutch and English have similar co-speech gesture systems. The Balinese co-speech gesture system, on the other hand, is different from most Western ones. Especially relevant to this study, it uses a geocentric rather than an egocentric pointing system (Wassman & Dasen 2006). Kata Kolok shares this canonical use of geocentric pointing with the Balinese co-speech gesture system and does not allow for spatial modification either. Thus, if the surrounding co-speech gesture system is relevant to the development of referential strategies, then hearing Balinese participants should produce strategies different from the participants in the English and the Dutch experiments and might serve as an indication to why Kata Kolok has not developed certain spatial strategies.

Research project examining what patients may need to actively share and manage their personal and medical data via their personal electronic health record (PEHR; patient portal).

In this study, we investigate whether confronting readers with the accuracy of their perspective-judgment (i.e., feedback) allows them to more accurately assess a protagonist's perspective on subsequent perspective-taking trials. Additionally, we explore whether differences in feedback style influence readers’ perspective-adjustments differently.

Communicating probability information about risks and benefits of health interventions or treatment options to patients is becoming an essential part of modern-day health care. In light of the growing emphasis of personalized medicine and patient-centered shared decision-making, there has been rapid growth in the development of personalized health information tools for patients, with the aim of providing patients personalized risks and health statistics adjusted to their clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Despite great promise of such individualized data-driven tools, people have great difficulties in understanding and evaluating personalized health statistics, especially those with low health literacy and/or numeracy skills [6, 7]. It is therefore important to study factors and individual difference measures in the presentation of personalized health information that promote effective communication during treatment decision-making. A first important consideration is whether healthcare providers should provide patients’ personalized risk statistics with comparative information. In line with social comparison theory, patients often report that they want to see their own risk score for a particular side effect in comparison with scores of other patients, especially for determining whether they are above or below average. However, research has shown that providing people with comparative information of risks changes their risk perception, affective evaluation, and subsequent decision-making about treatment. For instance, people who are above average risk feel more worried and compelled to take a treatment, even though this may not always be the best option based on rational decision analysis. However, evidence for this is mixed, and it is not known whether comparative information also influences peoples’ risk perceptions and affective evaluations in the context of communicating personalized treatment side effects. Another key factor in the communication of personalized health information is whether the comparative information should be accompanied with visual aids or not. Arguably, the most common way to communicate risks and benefits in health care is through numerical estimates such as natural frequencies (e.g., “5 out of 100 persons like you will experience this treatment side effect”) and/or percentages (“5%”), but such statistics are typically misinterpreted by, especially, people with low health literacy and numeracy skills. Visual representations of statistical data such as pictographs (or icon arrays) have been shown to improve peoples’ risk perception, and might therefore be an optimal strategy for communicating personalized treatment outcomes. However, pictographs have also been shown to have the highest affective impact compared to numerical estimates, which in turn may influence risk perception and treatment decision-making. Therefore, the aim of the present study is twofold: (1) to determine the effects of comparative information and message format of personalized health information on people’s cognitive (risk perception and risk estimates), emotional (affective evaluations), and behavioral (decision-making) responses; and (2) to examine whether the effects differ for people with different sociodemographics, and different levels of health literacy, numeracy skills, and graph literacy.

Additional file 1. Characteristics of and comparisons between statistical information needs (SIN) profiles.

While the grammatical use of space for referential strategies is attested across many sign languages of Western Europe, Kata Kolok, a rural sign language used in Northern Bali, has not developed anaphoric pointing in space nor agreement verbs (Engberg-Pedersen, 1993; Liddell, 2003; de Vos, 2012). To find out whether such typological differences can be explained by differences in the respective co-speech gesture systems, this preregistered study is collecting data for a cross-cultural comparison. Building on Motamedi et al. (2021), we are conducting studies in Bali and the Netherlands using an iterated learning silent gesture paradigm in which hearing people communicate transitive events using only gestures. Preliminary data indeed suggest that our Balinese participants do not employ space the same way our Dutch participants do. We will present comparative analyses and evaluate the role of co-speech gesture systems in sign language emergence in the lab or when evolving from spontaneous interaction.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-qjp-10.1177_1747021820987080 for Lifting the curse of knowing: How feedback improves perspective-taking by Debby Damen, Marije van Amelsvoort, Per van der Wijst, Monique Pollmann and Emiel Krahmer in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-qjp-10.1177_1747021820987080 for Lifting the curse of knowing: How feedback improves perspective-taking by Debby Damen, Marije van Amelsvoort, Per van der Wijst, Monique Pollmann and Emiel Krahmer in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Perceivers of other minds often overestimate the similarity between their own and other people's perspectives. This egocentric projection during perspective-taking is argued to originate from perceivers' tendency to use their own perspective as a referential anchor from which they insufficiently adjust away to account for an alternative interpretation. We investigated whether an explicit focus on another person's point of view allows perceivers to make sufficient perspective-adjustments, thereby attenuating their egocentric projection. Findings showed that we successfully replicated Keysar's (1994) illusory transparency of intention effect (Experiment 1) and Epley, Keysar, Van Boven, and Gilovich's (2004) findings that confirm perceivers' egocentric anchoring and (insufficient) adjustment during perspective-taking (Experiment 2). We further showed that enhancing perceivers' attention to another person's perspective both prior (Experiment 1) and during (Experiment 2) perspective-taking did not diminish egocentric projection. Findings are discussed in light of the role of feedback in making accurate perspective-adjustments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Additional file 1: MANOVA and MANCOVA outcomes.

Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with an intelligentcategory (“professor”) subsequently performed 13.1% better on a trivia test than participantsprimed with an unintelligent category (“soccer hooligans”). Two unpublished replications of thisstudy by the original authors, designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, observed asmaller difference between conditions (2-3%) as well as a gender difference: men showed theeffect (9.3% and 7.6%) but women did not (0.3% and -0.3%). The procedure used in thosereplications served as the basis for this multi-lab Registered Replication Report (RRR). A total of40 laboratories collected data for this project, with 23 laboratories meeting all inclusion criteria.Here we report the meta-analytic result of those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493) of theupdated version of the original study, examining the difference between priming with professorand hooligan on a 30-item general knowledge trivia task (a supplementary analysis reportsresults with all 40 labs, N = 6,454). We observed no overall difference in trivia performancebetween participants primed with professor and those primed with hooligan (0.14%) and nomoderation by gender., 0, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Healthcare organizations are in a continuous effort to improve health outcomes, reduce costs and enhance patient experience of care. Data is essential to measure and help achieving these improvements in healthcare delivery. Consequently, a data influx from various clinical, financial and operational sources is now overtaking healthcare organizations and their patients. The effective use of this data, however, is a major challenge. Clearly, text is an important medium to make data accessible. Financial reports are produced to assess healthcare organizations on some key performance indicators to steer their healthcare delivery. Similarly, at a clinical level, data on patient status is conveyed by means of textual descriptions to facilitate patient review, shift handover and care transitions. Likewise, patients are informed about data on their health status and treatments via text, in the form of reports or via ehealth platforms by their doctors. Unfortunately, such text is the outcome of a highly labour-intensive process if it is done by healthcare professionals. It is also prone to incompleteness, subjectivity and hard to scale up to different domains, wider audiences and varying communication purposes. Data-to-text is a recent breakthrough technology in artificial intelligence which automatically generates natural language in the form of text or speech from data. This chapter provides a survey of data-to-text technology, with a focus on how it can be deployed in a healthcare setting. It will (1) give an up-to-date synthesis of data-to-text approaches, (2) give a categorized overview of use cases in healthcare, (3) seek to make a strong case for evaluating and implementing data-to-text in a healthcare setting, and (4) highlight recent research challenges., Comment: 27 pages, 2 figures, book chapter

An informative and comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in natural language generation (NLG) for interactive systems, this guide serves to introduce graduate students and new researchers to the field of natural language processing and artificial intelligence, while inspiring them with ideas for future research. Detailing the techniques and challenges of NLG for interactive applications, it focuses on the research into systems that model collaborativity and uncertainty, are capable of being scaled incrementally, and can engage with the user effectively. A range of real-world case studies is also included. The book and the accompanying website feature a comprehensive bibliography, and refer the reader to corpora, data, software and other resources for pursuing research on natural language generation and interactive systems, including dialog systems, multimodal interfaces and assistive technologies. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in computational linguistics, natural language processing and related fields.Description of state of the art brings readers up to speed on the techniques and challenges of the fieldA comprehensive bibliography enables researchers and practitioners to find related work in this areaThe accompanying website allows researchers and practitioners to find and use data sets and code

Alignment of interlocutors is a well known psycholinguistic phenomenon of great relevance for dialogue systems in general and natural language generation in particular. In this chapter, we present the alignment-capable microplanner SPUD prime. Using a priming-based model of interactive alignment, it is flexible enough to model the alignment behaviour of human speakers to a high degree. We demonstrate that SPUD prime can account for lexical as well as syntactic alignment and present an evaluation on corpora of task-oriented dialogue that were collected in two experiments designed to investigate the alignment behaviour of humans in a controlled fashion. This will allow for further investigation of which parameters are important to model alignment and how the human?computer interaction changes when the computer aligns to its users.

An attractive way to model the relation between an underspecified syntactic representation and its completions is to let the underspecified representation correspond to a logical description and the completions to the models of that description. This approach, which underlies the Description Theory of (Marcus et al. 1983) has been integrated in (Vijay-Shanker 1992) with a pure unification approach to Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars (Joshi et al.\ 1975, Schabes 1990). We generalize Description Theory by integrating semantic information, that is, we propose to tackle both syntactic and semantic underspecification using descriptions.