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In the villages of Prathvipura, Karguwan, and PuraBadaura in the district of Jhansi, in the Bundelkhand region, the study was conducted by Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University during the Kharif of 2021.Total ten front line demonstrations were conducted on Urd bean and Mung bean in 10 hectare area by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of Urd bean and Mung bean production potentials. The improved technology consisted of improved varieties viz. Virat (Mung bean) and IPU 2-43 (Urd bean), balanced fertilizers (based on soil testing) application and integrated weed, diseases and insect pests management, etc. Under FLDs of Urd bean and Mung bean, the average additional yield of the crops was obtained at 25kg/ha and 165kg/ha, while the increased yield over the local check was 23.86 % and 23.10% from respective varieties. The mean extension gap, technology gap, and technology index for Urd bean crop were recorded as 25kg/ha, 870kg/ha & 87.0% where, in the case of Mung bean, it was 165kg/ha, 357.5kg/ha, and 32.5%, respectively. Average and maximum net returns of Rs. 1890 & Rs. 21910.63 and the cost-benefit ratio were recorded as 0.30 and 1.56 from FLD of Urd bean and Mung bean, respectively, followed by local checks.

In recent years, there have been many attempts to introduce blockchain-based identity management solutions, which allow the user to take over control of his/her own identity. In this paper, the authors have reviewed in-depth existing blockchain-based identity management papers and patents published online. Based on that analysis of the literature, a system will be implemented which will come up with the current issues and try to minimize them. Being transparent, immutable, and decentralized in nature, blockchain mechanism is found to be a better technology which can reduce the corruption in the experimental scenario. The objective is to develop a decentralized system which can be used for the verification of the employees in an organization. This is done to stop or reduce the cases of identity theft and data leakage in recent time. This system will be using Ethereum blockchain platform for monitoring the information and smart contract for authentication.

Locusts are the most dangerous agricultural pests. They are belonging to family Acrididae. Gregarious locusts travel in swarms from one location to another in adult form. The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), is one of the grasshopper species that cause crop damage and can fly up to 150 km in the direction of the wind. The present state of knowledge on its biological regulation employing microbes and plant extracts is discussed. Metarhizium flavoviride was among the first fungi to be identified in the laboratory and field as a bio-control agent against desert locust. Following extensive investigation, with integrated pest management stratedies using these bio-controls would be a viable option for controlling desert locust infestations. Against the desert locust, IPM (Integrated Pest Management) approaches that emphasize the successful combination of chemical and biological insecticides with prediction and monitoring technology have been encouraged. Recent experimental investigations and researches are mainly focusing on identifying viable answers through financial collaboration between governmental and non-governmental organizations. The authors highlighted the loss in the agricultural sector due to desert locust infestation, as well as its sophisticated control and management solutions, after evaluating publications from numerous journals, magazines, and symposia.

This research paper tries to analyze the shelter services and care supports to reintegrating the victims of human trafficking at the family and community level. Primarily, the study applied the qualitative approach by adopting both primary and secondary sources of information. For substantiating secondary information, 40 qualitative in-depth and key informant interviews were conducted. It was found that priorities of shelters are crucial for providing composite and comprehensive services for sustainable and dignified reintegration of victims of trafficking. The shelter care and services mainly orient to victim-centric approach to provide composite service package to victims. Immediate, short-term and long-term services play crucial role for successful reintegration in family and community. The multiple packages in shelter's lone effort was observed to be the best for delivering the best care and services. The widely applied approach of shelters was found victim centered approach, shelter based approach and the community approach. Among these approach, shelter based comprehensive service oriented approach found suitable for sustainable and dignified reintegration of victims of trafficking.

Background: Drug allergy (DA) or hypersensitivity is an immunologically mediated reaction producing stereotype symptoms which is challenging for health care providers (HCP). Objective of current study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of drug allergy among healthcare providers in eastern India. Methods: A 25-item self-administered DA questionnaire was developed and applied in our study. The questionnaire covered 3 domains: knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns. From July 2020 to September 2020, HCPs participated in the cross-sectional study. Results: A total of 237 HCPs participated in the study, and all questionnaires were analysed. Among the respondents, 226 (95.4%) were nurses, 9 (3.8%) were doctors and 2 (0.8%) were pharmacists. The majority of HCPs agreed that drug-induced immediate allergic reactions were IgE mediated 225 (94.9%), occur within 6 hours of drug administration (89.9%), and epinephrine was the first choice for drug-induced anaphylaxis (76.8%). 97.9% HCPs agreed that penicillin skin test was valuable to predict the allergic reaction. More than 80% of the respondents would take patients’ allergic history before drug administration, while 75.5% agreed that they recognize and manage drug allergy timely when it occurs. Conclusions: Drug allergy was often diagnosed and managed inadequately, regardless of practice location, employment status and speciality in eastern India. The HCPs demonstrated a low level of knowledge regarding DA. Advanced education is urgently needed for better understanding and filling the gaps that exist in the knowledge and clinical practice of DA.

Remote sensing has played a vital role in advancement of agriculture and is effective technical method for agriculture crop management. It is a technology which acquisite information regarding objects on earth surface as well as atmosphere from a distance without being in contact with the object. Researchers have proved its high potential with accuracy in the field of agriculture. After various experiments, the qualitative and quantitative assessment of soil, crop and atmosphere demonstrated the better understanding between the crop and its management practices. The collected spatial and temporal data via various passive and active sensors has been utilized not only for morphological study but also for monitoring the vegetation moisture content. The paper reviews about the potential studies carried out to investigate the water content in plant to make use in irrigation management. Diverse spectral reflectance indices have been mentioned from which special emphasis on NDWI has been given. It is an index which is used in remote sensing to assess the crop water status and can be utilized in efficient operation of irrigation to improve water use efficiency (WUE) in agriculture. In order to make irrigation practices more efficient by making the lab restricted irrigation scheduling methods like IW:CPE method applicable in regular practice by using remote sensing. This paper firstly identifies areas where researches and techniques have real-world application. Next, it identifies actual issues that remote sensing could address and solve with further research and its related development. All opportunities for managing agricultural water resources effectively to be explored and made successful through precision agriculture. Using the fast, impartial and reliable information offered by remote sensing is a significant difficulty in the field of water resource management.

To determine whether ultrasound can assess healing of bone and check the development of callus prior to conventional radiograph thereby enabling early diagnosis of delayed union or confirmation of union. Fracture healing was evaluated with ultrasonography and radiography on specific intervals until healing was complete; in 20 fracture sites. Based on the findings of ultrasonographic and radiographic scores were assigned to classify healing.18 out of 20 fracture sites had completely healed with mature callus formation at the end of 3 months while only 2 fracture sites showed delayed healing. In patients with normal healing, colour doppler ultrasound showed neovascularisation in the 1 month of healing. With time it was noticed that the depth and width of the fractured site was reducing and becoming more isoechoic with the adjacent normal bone sites. Assessment of these parameters being more evident on the USG were statistically significant when compared with OPG. Ultrasound can be considered as a useful guide in assessing fracture healing as a replacement to conventional imaging modalities such as the OPG, particularly in the early prediction of impaired fracture healing.

This paper critically examines economics of the members and non-members chickpea growers of the FPOs in the Banda District of Bundelkhand region. The study was designed to explore the feasibility of chickpea production in Banda district, which encompasses eight blocks i.e. Badokhar Khurd, Jaspura, Tindwari, Naraini, Mahuva, Baberu, Bisanda and Kamasin. Among these, Mahuwa block was selected purposively, because it had highest number of FPOs. In Mahuva block, out of eight FPOs, four FPOs were selected. From the selected FPOs, 60 members who cultivated chickpea of their farm were sampled. 60 respondents who were not a member of any FPOs were selected from 4 villages. Total sample size were 120 respondents. The profitability analysis indicates that the total cost of cultivation for FPOs members was lower (Rs. 34821.03) per hectare and non-members was higher (Rs. 36186.01) per hectare. The analysis of return indicates about the total net return of FPOs members was Rs. 27542.72 per hectare and cost of production was estimated Rs.2161.45 per qtl., while the total net return for the non-members was Rs. 12922.88 per hectare and cost of production was estimated Rs. 2631.70 per qtl. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) for FPOs members was 1:1.79 whereas non-members were 1:1.35. This indicates that the FPOs members spends less and earns more in comparison to non-members of chickpea growers in the study area.

This article explores the socio-economic adjustment of rural migrants in the cities of Kathmandu Valley. This study was conducted among Sampang Rai migrants and utilizes the network theory of migration. Information was gathered through questionnaire using KoBoToolbox, in-depth interviews, and observation in the study areas. Sampang Rais migrate to the Kathmandu Valley to get an education, find better work, experience city life, help their families, get medical treatment, and learn new skills. The already established and available networks facilitate the selection of migration destinations and socio-economic adjustment in Kathmandu Valley. Friends, families, earlier migrants, and institutions assisted migrants to adjust socially and economically in the destination areas by providing information, physical resources, material resources, and sociocultural support. Sampang Rai migrants also made efforts to diversify their livelihood, keep strong connections with friends and families, join religious communities, learn new skills, exchange labour and encourage one another while they go through the process of socio-economic adjustment.

Shailendra Kumar Singh,1 Rina Singh,1 Santosh Kumar Singh,2 Mir Asif Iquebal,3 Sarika Jaiswal,3 Pradeep Kumar Rai4 1Department of Endocrine, Endocrine Clinic, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine Center, Patna, Bihar, India; 3Division of Agriculture Bioinformatics, ICAR-IASRI, New Delhi, India; 4Department of Nephrology, Opal Hospital, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaCorrespondence: Shailendra Kumar Singh, Department of Endocrine, Endocrine Clinic, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, Email reenavns@gmail.comIntroduction: Prevalence of obesity is high in diabetes mellitus (DM) and is associated with hyperuricemia (HU), hypertension, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia. In obesity, elevated serum uric acid (SUA) has been shown to be associated in many studies from different countries, but data from India are lacking. The aim of the present study is to know the prevalence of obesity and to know the relationship between obesity and SUA in newly onset DM.Methods: In this cross-sectional study from India, 402 consecutive newly onset diabetic patients (male: 284; female: 118) were enrolled. All patients were grouped into four based on BMI (body mass index): underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5– 23 kg/m2), overweight (> 23-27.5 kg/m2), and obese (> 27.5 kg/m2). All participants were grouped into four quartiles based on SUA (Q1: < 4.23; Q2: ≥ 4.24– 5.19; Q3: ≥ 5.20– 6.16; Q4: > 6.16).Results: The mean age, BMI and SUA of the participants were 46.20± 0.52 years, 26.35± 0.21 kg/m2 and 5.24± 0.007 mg/dl, respectively. Overall prevalence of generalized obesity, central obesity and hyperuricemia (HU) were 35.07%, 85.82% and 13.43%, respectively. The prevalence of generalized obesity increased across the SUA quartile. A multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that serum uric acid level was independently associated with generalized obesity (p< 0.001).Conclusion: This first report from India shows a significant positive association between SUA and generalized obesity among newly onset DM. Therefore, routine estimation of SUA is recommended in newly onset DM to prevent and treat HU and its related complications.Keywords: newly onset, diabetes mellitus, hyperuricemia, obesity, association

Hindu Marriage is a sacrament that has been conceived to achieve a variety of worldly and spiritual goals. Some forms of hurt, untruthful or betrayal may involve a marriage relationship that may significantly impact the forgiveness behaviours of one or other members of married couples influencing their flourishing. The study examined the role of some biographic features, the forgiveness of self, others and situations in shaping the well-being of married Hindu couples. Employing a correlational design, the study recruited 300 married Hindu couples with the age ranging from 25 to 50 years by snowball sampling. Forgiveness and well-being were measured with the help of The Heartland Forgiveness Scale and Mental Health Continuum. The findings showed that education, age, domicile, occupation and years of marriage and the three types of forgiveness exhibited significant positive correlations with the indices of well-being whereas gender, number of children, nature of family (nuclear or joint), number of family members and socioeconomic status showed negative correlations with the same. Employment status and age emerged as the most significant predictors for hedonic and psychological well-being, respectively. Conversely, others' forgiveness did the same for social and eudaimonic well-being and flourishing. Indian socio-cultural conditions, the conceptualization of Hindu marriage and relevant earlier studies have been used to discuss the findings. Some biographic attributes, inclination towards a postmodern lifestyle and others' forgiveness seem to shape the well-being outcomes of married Hindu couples. Directions for future researchers have been discussed.

विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला लिखित अघिल्ला तीन उपन्यास हुन् ः तीनघुम्ती, सुम्निमा र नरेन्द्र दाइ । यी तीन उपन्यासमा प्रमुख÷शीर्ष एवम् मुख्य महिला पात्रका रूपमा जनजातीय इन्द्रमाया, सुम्निमा र मुनरिया प्रस्तुत छन् । उपन्यासकारले आप्mना विशिष्ट औपन्यासिक कृतिहरूमा यस प्रकारका पात्रहरूको छनोट गरिनु वास्तविक रुपमा नै आवश्यक हो या अन्य कुनै प्रयोजन प्रेरित भएर छनोट गरेका हुन् ? भन्ने समास्यामा आधारित भई त्यसको मूल अभिप्राय पत्ता लगाउने उद्देश्यमा प्रस्तुत लेख केन्द्रित छ । द्वितीयक वा पुस्तकालयीय सामग्रीमा आधारित यो लेख पूर्णतया गुणात्मक एवम् विश्लेणात्मक पद्धतिमा आधारित छ । उपन्यासमा आएका सबै जनजाति महिलाका प्रियतमका रूपमा ब्राह्मण परिवारका पुरुष आएका छन् र तीनै प्रियाले स्वच्छ हृदयले आत्मिक प्रेम गरेको पनि छर्लङ्गिन्छ । इन्द्रमायाले प्रियातत्व र पत्नीत्व प्राप्त गरे पनि मातृत्वमा खुम्चिएर आप्mनो अस्तित्वको संरक्षण गरेकी, मुनरियाले अल्पकालीन प्रियत्वको प्राप्तिमा भाग्यमानी ठान्दै भवितालाई स्वीकारेर आफूलाई जौहारीलाललाई सुम्पेकी र सुम्निमाले भौतिक रूपमा अप्राप्य सोमदत्तबाट शारीरिक रूपमा आफूलाई सुरक्षित गरे पनि मानसिक दृष्टिले शोसित बन्नु परेको कुरा तथ्यले दर्शाउँछ । औपन्यासिक उद्देश्यका दृष्टिले सुम्निमालाई जनजातीय महिलाको रुपमा प्रस्तुत गर्नु उपयुक्त देखिए तापनि इन्द्रमाया र मुनरियाका स्थानमा ब्राह्मण, क्षेत्री परिवारका महिला पात्रलाई स्थान दिइएको भए सायद यस प्रकारको प्रश्न नउठ्ने वा यी दुई पात्रमध्ये एक जनजातीय र एक अन्य रहेको भए पनि स्वाभाविक मान्न सकिने तथ्य अध्ययनले प्रस्तुत गर्दछ । त्यसैले जनजातीय पात्र चयनमा नै लेखकीय दुराशयता प्रष्टिन्छ र तीनै उपन्यासका जनजातीय महिला पात्रहरू आर्य प्रियतम वरण गरेर थिलथिलिएका र त्यसले जनजातीय जिउँदोपनलाई घोचिरहेको निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरेको छ । (The previous three novels written by Vishweshwar Prasad Koirala are Tingghumti, Sumnima and Narendra Dai. These three novels feature Indramaya, Sumnima and Munaria as the main female characters. Is it really necessary for the novelist to choose these types of characters in his specific fictional works or did he choose them inspired by some other purpose? Based on this problem, the present article is focused on the purpose of finding out its original intention. This article based on secondary or library material is completely based on qualitative and analytical method. In the novel, men from Brahmin families have come as the lovers of all tribal women and it is also shown that all the three Priyas have spiritual love with pure hearts. The facts show that although Indramaya gained love and wifehood, she protected her existence by shrinking into motherhood, Munaria considered herself lucky to get a short-term love and accepted Bhavita and handed herself over to Joharilal, and Sumnima protected her physically from the physically unattainable Somdatta, but she had to become mentally ill. Although it seems appropriate to present Sumnima as a tribal woman from the point of view of the novel, the study presents the fact that if a female character from a Brahmin, Chhetri family was placed instead of Indramaya and Munaria, perhaps this kind of question would not arise or even if one of these two characters is tribal and the other is natural, the study presents the fact. Therefore, the selection of tribal characters shows the writer's indolence and it is concluded that the tribal female characters of all the three novels were chosen as Arya Priyatam and that this is destroying the tribal vitality.)

Artificial application of water to the effective root zone of crops on the appropriate time gives significant results on plant growth and fruit yield in mango. In order to understand the effects of soil moisture content in mango, trial was conducted under the experimental area of BAU, Sabour, Bhagalpur during 2020-21 using five treatments i.e. T1-[Control], T2-[Water requirement at 25% of EP], T3-[Water requirement at 50% of EP], T4-[Water requirement at 75% of EP], T5-[Water requirement at 100% of EP] in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Treatment T4-[Water requirement at 75% of EP]significantly performed better in respect of increase in plant height of 0.24 m, number of 695.00 fruits per plant and yield of 193.23 kg per plant ( 19.32 t/ha). The maximum increase in plant spread such as East-West and North-South direction were 0.25m and 0.23m, respectively, and the maximum canopy volume of 1195.99 m3 was recorded in treatment T5-[Water requirement at 100% of EP].Treatment T3-[Water requirement at 50% of EP] significantly performed better in fruit size (fruit length and fruit breadth of 10.00 cm and 8.20 cm, respectively) and also showed maximum fruit volume of 239.75 (cc). On the basis of findings, it may be concluded that frequent and appropriate application of water at the effective root zone of plant plays an important role in growth and yield of mango.

This study aims to analyse the spatio-temporal trends in water quality, trophic state, and organic contamination of an alpine lake in the Darjeeling Himalaya through field investigations and to portray a comprehensive picture using multivariate analysis. Analysed water parameters have shown notable seasonal variations and were within the acceptable range for inland surface water. Water quality index (WQI) and organic pollution index (OPI) values have displayed ‘poor’ to ‘heavily polluted’ status in the pre-monsoon season, with marginally better conditions during the post-monsoon studies. Trophic state indices (TSIs) values revealed ‘eutrophic to highly eutrophic’ conditions during the investigation period. The results of the PCA have depicted three major determining factors (i.e., anthropogenic contribution, geogenic or weathering, and seasonal/climatic factors) that control the overall pollution level in the lake water system. The current study can potentially be a benchmark for assessing and undertaking management and restoration measures for this nascent alpine ecosystem.

Resistance shown by Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin; mediated by mecA, and vancomycin; mediated by vanA, has led to difficulty in treatment of related infections. Despite reports showing methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) in Nepal, and need for their regular surveillance, no study has been conducted on it in our hospital. So, this study is aimed to determine prevalence of MRSA, VRSA and their molecular characterization along with antibiogram. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December, 2022 in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of NMCTH among S. aureus (n=160) isolated from various clinical specimens after receiving ethical approval from NMC-IRC. AST was done by modified Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. MRSA and VRSA were detected by cefoxitin disc method and agar dilution method respectively. Inducible clindamycin resistance was detected by D-test. Resistant genes (mecA, PVL, and vanA) were detected using conventional PCR. Prevalence of MRSA was found to be 31.2% (50/160) but none of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Total 7 (46.6%) mecA and 7 (46.6%) PVL genes were detected among 15 selected MRSA isolates but vanA was not found. All the MRSA isolates were susceptibile to co-trimoxazole, tigecycline, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. The resistance rate against ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and clindamycin was 52.0%, 44.0%, and 68.0% (20.0% iMLSB, 28.0% cMLSB and 16.0% MS-phenotypes) respectively. Prompt implementation of hospital antibiotic policy and AMR Act by government along with regular surveillance of MRSA and VRSA seems essential to contain MRSA infections. Co-trimoxazole could be treatment option against MRSA in our setting, keeping vancomycin in reserve. However, large scale studies are required to establish this conclusion.

Dengue virus infection, transmitted by Aedes aegypti (also by Ae. albopictus) mosquito, is an increasing health problem. The number of dengue cases has increased over eight-fold over the last two decades, from 505,430 cases in 2000, to over 2.4 milli on in 2010, and 5.2 million in 2019 with deaths accounting in thousands. Currently, 3.9 billion people in 129 countries mainly in Asian countries are at the risk of dengue infection. Most of the new cases are reported from Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and others. First case of dengue was reported from Nepal in 2004 and in 2006 a small outbreak was reported with 32 cases throughout the country. In Nepal, dengue epidemic occurred in 2010, 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2019; of them 2019 epidemic was largest one with reported 17,992 cases. This year (2022) largest outbreak occurred with a total of 54,784 cases recorded from all 77 districts in 7 provinces. Of the 7 provinces Bagmati Province was hardest hit (77.4%) followed by Lumbini Province (9.2%), Province 1 (4.2%), Gandaki Province (3.6%), Sudur Pashchim Province (2.5%), Madhesh Province (1.8%) and Karnali Province (1.2%). Most of the patients were aged 15-59 years and slightly more than half were males. Of the four serotypes existed in Nepal, DENV-1 DENV-2 and DENV-3 were common this year’s outbreak (DENV-1 was predominant: 57.1%). This demands a precise mapping of dengue through integrated disease surveillance and evaluation of the dynamics of population-level immunity on evidence-based policy-making in days to come.

PurposeThe changes in tensile behavior of polycrystalline nanocopper lattice with changes in temperature, average grain size (AGS) and strain rate, have been explored. The existence of a critical AGS has also been observed which shows that the Hall–Petch relationship behaves inversely.Design/methodology/approachNanoscale deformation of polycrystalline nanocopper has been done in this study with the help of an embedded atom method (EAM) potential. Voronoi construction method has been employed for creating four polycrystals of nanocopper with different sizes. Statistical analysis has been used to examine the observations with emphasis on the polycrystal size effect on melting point temperature.FindingsThe study has found that the key stress values (i.e. elastic modulus, yield stress and ultimate tensile stress) are significantly influenced by the considered parameters. The increase in strain rate is observed to have an increasing impact on mechanical properties, whereas the increase in temperature degrades the mechanical properties. In-depth analysis of the deformation mechanism has been studied to deliver real-time visualization of grain boundary motion.Originality/valueThis study provides the relationship between required grain size variations for consecutive possible variations in mechanical properties and may help to reduce the trial processes in the synthesis of polycrystalline copper based on different temperatures and strain rates.

Besides antiviral functions, type I IFN expresses potent anti-inflammatory properties and is being widely used to treat certain autoimmune conditions, such as multiple sclerosis. In a murine model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, administration of IFN-β effectively attenuates the disease development. However, the precise mechanisms underlying IFN-β–mediated treatment remain elusive. In this study, we report that IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (Ifit2), a type I and type III IFN-stimulated gene, plays a previously unrecognized immune-regulatory role during autoimmune neuroinflammation. Mice deficient in Ifit2 displayed greater susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and escalated immune cell infiltration in the CNS. Ifit2 deficiency was also associated with microglial activation and increased myeloid cell infiltration. We also observed that myelin debris clearance and the subsequent remyelination were substantially impaired in Ifit2−/− CNS tissues. Clearing myelin debris is an important function of the reparative-type myeloid cell subset to promote remyelination. Indeed, we observed that bone marrow–derived macrophages, CNS-infiltrating myeloid cells, and microglia from Ifit2−/− mice express cytokine and metabolic genes associated with proinflammatory-type myeloid cell subsets. Taken together, our findings uncover a novel regulatory function of Ifit2 in autoimmune inflammation in part by modulating myeloid cell function and metabolic activity.

Background& Objective: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a serious public health problem in developing countries like India as it leads to significant mortality and neurological sequelae. Aim of study was to describe clinico-radiological profile of TBM and determine predictors of mortality. Methods: This was a prospective study and data collected including demographic details, clinical, laboratory parameters and neuroimaging finding. Diagnosis of TBM was based according to a standard case definition proposed by Marais et al.(2010). Results: One hundred and forty two TBM patients were recruited with 54.93% males and 45.07% females. Fever was most common symptom followed by headache, vomiting, altered sensorium and seizure. Most common cranial nerve palsy was of 6th cranial nerve followed by 2nd cranial nerve. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)study in 77.46% of patients showed protein >100 mg/dL, 61.27% patients had CSF sugar 10 cells/cumm. Most common Neuroimaging finding was meningeal enhancement followed by hydrocephalus, infarcts, basal exudates and tuberculoma. In-hospital mortality was 17.61%. Higher age, low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, absence of headache, seizure, altered sensorium, anemia, low CSF glucose, infarct, hydrocephalus, and British medical research council (BMRC) Stage III at presentation were predictors of in-hospital mortality. Conclusions:. Age, GCS score, absence of headache, seizure, altered sensorium, anemia, low CSF glucose, infarct, hydrocephalus, and BMRC Stage III at presentation were predictors of in-hospital mortality based on this study from Bihar, India.

In daily life, vitamins fruits and vegetables play a very important role in human life. The farmer produces grains or vegetables in huge quantities. Due to lack of storage problem farmer suffers. It is necessary to store all these things in a special warehouse. Thus, improper storage of grains or fruits is essential to meet the increasing demands. Storage time and fruit quality are greatly influenced by storage environmental factors. Therefore, it is important for the fruit storage environment to perform multi-parameter monitoring and analyze the collected parameters and then regulate and control. The quality of grains and other perishable goods kept in a warehouse usually deteriorates due to lack of monitoring and proper maintenance of their required suitable conditions in such a large area. The proposed methodology deals with the storage of grains, fruits, etc., and to identify their temperature and humidity patterns so that they will not be degraded. Establishing the environment in relation to the nature of the crop so as to determine an optimum threshold with an appropriate pattern of monitoring and change. The main goal of this research article is to provide solutions to prevent rotting of grains and fruits in the storage area.

Skin infections occur commonly and after present therapeutic challenges to practioners due to the growing concerns regarding multidrug resistant bacterial, viral and fungal strain. The aim of present study was to formulate topical cream using Ethanolic leaves extract Emblica officinalis and evaluate In­­- vitro study the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts of dried leaves of Emblica officinalis was determined by using the Agar cup plate method versus different bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. By blending the ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis (10 % w/w) into aqueous cream we formulated herbal cream. Formulation of herbal cream evaluation their physio-chemical properties, in vitro drug release and in vitro Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The herbal cream formulation A5 show better release and effective against bacterial strain

RNA viruses have been the most destructive due to their transmissibility and lack of control measures. Developments of vaccines for RNA viruses are very tough or almost impossible as viruses are highly mutable. For the last few decades, most of the epidemic and pandemic viral diseases have wreaked huge devastation with innumerable fatalities. To combat this threat to mankind, plant-derived novel antiviral products may contribute as reliable alternatives. They are assumed to be nontoxic, less hazardous, and safe compounds that have been in uses in the beginning of human civilization. In this growing COVID-19 pandemic, the present review amalgamates and depicts the role of various plant products in curing viral diseases in humans.

Background and Objectives: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) initiation and progression is regulated by epigenetic and genetic alterations. Imatinib therapy resistance in CML patients is important clinical issue. To understand association of kinase domain mutation and promoter hypermethylation of genes with imatinib therapy resistance hold significance in CML patients of North-East India. This study is a hospital based cross sectional study. Methods: A total of Sixty three (n=63) CML patients undergone imatinib mesylate were enrolled for the study. ABL kinase domain T315I mutation was analyzed by Allele specific- PCR (AS-PCR) and confirmed by sequencing. Promoter hypermethylation was analyzed by Methylation specific PCR (MS-PCR). The Chi square test and Fisher exact test used in SPSS ver19. Results: Tyrosine Kinase domain mutation T315I was found in 30.1% (19/63). The promoter hypermethylation of Calcitonin, ATG16L2, TFAP2A, EBF2 gene was detected in 42.9% (n=27), 28.6% (n=18), 38.1% (n=24), 27% (n= 17) CML patients respectively. Median relapse free survival was 21 months and statistically significant for CML patients without T315I mutation compared to patients with T315I mutation who has 12 months median relapse free survival (p=0.005). Median survival was 19 months for patients without EBF2 promoter hypermethylation and also statistically significant compared to CML patients with promoter hypermethylation (12 months) (p=0.026). Interpretation and Conclusions: We conclude that among imatinib resistant CML patients of North- East India harbouring T315I mutation of ABL1 Kinase domain and promoter hypermethylation of EBF2 gene have significantly lower median relapse free survival.

An illness that lasts longer and has continual repercussions is known as a chronic illness. Adults all across the world die as a result of chronic sickness. Diabetes disease prediction by improvising support vector machine is a platform that predicts diabetes based on the data entered into the system and offers reliable results based on that data. Earlier, the dataset consisted of a smaller number of features comprising the patients' medical details that were useful in determining the patient's health condition and was mainly focused on gestational diabetes, which only deals with pregnant women. In this work, the authors build a system that is more efficient than the previous system because of these reasons. It provides more accurate results by improvising the support vector machine, which includes more datasets and can predict the possibility of diabetes disease in both males and females.

Life is a precious, Lord -given gift to mankind. Pulse rate represents life & lack of it pronounces death. The heart pumps blood throughout the body from conception till the death. A heart is essential to sustain life.A true experimental, posttest research design was adopted. A sample of 60 post M I patients were selected by using non-probability convenient sampling technique, 30 in each experimental and control group. The mean knowledge level score and standard deviation of the experimental group was 21.86 (SD=2.20) higher than mean (10.57) and standard deviation (SD=3.49) of the control group and „t‟ value 14.72.Two mean „t‟ for independent samples showed a significant difference in the post test knowledge score on stylistic changesamong experimental and control group at 0.05 level. This finding indicated that the individualized education was highly effective. : Individualized education on the stylistic changeswas highly effective, eminent and cost-effective intervention for improving the knowledge and creating awareness among post myocardial infarction patients about the stylistic changesand helped them to adopt a healthy lifestyle post myocardial infarction.

In the healthcare industry, providing a vital backbone for services is critical. The supply chain is a complex network that crosses organizational and geographical borders. In the healthcare business, counterfeit pills are one of the primary reasons for the harmful impact on human health and financial loss. Thus, pharmaceutical supply chains and end-to-end tracking systems are the recent research in healthcare. In this paper, the authors propose blockchain-based traceability of counterfeited drugs (BBTCD) that implements tracking of counterfeited drugs using smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. They offer a solution to fully decentralize the tracking by storing BBTCD on IPFS (inter planetary file system) to provide transparency and cost-effectiveness.

Pastures may act as carbon sources and sinks depending on grazing pressure and management practices. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and its fractions were quantified under 3 different grazing intensities using 5, 10 and 15 sheep/ha under sown, improved and natural pastures in the semi-arid tropics of India. Results revealed that after 3 years, improved pasture had significantly higher particulate organic carbon (POC ~4.5 g/kg), SOC (~0.53 %), total organic carbon (TOC~7 g/kg) and SOC stock (~15 mg/ha) as compared with sown and natural pastures. Labile carbon (LC ~185 mg/kg) and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC ~378 µg/g soil) were higher under natural pasture. A moderate grazing intensity of 10 sheep/ha resulted in significantly greater carbon fractions, TOC and SOC stock. SOC stock and its fractions were significantly higher in the topsoil layers as compared with the subsoil layers. These results indicate that improved pasture management practices with moderate grazing intensity can be recommended for improving SOC stock and its fractions in semi-arid tropical pastures.

Heart is one of the vital organs in the human body which is a durable organ and efficient pump. The human heart works tirelessly from the moment of formation and it begins beating until the moment it stops. On an average life time, the human heart beats more than twenty two and half billion times without taking rest. The heart beats continuously and unlike other muscles of the body, it cannot stop to rest when tired and worn from work. Research Approach: This study adopted a non experimental descriptive and comparative survey approach.The study was conducted at the cardio thoracic surgical out patient department of one of the selected hospital at Sahdol.The population comprised of all patients with coronary artery bypass graft attending the cardio thoracic surgical outpatient department of the selected hospital at Sahdol at the time of the study.The sample consisted of 75 patients with coronary artery bypass graft based on the criteria for sample selection. Non probability convenient sampling technique was adopted for the selection of sample. 64 samples (85.3%) were able to carry out the household activities such as cooking, washing the cloth, sweeping, grinding, ironing, gardening, minor repairing work at home moderately well and 11(14.7%) were able to perform these activities very well before surgery. However after the surgery the percentage of samples who performed the household activities very well increased by 5.3%.cBefore surgery 59 samples (78.7%) showed good interest in reading newspaper and watching TV. However after surgery this number reduced to 51, a reduction of 10.7%. that majority of the samples (84-94.7%) had good social well being before surgery. However after surgery the samples showed moderate quality of life in social wellbeing. Statistically there was no significant difference between the mean score of personal and household activities ( t-0.239 and 0.054,df=74,p The study concludes that the quality of life of patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft was better before surgery but after surgery the quality of life was better in physical well being whereas psychological and social wellbeing was reduced.

Background/Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the results of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and fine-needle biopsy (FNB) performed at the same site in a single session in the same patient. Methods Consecutive patients with solid gastrointestinal lesions referred for EUS evaluation underwent EUS-FNA and FNB using 22G needles with three and two passes, respectively, in the same session. Patients were randomized to one group having EUS-FNA first followed by EUS-FNB, while other group had EUS-FNB first followed by EUS-FNA. Results Total 50 patients (31 male) of mean age 56.58 ± 14.2 years and mean lesion size of 2.6 (±2) cm were included. The Kappa agreement for final diagnosis for FNA and FNB was 0.841 and 0.61, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA versus FNB were 85.19 versus 62.96% and 100 versus 100%, respectively, in comparison with final diagnosis. Conclusion Both EUS-FNA and FNB are equally safe when compared between the two techniques simultaneously in same lesion. EUS-FNA is better than FNB in terms of sensitivity, diagnostic accuracy, and tissue yield for solid GI lesion. However, the specificity and positive predictive value were equally good for both the modalities.

Malaria is a life-threatening parasitic disease transmitted by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. The development of drug tolerance and challenges related to the drugs' pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters limits the antimalarial therapeutics response. Currently, nanotechnology-based drug delivery system provides an integrative platform for antimalarial therapy by improving the drug physicochemical properties, combating multidrug resistance, and lowering antimalarial drug-related toxicity. In addition, surface engineered nanocarrier systems offer a variety of alternatives for site-specific/targeted delivery of antimalarial therapeutics, anticipating better clinical outcomes at low drug concentrations and low toxicity profiles, as well as reducing the likelihood of the emergence of drug resistance. So, constructing nano carrier-based approaches for drug delivery has been considered the foremost strategy to combat malaria. This review focuses on the numerous nanotherapeutic strategies utilized to treat malaria as well as the benefits of nanotechnology as a potentially effective therapeutic.

Security application of Er3+/Yb3+ doped NaGd(WO4)2 phosphor upon 980 nm excitation and absolute and relative sensitivity of Er3+/Yb3+ doped NaGd(WO4)2 phosphor and PIG.

Absolute and relative sensitivity of the developed Er3+/Yb3+/Mo6+:Bi2WO6 phosphors.

The present review describes the effects of complex environmental factors on the fate and behaviour of TiO2 nanoparticles in the soil compartment.

Alga is a diverse and widely distributed microorganism across the globe. An endeavor has been made to study the algae of Toebrongchhu stream, Punakha district, Bhutan including their diversity and distribution pattern. It also assessed the relationship between algae and selected physicochemical parameters of stream water. Stratified systematic sampling was used for the study due to huge differences in altitude and climatic conditions in the study area. The stream was divided into three zones, downstream, mid-stream, and headwater stream along the altitudinal gradient. The algae were collected by scooping, scraping, and scrubbing different moist and submerged substrates from 36 plots along the stream and then preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution. Results present a total of 40 algae taxa including 25 algae identified up to species level, among which 19 are being reported for the first time from Bhutan. Species diversity was higher in downstream altitudinal zone ranging from 1200-1600 m a.s.l. Similarly, the microhabitat pool had higher species diversity. Spearman correlation showed a significant positive correlation of diversity with total dissolved solids, conductivity, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH, and a negative correlation with altitude. Canonical correspondence analysis between algal species and parameters revealed that altitude is the main factor in the distribution of freshwater algae.

A new UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for determination of fungicide azoxysrtobin was developed. The method is based on the bromination of azoxystrobin to form dibromoazoxystrobin which react with Potassium iodide, Potassium iodate mixture in the presence of leucomalachite green (LMG) to form a bluish green colored complex. Characterization was done for the synthesis of bluish green colored complex by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and FTIR methods. As a result, the UV-Visible absorption spectrum was observed at 615 nm. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were observed at 0.0019 µg ml-1 and 0.0059 µg ml-1 respectively. We have also studied the conformational and functional group (such as most characteristic band of O-H stretching frequency observed at 3346.49 cm-1, Bonding N-H symmetrical is 1645.50 cm-1, C=C bending is 691.07 cm-1, Symmetrical stretching C-N is 1493.13 cm-1 and 1404.70 cm-1, C-C stretching and other vibrational is 1059.74 cm-1). Involved in the complexation between azoxystrobin and bromination by FTIR method. This developed method has been successfully applied for the detection of azoxystrobin in various environmental samples. Beer’s law obeyed over the concentration range of 0.5-13 µg mL-1 in final solution volume of 10 ml. The reproducibility assessed by carrying out seven days replicate analysis of a solution containing 5 µg ml-1 of azoxystrobin in a final solution of 10 mL. The molar absorptivity of the colour system is 1.936×106 L mol-1 cm-1 and Sandell’s sensitivity is 0.800 ×10-4 µg cm-2. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for the absorbance value was found to be 1.9%. The suggested method is free from the interference of other toxicant agents. The analytical parameters were optimized and the method was applied to the determination of azoxystrobin in water, soil and food samples.

In the present work, we have studied the HO2˙ + O3 → HO˙ + 2O2 reaction using chemical kinetics and quantum chemical calculations.