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Additional file 1: Table S1. Transcriptional changes of genes involved in metabolism of cbbR and regA-overexpressing strain. Table S2. Primers used in this work. Figure S1. PHB accumulation of the control and cbbR/regA overexpressed strains with the different initial optical densities of 0.2 and 2 under nitrogen-limited conditions (0.2 g/L of (NH4)2SO4) at 24 h and 168 h during the autotrophic culture. The gene of interest was induced by adding 0.2% (w/v) of l-arabinose at 24 h of the autotrophic culture. The C. necator H16 strain harboring pBAD empty vector was used as a control. The data represent the means of duplicate or triplicate experiments.

Additional file 1. Characterization of prepared NPs.

Additional file 5: Table S1. Strains and plasmids used in this study.

Additional file 2 Delivery and accumulation of intravenously injected MTX-loaded MNPs. a Biodistribution of injected MTX-loaded MNPs measured by ICP-MS in major organs and joints (n = 3 at each time point). b Ex-vivo NIR absorbance images of injected MTX-loaded MNPs in CIA mice. *P

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the level of professional ethics awareness and medical ethics competency in order to assess the potential need for ethics items to be included on the Korean Dental Hygienist Licensing Examination.Methods: In total, 358 clinical dental hygienists and dental hygiene students completed a structured questionnaire to evaluate their level of ethical awareness and medical ethics competency. The sub-factors of medical ethics were classified into relationships with patients, medical and social relations, and individual specialized fields.Results: Only 32.1% of participants indicated that they had taken a course on professional ethics in the university curriculum, but 95.2% of respondents considered professional ethics to be important. The overall score for medical ethics competency was average (3.37 out of 5). The score for relationships with patients was 3.75 points, followed by medical and social relations (3.19 points) and individual specialized fields (3.16 points). The level of professional ethics awareness was higher among participants who had taken a course on professional ethics than among those who had not done so or who did not remember whether they had done so.Conclusion: Dental hygienists were aware of the importance of professional ethics, but their medical ethics competency was moderate. Therefore, medical ethics should be treated as a required subject in the university curriculum, and medical ethics competency evaluations should be strengthened by adding ethics items to the Korean Dental Hygienist Licensing Examination.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Metabolism-related genes with significantly changed expression levels in XUSE relative to those in XUS.

Additional file 4: Figure S1. Comparison of the trends in the transcriptional changes in XI-based (a) and XR/XDH-based (b) strains during adaptive evolution on xylose.

Additional file 3: Table S3. Expression levels of known target genes dependent on Msn2/4p.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Oligonucleotides used for gene cloning in this study. Table S2. Oligonucleotides used for RT-PCR and qRT-PCR in this study. Figure S1. Gel images of Fig. 2. Figure S2. Gel images of Fig. 4. Figure S3. Relative mRNA expression and phenotype analysis of single gene repressions in C. glutamicum strains for the double gene repression study. Figure S4. Relative mRNA expression and phenotype analysis of double gene repressions in C. glutamicum strains.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Strains and plasmids used in this study.

Provided herein are compositions and methods useful for reducing glucose inhibition in transporting xylose, arabinose and other monosaccharides, into a yeast cell.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. The fermentation profile using glucose (a and b) and xylose (c and d) as a sole carbon source with acetone in media. DCW, dry cell weight; BuOH, butanol; IPA, isopropanol; ACT, acetone.

Additional file 3: Table S1. Net NADH balance per one mole of product formation from the corresponding mole of glucose and glycerol.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The fermentation profile with xylose as a sole carbon source. (a) Cell growth, substrate consumption, and pH, (b) products. DCW, dry cell weight; BuOH, butanol; IPA, isopropanol; ACT, acetone; AA, acetic acid; BA, butyric acid. Error bars represent one standard deviation of triplicate experiments.

Additional file 4: Figure S3. Calculated NAD(P)H balance between substrates and products. The molar concentration of NAD(P)H from Fdred was calculated as following: M NAD(P)H from Fd = 4 × M Butanol + 1 × M Isopropanol + 2 × M Butyric acid − 2 × M Glucose.

To assess the economic value of pharmaceutical therapy with Kremezin, we investigated the maximum amount of willingness-to-pay (WTP) of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) for a hypothetical effect of Kremezin in delaying the initiation of dialysis treatments. A face-to-face survey was carried out in a sample of 141 CRF patients from 2 dialysis centers, composed of 82 hemodialysis patients, 38 peritoneal dialysis patients, and 21 non-dialysis CRF patients. Using a bidding game method with a starting point of 320,000 Won, which is the average monthly out-of-pocket payment for dialysis treatment, we asked the study subjects how much they would pay per month to receive Kremezin therapy. The mean out-of-pocket monthly WTP for Kremezin was 310,000, 430,000, and 520,000 Won (p

Resistance to metronidazole, a key component of therapies against Helicobacter pylori, is common in clinical isolates. Resistance generally requires inactivation of rdxA (HP0954), and sometimes also frxA (HP0642), two related nitroreductase genes. Here we studied the effect of resistance to metronidazole on fitness of the gastric pathogen H. pylori. The effect of metronidazole resistance for H. pylori in culture was assessed first by looking at colonies formed by freshly constructed mutant derivatives of H. pylori strain 26695. Mutations resulting in metronidazole resistance caused premature death of H.pylori in stationary phase, but had no significant effect on early exponential growth. The effect of nitroreductase deficiencies on fitness in vivo was tested by infecting C57BL/6 mice with 1:1 mixtures of SS1 wild type and its isogenic metronidazole resistant derivatives. Inactivation of rdxA caused an inability to colonize mice in SS1 H. pylori strain. Derivatives of a metronidazole resistant strain that survived better in stationary phase, although remaining metronidazole resistant, could again colonize mice. In conclusion, metronidazole resistance diminishes H. pylori`s fitness, but their costs can be suppressed by additional mutation.

Gastric serrated adenoma is a recently recognized entity that has been rarely described and poorly characterized. To examine whether gastric serrated adenoma shares the same immunophenotypic and molecular features of its colorectal traditional serrated adenoma, the clinicopathologic features, expression of mucin proteins (MUC2, MUC5AC, CD10, MUC6) and mismatch repair protein (MLH1), and mutations of BRAF and KRAS genes were studied. The nine serrated adenomas were obtained from five men and four women, with a mean age of 67 years. Seven (78%) serrated adenomas were located in the body of the stomach. The endoscopic findings were not sufficiently characteristic to diagnose serrated adenoma or serrated adenocarcinoma; however, most were elevated lesions. The initial biopsy material was available in all cases and the serrated features were evident in 6 cases diagnosed as adenoma. Among the nine cases, seven (78%) were associated with invasive adenocarcinoma within the serrated adenoma. MUC5AC was expressed in 6 serrated adenomas (67%). Expression of MUC5AC was observed in all tumors located in the lower third of the stomach. Focal MUC6 expression was observed in the basal part of two serrated adenomas. MLH1 expression was lost in two cases (22%). KRAS mutations were observed in three cases (33%) while BRAF mutations were not detected in any of the cases. Gastric serrated adenoma does not completely share the same immunophenotypic and molecular features of its colorectal counterpart. Gastric serrated adenomas are frequently associated with adenocarcinoma. When serrated adenoma is encountered in a gastric biopsy specimen, the possibility of associated adenocarcinoma should be considered in the adjacent stomach.