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Purpose: The aim of this study was to validate the predictive accuracy of three international risk classification systems for diabetic foot ulcer occurrence. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted. The data were collected from a case-control study that recruited 367 patients with Type 2 diabetes (118 with existing foot ulcers and 261 without foot ulcers). The risk of foot ulcer occurrence was classified in accordance with the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF), and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) risk classification systems. The predictive validity of the classification systems was calculated to evaluate the systems’ performance. Results: The ADA, IWGDF, and SIGN systems had area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) with values of .91, .90, and .80, respectively, and the predictive accuracy of each classification system was 73.4~84.7% for ADA, 74.4~85.5% for IWGDF, and 49.6~73.9% for SIGN, depending on the cut-off points. Conclusion: All of the three classification systems showed good predictive accuracy. Further studies are needed to select one that is most accurate and cost-effective

4차 산업혁명으로 인한 일자리의 감소 여부, 어떤 직업이 어느 정도의 영향을 받을지 여부, 수행하는 업무는 언제 얼마나 변화할 것이며 이를 어떻게 준비해야 하는 지 등에 대해 많은 사람들이 우려와 관심을 표명하고 있다. 현재 중국은 호텔산업 또한 급속도로 발전하고 있으며, 중국은 4차 산업혁명에 있어서도 국가주도형 정책을 실시하고 있으며 호텔산업에 있어 신기술의 상용화가 적극적으로 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 중국 특급호텔 종사원들을 대상으로 4차 산업혁명으로 인한 직무불안정성이 조직몰입과 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 중국 강서성에 소재한 특급호텔에 재직 중인 종사원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사기간은 2019년 1월 16일부터 2월 23일까지 38일간에 걸쳐 이루어졌으며, 총 350부를 배포하여, 345부를 회수하였고, 이 중 불성실한 응답 설문지를 제외하고 총 344부를 최종 유효 표본으로 하여 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 직무불안정성은 조직몰입과 직무만족에 각각 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 중국 호텔 기업에서는 호텔 종사원들이 기술발달에 따른 직무불안성성을 지각하는데서 발생하는 부정적 영향을 줄일 수 있는 시사점을 제시하였다.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Tables. Supplementary Table 1. Pre- and post-MCI diagnosis period in each group. Supplementary Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the study population between Irregular and Regular-PA. Supplementary Table 3. Interactions of comorbidities with continuity of physical activity.

The present study investigates whether Korean college students are using two specific relative pronouns, which and that, similarly to American college students. In particular, the analysis examines the tendency of using each relative pronoun in their writing and comparing each group’s usage tendency in order to suggest some implications and guidance of corpus-based instruction. For this purpose, the study analyzed 445 Korean students’ academic essays and 224 American students’ essays. The results of this study are as follows. First, Korean and American students used that more than which in their writing. However, the gap between the numbers of each relative pronoun was greater in American essays. Second, there was a statistically significant difference in choosing relative pronouns that and which depending on antecedents. American students generally distinguished the relative pronouns systematically according to antecedents while Korean students did not. In terms of articles used with antecedents, Korean students did not demonstrate any easily defined tendencies except that they distinguished the use of relative pronouns with a definite article. Lastly, both Korean and American essays showed a preference for choosing relative pronouns according to syntactic structures. The study suggests that corpus-based analysis and instruction are essential not only for the learning processes but also for directing what students will ultimately learn.

The present study investigates the effects of three techniques with different degrees of explicitness, including input enhancement, consciousness-raising tasks, and explicit rule explanation on middle school students` English subjunctive mood learning and their affective domain. For this purpose, a total of 110 students from three third-grader-classes were randomly selected and distributed to three main groups with different degrees of explicitness and two proficiency groups (i.e., high and low). The results of this study reveal that there was no statistically significant difference in the short-term improvement among the three groups. There was also no statistically significant difference in high-level and low-level student groups. However, in the delayed post-test, the consciousness-raising task group was statistically superior regarding the continuity of the learned knowledge. Further, in the long-term effects, low-level students in the consciousness-raising tasks group outperformed learners in the other groups regarding the continuity of the subjunctive mood learning. According to the findings on the effects of the three techniques with different degrees of explicitness on the affective domain, there was no significant difference among groups depending on the teaching methods. The study also suggests effective teaching guidance for the subjunctive mood so that teachers can select and combine the degree of explicitness through learner analysis.

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