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The need to affirm and revitalize cultural knowledge of native plant communities is impera-tive for Indigenous people. This ethnobotanical study documents Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) structured from an Indigenous paradigm by exploring the connection be-tween plants collected in two high-elevation basins and tribal members on the Wind River Indian Reservation (WRIR). We sought to qualitatively understand the plant resources by looking through the lens of Indigenous language and perspectives. Existing names of the ba-sin plants in both the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho languages were compiled through an ethnobotanical literature review, seven in-person interviews with Eastern Sho-shone and Northern Arapaho tribal members, and attendance at language workshops. We documented 53 Eastern Shoshone and 44 Northern Arapaho plant names, respectively. His-torical impacts of past Federal Indian policy eras have shaped TEK as it currently exists within tribal communities. Both tribes used and had Indigenous names for Northern sweetgrass (Hierochloe hirta ssp. hirta), bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva), junipers (Juniperus ssp.), and bear-berry or Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). The resiliency of TEK is attributed to the perse-verance of Indigenous people continuing to practice and teach traditions. The historical con-text specific to both the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes and their languages are important for enhancing our current understanding of the ethnobotanical TEK of plants on the WRIR. Recognizing the value of ethnobotanical TEK and incorporating it into natural resource management plans and decisions can bridge diverse perspectives on land use for meaningful collaboration with tribal communities.

This study illustrates the intricate floral development of Lewisia (Montiaceae) in an evolutionary context. Flowers are enclosed by two median bracteoles (involucrum), as most Portulacinae. Unlike most taxa of the Montiaceae (Caryophyllales), the petaloid perianth in Lewisia develops in two clearly separate steps: two lateral petaloids arise immediately after bracteole initiation, while the median petaloids lag behind and develop only after the stamens. Stamen number fluctuates between five and more than fifty. In studied species, the number of median petaloids is generally increased from three up to 17 organs, in close connection with the androecium. The involucrum has a strong influence on the arrangement of organs in the flower, by: (1) causing a delay on the growth and development of the petaloids, and (2) by moulding the floral apex in an elliptical shape, allowing an increase of median petaloid and stamen numbers, independently of changes in carpel number. Carpel number influences the position and number of upper stamens. Mechanical pressure of the enclosing involucrum plays a crucial role in the evolution of species of Lewisia and those species with fewer petaloids and stamens correspond to the ancestral condition.

Lewisia tweedyi (A. Gray) Robinson is an endangered, herbaceous perennial native to the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington state and southern British Columbia. It is highly valued as an ornamental, but has a reputation for being challenging to grow and is only cultivated by alpine specialists. The better known Lewisia species, L. cotyledon, is a minor commercial crop in some areas of Europe and western North America. Lewisias are members of the Centrospermae; a linear peripheral embryo surrounds centrally located perisperm. Lewisia tweedyi seed is distinct from all other lewisias in having a fleshy appendage, or caruncle. Germination practices include stratification for an unspecified period in a garden cold frame. In addition to a long germination period, percent germination is characteristically low. A number of tests, including sowing under axenic conditions, and combinations of prechill periods and liquid N scarification were conducted. Seedcoat-imposed dormancy and germination requirements have been determined.

Cistanthe tweedyi (Portulacaceae) is a rare perennial herb endemic to the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington and adjacent British Columbia. It has heterofore been classified in Lewisia, probably

The pollen morphology of several genera in Portulacaceae is described. Particular attention has been paid to the genera of the subfamily Montioideae, as a stage of continued monographical studies. Among genera especially dealt with are Claytonia, Montia, Crunocallis, Naiocrene, Neopaxia, Mona, Maxia, Limnalsine, and Montiastrum. In the taxonomical treatment of these genera the pollen morphology has proved to afford many important additional characters. The pollen grains of Claytonia are distinguished from those of the remainder in being 3-colpate. The grains of the Claytonia-type have many similarities with those of Lewisia, a genus of the subfamily Portulacoideae. The other genera of Montioideae have pantocolpate pollen grains. Among these genera several different pollen types are distinguished, chiefly with regard to the sexine structures and the aperture membranes. The Montiastrum-type is especially interesting, with tholate grains, a particular pollen type not met with in any other genus in t...

Botanical exploration along the continental slope of the northern St. Elias Mountains has revealed several floristic novelties. My 1965 collection from a nunatak in the Kaskawulsh Glacier (60°43'N, 139°19'W) was examined by Dr. Eric Hulten, Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, and he has reported and mapped this new locality for Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) Robins., Arabis lemmonii Wats., and A. lyallii Wats., far north of their previously known range. Neilson collected nearby and also found interesting taxa, in particular the only North American population of the Eurasian species Artemisia rupestris L. Work has continued during subsequent summers (1966-1969) east from the nunatak along the Kaskawulsh Glacier-Slims River drainage, north to the vicinity of the Steele Glacier, and into the northernmost portion of the St. Elias Mountains on the south side of the upper White River valley. [These] ... notes are offered for those botanists with an interest in the floristics of northern regions.

THE region of the Pacific States with which the book under review deals is of great interest to the student of geographical distribution and the taxonomist. The area is peculiarly rich in endemic genera and species, and this is especially true of California. The Pacific States show interesting geographical connexions with the flora of Eastern Asia in genera, however, which are probably too recent in origin to be adduced in support of any hypothesis of continental drift, but are to be regarded rather as evidence of the similarity of ecological conditions and the high efficiency of dispersal agents, not perhaps excluding man himself. Thus the saxifragaceous species Leptarrhena pyrolifolia is native both to the coastal regions of north-west America and to eastern Asia. Again, the genus Pectiantia comprises five species of which three are endemic to the Pacific States, whereas the other two are natives of Japan. But it is in the endemics of the region that the chief interest of the flora rests. Some of these, such as Romneya Coulteri, the genera Eschscholtzia and Lewisia, are familiar to British horticulturists. In the family Polygonaceae the monotypic genera Gilmania, Nemacaulis and Hollisteria are all endemic to California while of the 150 known species of Eriogonum 80 are found in the Pacific States, many of them endemic. In the Crassulaceae there are some 35 endemic species belonging to the genera Sedella, Budleya, Stylophyllum, Hasseanthus and Gormania. In the Cruciferse most of the species of Thelypodium, Streptanthus and Caulanthus are endemic. The Rosacese, too, provide a large number of endemics, particularly in the genera Horskelia (19 spp.) and Ivesia (17 spp.). In the Leguminosse the outstanding genera in this respect are Lupinus, of which 58 species are probably endemic, Hosackia, of which most of the 39 species are endemic, while Astragalus is represented by 137 species of which 83 are probably endemic. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States Washington, Oregon and California. By Leroy Abrams. In 4 vols. Vol. 2: Polygonaceae to Krameriaceae, Buckwheats to Kramerias. Pp. viii + 635. (Stanford University, Calif.: Stanford University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1944.) 45s. 6d. net.

Lewisia serrata, known from only three localities in the American River drainage of Eldorado and Placer counties, California, is described as a new species. Its closest relatives areL. cantelowii J. T. Howell andL. columbiana (T. Howell) Rob.

Oreobroma megarhizum is reassigned to the genusCalandrinia and placed in the sectionAcaules. The biogeographic and evolutionary consequences are evaluated in relation toOreobroma (Lewisia) andCalandrinia distribution patterns.