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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 5% of children around the globe. The early onset of ADHD (i.e., around six) subjects children to severe longitudinal functional and economic impairments that persist into adulthood. Current treatments targeting early ADHD, including stimulant medication and behavioral therapies, are also limited by short-lasting efficacy and low adherent rate. Severe longitudinal consequences and therapeutic bottleneck together call for earlier identification and intervention. Ascertaining valid ADHD predictors becomes the initial step to improving children's developmental outcomes. To this end, studies identified a multitude of risk factors for ADHD, ranging from psychosocial to psychological. Shepard et al. (2021) conducted a meta-analysis to spot precursors for early ADHD. Eighteen behavioral and neurocognitive characteristics were identified to be significantly associated with ADHD, among which planning/organization, intraindividual variability, and working memory exhibited the largest pooled effect size (g > 0.65). Although this study addressed alterations that associated with early ADHD, the predictive value of these risk factors remains uncertain. Whether some aggregates of these factors best predict the disorder remains unknown. To address these gaps, we correspondingly used the UW Longitudinal Gene-Environment study dataset and machine learning approach to identify the optimal set of risk factors that predict the onset of ADHD in preschool-aged children in our exploratory study. The UW Longitudinal study dataset consists of genetic, psychosocial and psychological data of approximately 200 five-year-old children followed over two time-points (separated by 1.5 years), which was well-suited for validating predictor-outcome relationships. We used a cross-validation machine learning strategy and explored two algorithms: multiple linear regression and elastic net regression to identify the most predictive risk factors clusters. The current work included twelve risk factors identified by Shepard et al. (2021), including cognitive ability, social functioning, emotional functioning, inhibition, attention, cognitive/behavioral flexibility, planning/organization, working memory, impulsivity, reaction time, intraindividual variability, and global executive function. We also incorporated ADHD polygenic risk score (PRS), which consistently predicted ADHD diagnosis and symptom severity in multiple studies. To validate findings from using the UW longitudinal study dataset, we will replicate our study in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset, which contains the psychosocial, psychological, and genetic information of 11,880 preteen individuals (9-10 years old). Data collection happens each year after a baseline assessment and is at its fourth-year follow-up. The replication includes thirteen predictors: language, impulsivity, attention, sleep, global executive functioning, cognitive ability, cognitive/behavioral flexibility, inhibition, social functioning, working memory, reaction time, intraindividual variability, and PRS. Given the small sample size in UW Study and large number of features in both studies, we used repeated k-fold cross-validation and advanced algorithms such as elastic net regression to reduce overfitting and produce more accurate results.

Background/Aims: Proximal colorectal cancers (CRCs) account for up to half of CRCs. Sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) are precursors to CRC. Proximal location and presence of dysplasia in SSLs predict higher risks of progression to cancer. The prevalence of dysplasia in proximal SSLs (pSSLs) and clinical characteristics of dysplastic pSSLs are not well studied.Methods: Endoscopically resected colonic polyps at our center between January 2016 and December 2017 were screened for pSSLs. Data of patients with at least one pSSL were retrieved and clinicopathological features of pSSLs were analysed. pSSLs with and without dysplasia were compared for associations.Results: Ninety pSSLs were identified, 45 of which had dysplasia giving a prevalence of 50.0%. Older age (65.9 years vs. 60.1 years, p=0.034) was associated with the presence of dysplasia. Twelve pSSLs were 10 mm or larger. After adjusting for age, pSSLs ≥10 mm had an adjusted odds ratio of 5.98 (95% confidence interval, 1.21–29.6) of having dysplasia compared with smaller pSSLs.Conclusions: In our cohort of pSSLs, the prevalence of dysplasia is high at 50.0% and is associated with lesion size ≥10 mm. Endoscopic resection for all proximal serrated lesions should be en-bloc to facilitate accurate histopathological examination for dysplasia as its presence warrants shorter surveillance intervals.

The current study is part of a longitudinal study on biological and environmental antecedents of externalizing psychopathology in children. By using two waves of data on parenting behaviors, DNA, and cognitive function, the current study would explore the effects of gene-environment interaction on children's executive function. Besides, Wave 3 data will be included upon completion of data collection to examine the effect of executive function on children's ADHD symptoms, although that study may not be completed in a short period of time; however, we’ll run some preliminary analyses to the extent that data are available. What's more, we plan to use ADD Health data to do a similar analysis, which might be an extension of the current study.

This project investigates the interplay between sex-specific ADHD polygenic score with measures of adversity and protective factors in ADHD.

Will examine the effect of novel polygenic scores (that disentangle direct from indirect effects) of risk taking and how they are related to antisocial behavior trajectories in the Add Health dataset. Additionally, it will examine whether polygenic scores are moderated or mediated by measured parenting behaviors.

Inconsistent parental discipline is a robust correlate of child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, but few studies have considered the role of inconsistent positive parenting on ADHD, as well as the effects of stress on negative and positive parental consistency. This study advanced a novel ecological momentary assessment (EMA) using participant smartphones to measure parental consistency, and examined its associations with family, social and parenting-related dimensions of stress and child ADHD symptoms. Participants were 184 kindergartners with and without ADHD and their parents. Harsh and warm dimensions of parental behavior were assessed using questionnaires, observations, and an EMA administered through parents’ smartphones, which measured parent-child behaviors every day for a period of one week. Family, social and parenting-related stress were assessed from questionnaires, and child ADHD symptoms were assessed from a fully structured diagnostic interview with the parent. Child ADHD symptoms were associated with variability in warm parenting behaviors, and higher levels of parenting-related stress were related to greater variability in harsh parenting behaviors. No significant interactions were detected between parental stress and child ADHD on parental variability. These findings suggest that different factors influence the consistency in parenting behavior, depending on whether positive parenting or negative parenting is assessed. Parent-based treatment programs for children with ADHD should include a stronger focus on reducing stress from parenting (e.g., teaching coping skills for parents), as this may lead to greater consistency in parental behavior more generally, and presumably better child outcomes.

Will examine the effect of novel polygenic scores (that disentangle direct from indirect effects) of externalizing behaviors in the UK Biobank and how they are related to antisocial behavior trajectories in the Add Health dataset. Additionally, it will examine whether polygenic scores are moderated or mediated by measured parenting behaviors.

African American youths are overrepresented in the American juvenile justice system relative to Caucasians. Yet, research on antisocial behaviors (ASB) has focused on predominantly Caucasian populations. Furthermore, relatively little is known about how environmental factors, such as supportive parenting (e.g., how close adolescents feel to their parent) and school connectedness (e.g., how supported adolescents feel at school), affect trajectories of ASB in Caucasians versus African Americans. This study mapped developmental trajectories of ASB in Caucasians (n=12,542) and African Americans (n=4,602) separately, using four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We then examined supportive parenting and school connectedness on the trajectories of ASB. Four trajectories of ASB were identified for Caucasians and African Americans, characterized by Negligible, Adolescence-Peaked, High Decline, and Persistent ASB. Supportive parenting lowered the odds of membership into each of the trajectories of ASB for both Caucasians and African Americans compared to the Negligible trajectory. Compared to the Negligible trajectory, school connectedness lowered the odds of membership into each of the ASB trajectories for Caucasians, but only the High Decline class for African Americans. Findings may reflect the complex social dynamics between race and schools in the development of ASB.

Not all children who experience maltreatment become depressed, and few studies have investigated whether there may be individual differences in how depression may develop over time among a subset of children who are maltreated (e.g., development resilience). In this study, we will use four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). The goals of this study are two-fold: 1) to examine whether there may be distinct developmental trajectories of depression among maltreated (and non-maltreated) Add Health individuals, and 2) to examine the adult functional correlates of these trajectories across several social domains.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jad-10.1177_10870547221104079 for Explaining the Prospective Association of Positive and Negative Parenting Behaviors and Child ADHD Symptoms: Pathways Through Child Executive Function and Reward Responsivity by Qi Zhang and James J. Li in Journal of Attention Disorders

Blockchain technologies are one possible avenue for increasing the resilience of the Smart Grid, by decentralizing the monitoring and control of system-level objectives such as voltage stability protection. They furthermore offer benefits in data immutability and traceability, as blockchains are cryptographically secured. However, the performance of blockchain-based systems in real-time grid monitoring and control has never been empirically tested. This study proposes implementing a decentralized voltage stability algorithm using blockchain-based smart contracts, as a testbed for evaluating the performance of blockchains in real-time control. We furthermore investigate sharding mechanisms as a means of improving the system's scalability with fixed computing resources. We implement our models as a proof-of-concept prototype system using Hyperledger Fabric as our blockchain platform, the Matpower library in MATLAB as our power system simulator, and Hyperledger Caliper as our performance evaluation tool. We found that sharding does indeed lead to a substantial improvement in system scalability for this domain, measured by both transaction success rates and transaction latency., Comment: 8 pages

Recent studies using single-cell RNA-seq have revealed cellular heterogeneity in the developing mammalian cerebellum, yet the regulatory logic underlying this cellular diversity remains to be elucidated. Using integrated single-cell RNA and ATAC analyses, we resolved developmental trajectories of cerebellar progenitors and identified putativetrans- andcis-elements that control cell state transition. We reverse-engineered gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of each cerebellar cell type. Throughin silicosimulations andin vivoexperiments, we validated the efficacy of GRN analyses and uncovered the molecular control of a newly identified stem zone, the posterior transitory zone (PTZ), which contains multipotent progenitors for granule neurons, Bergmann glia, and choroid plexus epithelium. Importantly, we showed that perturbing cell fate specification of PTZ progenitors causes posterior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, the most common cerebellar birth defect in humans. Our study provides a foundation for comprehensive studies of developmental programs of the mammalian cerebellum

Recent technological developments allow us to measure the status of dozens of proteins in individual cells. This opens the way to understand the heterogeneity of complex multi‐signaling networks across cells and cell types, with important implications to understand and treat diseases such as cancer. These technologies are, however, limited to proteins for which antibodies are available and are fairly costly, making predictions of new markers and of existing markers under new conditions a valuable alternative. To assess our capacity to make such predictions and boost further methodological development, we organized the Single Cell Signaling in Breast Cancer DREAM challenge. We used a mass cytometry dataset, covering 36 markers in over 4,000 conditions totaling 80 million single cells across 67 breast cancer cell lines. Through four increasingly difficult subchallenges, the participants predicted missing markers, new conditions, and the time‐course response of single cells to stimuli in the presence and absence of kinase inhibitors. The challenge results show that despite the stochastic nature of signal transduction in single cells, the signaling events are tightly controlled and machine learning methods can accurately predict new experimental data., This study presents the results and conclusions of the ‘Single Cell Signaling in Breast Cancer DREAM challenge’, where teams were challenged to use state‐of‐the‐art methods for predicting single‐cell signaling from single‐cell and bulk proteomics, transcriptomics and genomics data.

Additional file 4. Review history.

Additional file 2. Supplementary figures 1-40.

Additional file 1. Supplementary note, containing further derivations of the statistical models, information about additional simulations, and discussion of interpretability of local genetic covariance.

Jablonski_Revised_Supplementary_File for Economic Outcomes Following Combinatorial Pharmacogenomic Testing for Elderly Psychiatric Patients by Michael R. Jablonski, Raymond Lorenz, James Li and Bryan M. Dechairo in Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology

Given the prevalence and morbidity associated with delirium, there is a need for effective and efficient institutional approaches to delirium training in health care settings. Novel education methods, specifically the "flipped classroom" (FC) and "train-the-trainer" (TTT), have the potential to address these delirium training gaps. This study evaluates the effect of a TTT FC interprofessional delirium training program on participants' perceived ability to manage delirium, delirium knowledge, and clinicians' delirium assessment behaviors.FC Delirium TTT sessions were implemented in a large four-hospital network and consisted of presession online work and a 3-hour in-session component. The 156 TTT interprofessional participants who attended the sessions (ie, trainers) were expected to then deliver delirium training to their patient care units. Delirium care self-efficacy and knowledge test scores were measured before, after, and 6 months after the training session. Clinician delirium assessment rates were measured by chart audits before and 3 months after trainer's implementation of delirium training sessions.Delirium knowledge test scores (7.8 ± 1.6 versus 9.7 ± 1.2, P.001) and delirium care self-efficacy were significantly higher immediately after the TTT session compared with those of presession and these differences remained significant at 6-month after the TTT session. Trainer sessions significantly improved clinician delirium assessment rates from 53% for pretraining to 66% for posttraining.Our data suggest that a TTT FC delirium training approach can improve participants' perceived delirium care skills and confidence, and delirium knowledge up to 6 months after the session. This approach provides a model for implementing hospitalwide delirium education that can change delirium assessment behavior while minimizing time and personnel requirements.

Graph-based semi-supervised learning is a fundamental machine learning problem, and has been well studied. Most studies focus on homogeneous networks (e.g. citation network, friend network). In the present paper, we propose the Heterogeneous Embedding Label Propagation (HELP) algorithm, a graph-based semi-supervised deep learning algorithm, for graphs that are characterized by heterogeneous node types. Empirically, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in domain classification tasks with Facebook user-domain interaction graph, and compare the performance of the proposed HELP algorithm with the state of the art algorithms. We show that the HELP algorithm improves the predictive performance across multiple tasks, together with semantically meaningful embedding that are discriminative for downstream classification or regression tasks.

Some online advertising offers pay only when an ad elicits a response. Randomness and uncertainty about response rates make showing those ads a risky investment for online publishers. Like financial investors, publishers can use portfolio allocation over multiple advertising offers to pursue revenue while controlling risk. Allocations over multiple offers do not have a distinct winner and runner-up, so the usual second-price mechanism does not apply. This paper develops a pricing mechanism for portfolio allocations. The mechanism is efficient, truthful, and rewards offers that reduce risk.

In quasi-proportional auctions, the allocation is shared among bidders in proportion to their weighted bids. The auctioneer selects a bid weight function, and bidders know the weight function when they bid. In this note, we analyze how weight functions that are exponential in the bid affect bidder behavior. We show that exponential weight functions have a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium, we characterize bids at an equilibrium, and we compare it to an equilibrium for power weight functions., Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures

Since the introduction of Family Partnership in Care in the CICU and other pilot units, many changes have been made. Education sessions are now unit specific rather than in groups with multiple units. This facilitates the discussion of unit-specific educational and implementation needs. In addition, unit-specific sessions allow for some case scenario/role playing activities to facilitate learning and application of the FPCP elements to the unique culture of the unit. Finally, less emphasis is placed on the documentation, while greater emphasis is placed on the philosophy behind the program and the nurses values and attitudes towards families. Overall, the implementation of the FPCP in CICU has had a positive impact on staff and patients. Staff awareness regarding the importance of involving family in the patient's care and the benefits of this has been heightened. Staff who were initially very skeptical have become strong advocates for the program. The successful shift with families in "doing for" to "working with" has enhanced the professional practice of many nursing staff and contributed to the overall unit functioning. Finally, the feedback from patients and their care partners and the independence and informed decision-making fostered by designing a plan of care with staff validates the importance of this program in a critical care area.

Additional file 3: Additional figures and tables.

Additional file 3: Additional figures and tables.