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Aerosol effects on micro/macrophysical properties of marine stratocumulus clouds over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) are investigated using in situ measurements and large-eddy simulations (LES) for two cold-air outbreak (CAO) cases (28 February and 1 March 2020) during the Aerosol Cloud Meteorology Interactions over the Western Atlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE). The LES is able to reproduce the vertical profiles of liquid water content (LWC), effective radius reff and cloud droplet number concentration Nc from fast cloud droplet probe (FCDP) in situ measurements for both cases. Furthermore, we show that aerosols affect cloud properties (Nc, reff, and LWC) via the prescribed bulk hygroscopicity of aerosols () and aerosol size distribution characteristics. Nc, reff, and liquid water path (LWP) are positively correlated to and aerosol number concentration (Na) while cloud fractional cover (CFC) is insensitive to and aerosol size distributions for the two cases. The realistic changes to aerosol size distribution (number concentration, width, and the geometrical diameter) with the same meteorology state allow us to investigate aerosol effects on cloud properties without meteorological feedback. We also use the LES results to evaluate cloud properties from two reanalysis products, ERA5 and MERRA-2. Compared to LES, the ERA5 is able to capture the time evolution of LWP and total cloud coverage within the study domain during both CAO cases while MERRA-2 underestimates them.

To summarize the awareness levels of breast cancer (BC) worldwide and investigate factors associated with BC awareness to determine differences in awareness between China and other countries.This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and included 92 articles up to July, 2021. We calculated percentages for BC awareness levels and conducted subgroup analysis and cumulative meta-analysis.A total 84% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 78-90%) of women knew about BC; however, only 51% (95%CI: 37-66%) and 40% (95%CI: 24-56%) of women were aware of BC symptoms and BC risk factors, respectively. The most commonly known BC symptom was breast lump (71%, 95%CI: 62-80%), and BC family history was the most well-known BC risk factor (61%, 95%CI: 54-69%). Subgroup analysis showed lower awareness levels among Chinese and Asian women than women from other countries. Cumulative meta-analysis showed no obvious progress in BC awareness levels over time. We investigated 15 awareness-related factors, the most frequent of which were education level (61.8%), occupation (29.4%), and age (26.5%).BC awareness levels remain low. Improving BC awareness is critical, especially in developing countries.Effective education programs are urgently needed to improve women's BC awareness.

Additional file 1. Cases of three surgical methods.

Additional file 1. Univariate linear regression analysis between age, sex, sagittal parameters, global balance state, and CL/C7S.

BackgroundThe rate and volume of lumbar spinal fusion (LSF) surgery performed for patients aged 75 years and older increased in recent years. The purposes of our study were to identify factors associated with postoperative dissatisfaction and evaluate the predictive value of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) for dissatisfaction at 2 years after elective short-segment (one- or two- level) LSF in patients aged 75 and older.MethodsThis was a retrospective study using a prospectively collected database of consecutive patients (aged 75 and older) who underwent elective short-segment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery for degenerative diseases from June 2018 to May 2020. Preoperative CGA consisting six domains was performed for each patient 1 day before the operative day. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors that predict for dissatisfaction with surgical treatment. The primary outcome was patient satisfaction with LSF surgery, as measured by the North American Spine Society (NASS) satisfaction scale. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications, the length of stay, visual analog scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index.ResultsA total of 211 patients were available for a follow-up at 2 years and included in our final study cohort with a mean age of 80.0 years. A total of 175 patients (82.9%) were included in the satisfied group, and 36 patients (17.1%) were included in the not dissatisfied group. In the dissatisfied group, there was a higher incidence of postoperative complications (30.6% vs. 14.3%, p = 0.024) and greater VAS scores for lower back (4.3 ± 1.9 vs. 1.3 ± 1.4, p = 0.001) and leg (3.9 ± 2.1 vs. 0.9 ± 1.3, p = 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients with greater CCI score [odd ratio (OR) 2.56, 95% CI, 1.12–5.76; p = 0.030 for CCI 1 or 2 and OR 6.20, 95% CI, 1.20–28.69; p = 0.024], and depression (OR 3.34, 95% CI, 1.26–9.20; p = 0.016) were more likely to be dissatisfied compared with patients with the CCI score of 0 and without depression.ConclusionsSatisfaction after LSF in older patients (aged 75 and older) was similar to that of previously reported younger patients. Preoperative depression and higher CCI scores were independent risk factors for postoperative dissatisfaction two years after LSF surgery. These results help inform decision-making when considering LSF surgery for patients aged 75 and older.

Objective To identify atypical hyperplasia (AH) of the breast by shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), and to explore the molecular fingerprinting characteristics of breast AH. Methods Breast hyperplasia was studied in 11 hospitals across China from January 2015 to December 2016. All patients completed questionnaires on women’s health. The differences between patients with and without breast AH were compared. AH breast lesions were detected by Raman spectroscopy followed by the SHINERS technique. Results There were no significant differences in clinical features and risk-related factors between patients with breast AH (n = 37) and the control group (n = 2576). Fifteen cases of breast AH lesions were detected by Raman spectroscopy. The main different Raman peaks in patients with AH appeared at 880, 1001, 1086, 1156, 1260, and 1610 cm−1, attributed to the different vibrational modes of nucleic acids, β-carotene, and proteins. Shell-isolated nanoparticles had different enhancement effects on the nucleic acid, protein, and lipid components in AH. Conclusion Raman spectroscopy can detect characteristic molecular changes in breast AH lesions, and may thus be useful for the non-invasive early diagnosis and for investigating the mechanism of tumorigenesis in patients with breast AH.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in China. Hence, how best to live with and improve the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of this growing population of women is thus becoming of great public health importance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship of lifestyle habits to HRQoL among younger and older women who were initially diagnosed with breast cancer within the first two weeks, determine the contribution of lifestyle habits factors on HRQoL.Methods: A multi-center, hospital-based, case control study was conducted among breast cancer women from 22 hospitals in 11 provinces or municipalities in northern and eastern China from April 2012 to April 2013. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer (FACT-B) simplified Chinese version 4 was used to measure HRQoL. Chi-square test, ANOVA and Multivariable generalized linear models were conducted to verify differences in HRQoL between two groups and to evaluate the contribution of lifestyle habits factors ( including smoking, passive smoking, alcohol intake, Tea, Coffee, Sleep satisfaction, Current life satisfaction, Physical activity, BMI) on HRQoL of breast cancer patients.Results: 1199 eligible breast cancer patients were used for analysis. Younger women (age Conclusion: The relationship of the nine lifestyle habit items to HRQoL were different between younger and older women. Associated variable of low HRQoL can help clinicians take intervention early in order to improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients.

Aims and objectives The study aims to investigate the prevalence of breast-related stereotype threat (BRST) and its effects on a symptom cluster consisting of anxiety, depression, and fatigue and on each symptom. Background The stereotype that breasts are a sign of women's femininity results in breast cancer patients fearing diminished femininity and rejection, which may induce psychological problems that co-occur as a symptom cluster. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods A total of 131 patients with breast cancer post-mastectomy completed the study. A question measuring BRST, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Scale were used to assess their BRST, and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and fatigue. Results Of the 131 patients who answered the BRST question, 86 (65.6%) reported BRST. They did not differ significantly on social and clinical characteristics compared with those without the stereotype but did report significantly higher levels of the symptom cluster and each symptom (anxiety, depression, and fatigue). The odds ratios of the stereotype were significant for the symptom cluster, depression, and fatigue (odds ratios = 2.52–3.98, P < 0.05). Conclusion The BRST was common in breast cancer patients. There was about a two-fold increase in their risk of experiencing the symptom cluster and symptoms of depression and fatigue. Relevance to clinical practice In clinical practice, BRST should be measured together with prevalent symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, and fatigue) in patients with breast cancer. Our findings will aid the development of interventions for improving the mental health of women with breast cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Additional file 3: Table S2. The pairwise p distance between Subgenus Cellia and Anopheles species in this study calculated by F5 sequences.)

Additional file 4: Table S3. The pairwise p distance between Subgenus Cellia and Anopheles species in this study calculated by F7â +â F8 sequences.

Additional file 6: Table S5. The pairwise p distance between Subgenus Cellia and Anopheles species in this study calculated by F21 sequences.

Additional file 1. Multilingual abstracts in the five official working languages of the United Nations.

Additional file 5: Table S4. The pairwise p distance between Subgenus Cellia and Anopheles species in this study calculated by F19 sequences. (DOCX 15 kb)

We investigate the effect of turbulence on the combined condensational and collisional growth of cloud droplets by means of high resolution direct numerical simulations of turbulence and a superparticle approximation for droplet dynamics and collisions. The droplets are subject to turbulence as well as gravity, and their collision and coalescence efficiencies are taken to be unity. We solve the thermodynamic equations governing temperature, water-vapor mixing ratio, and the resulting supersaturation fields together with the Navier-Stokes equation. We find that the droplet-size distribution broadens with increasing Reynolds number and/or mean energy dissipation rate. Turbulence affects the condensational growth directly through supersaturation fluctuations, and it influences collisional growth indirectly through condensation. Our simulations show for the first time that, in the absence of the mean updraft cooling, supersaturation fluctuation-induced broadening of droplet-size distributions enhances the collisional growth. This is contrary to classical (non-turbulent) condensational growth, which leads to a growing mean droplet size, but a narrower droplet-size distribution. Our findings, instead, show that condensational growth facilitates collisional growth by broadening the size distribution in the tails at an early stage of rain formation. With increasing Reynolds numbers, evaporation becomes stronger. This counteracts the broadening effect due to condensation at late stages of rain formation. Our conclusions are consistent with results of laboratory experiments and field observations, and show that supersaturation fluctuations are important for precipitation., Comment: revised version, 17 pages, 1 table, 13 figures

Objective Clinical reports have shown that adjuvant chemotherapy has a negative impact on perceived cognitive impairment (PCI) of patients with breast cancer; however, evidence concerning the effects of psychological factors such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on PCI is limited, especially in relation to Chinese patients with breast cancer. This research investigated the associations between psychological factors and PCI in Chinese women with breast cancer. Methods In total, 204 women with breast cancer were assessed for PCI, PTSD symptoms, fatigue, anxiety, and depression using self-report measures. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to investigate the associations between the variables of interest and PCI. Results Two hundred and two women were included in the final analysis; two of those originally tested were excluded because of missing data. A univariate analysis showed that PCI was significantly related to education, PTSD symptoms (re-experience, avoidance, and hyperarousal), fatigue, depression, anxiety, and undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Hierarchical linear regression revealed that PTSD symptoms and fatigue (ΔR2 = 0.26, P

Multilingual abstracts in the six official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 666 kb)

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Identification for the limit of quantitation of this assay. (A) 0.25 ng/mL; (B) 0.5 ng/mL; (C) 1.0 ng/mL; (D) 2.5 ng/mL; (E) 5 ng/mL; (F) 10 ng/mL.

Oxidatively generated damage to nucleic acids may play an important role in the pathophysiological processes of a variety of diseases. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGsn) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxo-Gsn) are oxidatively generated products of DNA and RNA, respectively. Our previous studies have suggested that the amounts of 8-oxo-dGsn and 8-oxo-Gsn in urine were considerably higher than other body fluid or tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 8-oxo-dGsn and 8-oxo-Gsn levels in random urine samples are consistent with those in 24 h urine samples in healthy subjects and patients with renal disease. A total of 16 healthy subjects and 104 renal disease patients were enrolled in this study, and their random and 24 h urine samples were collected. The levels of urinary 8-oxo-dGsn and 8-oxo-Gsn were quantified by LC-MS/MS and corrected by creatinine. Regardless of healthy subjects or renal disease patients, the levels of oxidised nucleosides in random urine samples were consistent with 24 h urine samples. Regardless of the age bracket, there is no significant difference between random samples and 24 h urine samples. In conclusion, 8-oxo-dGsn and 8-oxo-Gsn levels in random urine samples could replace those in 24 h urine samples, and were considered as the representative of the level of systemic oxidative stress for the whole day.

To measure the dynamic deformation and slope of an object surface,this paper proposed a shearing speckle interferometry with a spatial carrier frequency generated by double-apertures.In this method,a double-aperture mask was used to generate a spatial carrier,a rotating wedge pair was utilized to adjust the shear continuously and the sinusoidal-fitting algorithm was taken to calculate the phase distribution.This paper firstly derivated the relationship between the carrier phase and the separation of double apertures and also imaging distance.Then,the experimental condition to generate adjustable lateral shear was discussed based on the ratable wedge pair.Finally,the parameter of this measuring method was analyzed.To produce a π/2 carrier frequency,it suggested that the separation of double aperture was selected as 3.8 mm when the focus length of the imaging lens and object distance were 300 mm and 80 mm,respectively.A stress release plate after centre loading was measured,and the experimental results demonstrate that this measuring system can obtain the information of deformation in real time under the capturing rate of 15 frame/s and the measurable range of displacement peak value is from 0.11 to 1.15 μm.This approach yields simple and compact optical implementation and allows a real time detection for dynamic deformation.

Turbulence is argued to play a crucial role in cloud droplet growth. The combined problem of turbulence and cloud droplet growth is numerically challenging. Here, an Eulerian scheme based on the Smoluchowski equation is compared with two Lagrangian superparticle (or su- perdroplet) schemes in the presence of condensation and collection. The growth processes are studied either separately or in combination using either two-dimensional turbulence, a steady flow, or just gravitational acceleration without gas flow. Good agreement between the differ- ent schemes for the time evolution of the size spectra is observed in the presence of gravity or turbulence. Higher moments of the size spectra are found to be a useful tool to characterize the growth of the largest drops through collection. Remarkably, the tails of the size spectra are reasonably well described by a gamma distribution in cases with gravity or turbulence. The Lagrangian schemes are generally found to be superior over the Eulerian one in terms of computational performance. However, it is shown that the use of interpolation schemes such as the cloud-in-cell algorithm is detrimental in connection with superparticle or superdroplet approaches. Furthermore, the use of symmetric over asymmetric collection schemes is shown to reduce the amount of scatter in the results., Comment: 36 pages, 17 figures

ObjectivesTo investigate the awareness and knowledge level of breast cancer among Chinese participants.DesignCase–control study.SettingsThis study was based on the database of the minister-affiliated hospital key project of the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China that included 21 Chinese hospitals between April 2012 and April 2013.ParticipantsMatched study was designed among 2978 participants with Han ethnicity aged between 25 and 70.Primary and secondary outcome measuresStudent’s t-test, Pearson’s χ2test, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to know the level of breast cancer knowledge and find the breast cancer awareness-associated factors.Results80.0% (2383/2978) of the participants had poor awareness level of breast cancer. In-depth knowledge of breast cancer such as early symptoms and risk factors was poorly found among them. Television broadcast and relatives or friends with breast cancers were the main sources of information about breast cancer. Of all participants, 72.8% (2167/2978) had heard about breast cancer as a frequent cancer affecting women, and 63.3% (1884/2978) knew that family history of breast cancer was a risk factor for breast cancer. Over half of them were aware that a breast lump could be a symptom of breast cancer. Multivariate analysis identified the following variables that predicted awareness of breast cancer: young age (OR=0.843, 95% CI 0.740 to 0.961), occupation (agricultural worker) (OR=12.831, 95% CI 6.998 to 23.523), high household social status (OR=0.644, 95% CI 0.531 to 0.780), breast hyperplasia history (OR=1.684, 95% CI 1.273 to 2.228), high behavioural prevention score (OR=4.407, 95% CI 3.433 to 5.657).ConclusionMost women were aware of breast cancer as a disease, but their in-depth knowledge of it was poor. More publicity and education programmes to increase breast cancer awareness are necessary and urgent, especially for the ageing women and agricultural workers.

In the present study, a new approach to fast determining the content of urea, biuret and moisture in compound fertilizer composed of urea, ammonium dihydrogenphosphate and potassium chloride was proposed by using near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. After preprocessing the original spectrum, partial least squares (PLS) models of urea, biuret and moisture were built with the R2 values of 0.9861, 0.9770 and 0.9713 respectively, the root mean square errors of cross validation were 2.59, 0.38, 0.132 respectively. And the prediction correlation factors were 0.9733, 0.9215 and 0.9679 respectively. The authors detected six kinds of compound fertilizer in market for the model verification, the correlation factors were 0.9237, 0.9786 and 0.9874 respectively. The data implied that the new method can be used for situ quality control in the production process of compound fertilizer.

Differences in sequences of ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS) among Anopheles sinensis, An. lesteri and An. yatsushiroensis from Korea were compared. The PCR amplified rDNA-ITS2 fragments were sequenced directly. Three samples of each species were individually determined. Lengths of the ITS2 regions were 468bp in An sinensis, 451bp in An lesteri and 453bp in An yatsushiroenesis and GC contents were 44.87 % 46.2 % and 45.7 % respectively. Variations of the sequences ranged from 12.16 % to 30.7 % among the three species. The differences of the rDNA-ITS2 sequences would be useful for molecular identification of the three members of Anopheles hycanus complex from Korea.

The level of total adiponectin, a mixture of different adiponectin forms, has been reported associated with breast cancer risk with inconsistent results. Whether the different forms play different roles in breast cancer risk prediction is unclear. To examine this, we measured total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin in a case-control study (1167 sets). Higher circulating HMW adiponectin was negatively associated with breast cancer risk after adjusting for menopausal status and family history of breast cancer (P=0.024). We analyzed the relationship between adiponectin and breast cancer risk in 6 subgroups. Higher circulating HMW adiponectin was also negatively associated with breast cancer risk (P=0.020, 0.014, 0.035) in the subgroups of postmenopausal women, negative family history of breast cancer, BMI>=24.0. Total adiponectin was positively associated with breast cancer (P=0.028) in the subgroup of BMI=24.0 subgroups, whereas higher circulating HMW adiponectin levels is a risk factor in women with a family history of breast cancer. Further investigation of different forms of adiponectin on breast cancer risk is needed.

In the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), changes of pulmonary mechanics could lead to ventilation-perfusion ratio mismatch and refractory hypoxeaia (Snapper, 1985), Real-time monitoring of pulmonary mechanics of patients with ARDS would be helpful for early detection and diagnosis, evaluation of the severity of the disease, assessment of the efficacy of each therapy developed, and in the future, the realization of the control and the optimization of ventilatory treatment (Suter, 1985; Koller et al., 1985)