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Additional file 1:Figure S1. EDS measurement of the elemental composition ofthe Fe3O4@Chl/Cu CNPs. Figure S2. Raman spectra of the Fe3O4@Chl/FeCNPs synthesized with different Chl/Fe concentrations, capping-free Fe3O4nanocrystals, and Chl/Fe molecules. Figure S3. (a) DLS, (b) zeta potential, and (c–f) the sizedistribution of cluster particles of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPssynthesized with different Chl/Fe concentrations. Figure S4. SQUID measurement of Fe3O4@Chl/Fep[0–200 mg] CNPs at 300 K. Figure S5. (a) Photographs and (b–e) TEM images of Fe3O4nanocrystal solutions with different citric acid concentrations. TEM images:(b) 2.1 mg (c) 10.6 mg (d) 21.2 mg (e) 42.4 mg. Figure S6. X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe3O4nanocrystals synthesized by using different citrate acid concentrations. Figure S7. RNO/imidazole assay for theproduction of singlet oxygen species at 25 ppm[Fe] from the Fe3O4@Chl/FeCNPs, Fe3O4, Chl/Fe, and physically mixed Fe3O4+Chl/Femolecules upon 660 nm light irradiation for 10 min. Figure S8. Thermal cycle curves of the Fe3O4@Chl/Fep[200 mg] CNPs ([Fe] = 100 ppm) under (a) 650 nm and (b) 808 nm laserirradiation. (c) Thermal cycle curves of Chl/Fe ([Chl/Fe] = 0.2 mM) under 650 nm and 808 nm laser irradiation. Figure S9. In vitro characterizations of the chromogenic performance of a varietyof Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[0–200 mg] CNPs ([Fe] = 0.5 ppmfrom AAS and [Chl/Cu] = 0.001 mM from UV–Visible measurements). Fe3O4–N2H4is the iron oxide from reference 45. (b) TMB assay for the reaction of iron-basedmaterials at 0.5 ppm[Fe] with 1 mM H2O2. (c) UV–Vis spectra of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg] CNPs at 0.5 ppm[Fe]. Figure S10. TMB assay for evaluating the reaction of H2O2with (a) 0.5 ppm[Fe] Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg]CNPs and 0.5 ppm[Fe] ppm[Fe] Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg] CNPs plus 1 mM GSH and (b) 0.5 ppm[Fe] Chl/Fe molecule andChl/Fe molecule plus 1 mM GSH. Figure S11. GSH depletion assay under (a) 20 ppm[Fe]Fe-based treatments and (b) 20 ppm[Fe] Fe-based treatments combinedwith a 100 μM H2O2 solution. Figure S12. GSH depletion assay with 20 ppm Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg] CNPs and Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg]-CPBACNPs combined with irradiation by a 75 mW/cm2 660 nm laser. Figure S13. AAS measurements for theuptake analysis of (a) T24 cancer cells, (b) MB49 cancer cells, (c) SV-HUC1normal cells, and (d) Vero normal cells after treatment with Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg] and Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg]-CPBA CNPsfor 1, 16 and 24 h. Figure S14.Confocal images of T24 cells treated with Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg]-CPBA CNPs. (a) Fluorescence and confocal images from bottom to top (b–d).(scale bar: 20 μm). Figure S15. Cellviability after treated with different concentrations of modified Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg] CNPs with targeting molecules such as CPBA, FA, RGD, and transferrin(a) without and (b) with a 660 nm LED light source are displayed. Figure S16. The cell viability of HeLa,NIH 3T3 and VERO cells treated with Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg] CNPs group and CPBA-, RGD-, andtransferrin-conjugated Fe3O4­@Chl/Fe[200 mg] CNPs without (a, c, e) and with (b, d, f) a 660 nmLED light source at 75 mW/cm2. Figure S17. The cell viability of MB49 treated with Fe3O4@Chl/FeCNPs and Fe3O4@Chl/Fe-CPBA CNPs (a) without and (b) withirradiation by a 660 nm LED light source at 75 mW/cm2. Figure S18.The viability of T24 cells treated with Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[5 mg and 200 mg] CNPs synthesized with 5 and 200 mg of Chl/Fe for 24 h. (a)Without light exposure (b) exposed to 660 nm LED light (75 mW/cm2)([Fe] = 0.2, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 ppm). Figure S19. Confocal images of MB49 cells treated with Fe3O4@Chl/Fe[200 mg]-CPBA CNPs after24 h: (a) Fluorescence and confocal images from bottom to top (b–d). Scale bar:20 μm.

Additional file 1. Scoring results of the International Medical Department of a hospital.

For the Er3+/Yb3+ codoped fluorophosphate glasses, Judd–Ofelt theory is used to analyse the influence of YbF3 as not a sensitizer but an average component on the spectroscopic properties around 1530 nm emission. The double roles of Yb3+, as a sensitizer and as an average component, are discussed. It is found that Yb3+ as an average component contributes to the increase of fluorescence lifetime, and Yb3+ as a sensitizer has the best sensitization when its concentration is 2.4 mol%.

Diamond is regarded as one of the most promising semiconductor materials used for high power devices because of its superior physical and electrical properties, such as wide bandgap, high breakdown electric field, high mobility, and high thermal conductivity. Highpower diamond devices are now receiving much attention. In particular, Schottky diode based on a metal/diamond junction has promising applications, and high breakdown voltage has been achieved, though unfortunately its forward resistance is high. In this paper, the first principles calculations are performed to study the electronic structure of interface and the Schottky barrier height of Al-diamond interface. The projection of the density of states on the atomic orbitals of the interface atoms reveals that the typical Al-induced gap states are associated with a smooth density of states in the bulk diamond band gap region, and these gap states are found to be localized within three atom layers. At the same time, electronic charge transfer makes the Fermi level upgrade on the side of diamond. Besides, the typical Al-induced gap state model gives a simple picture about what determines Schottky barrier height at Al-diamond interface, by assuming an ideal, defect-free and laterally homogeneous Schottky interface in which the only interaction comes from the decay of the electron wave function from the metal into the semiconductor, which in turn induces electronic charges to be rearranged in the region close to the interface. As for the electronic charge transfer, this potential shift can be extracted by subtracting the superimposed planar or macroscopically averaged electrostatic potentials of the Al and diamond surfaces (at frozen atomic positions), from the planar or macroscopically averaged potential of the relaxed Al-diamond interface. The electronic charge transfer suggests that the formation of an interface should be associated with the formation of new chemical bonds and substantial rearrangements of the electron charge density. Especially, we obtain the Schottky barrier height of 1.03 by the first principle, which is in good agreement with the results from phenomenological model and experiment. The research results in this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the research of the metal diamond Schottky junction diode, and can also give a theoretical reference for the research of the metal-semiconductor highpower device based on diamond material.

Our previous work has shown that preconditioning can promote the recovery of cardiac function in patients having an open heart procedure. Because preconditioning is regarded as the most powerful form of endogenous myocardial protection, we tested the hypothesis that preconditioning protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients undergoing prolonged cold crystalloid cardioplegic arrest.Thirty patients who had rheumatic heart disease and required both aortic and mitral valve replacement were studied. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. Preconditioning was accomplished using two cycles of 2-minute occlusion of the vena cava and aorta followed by 3 minutes of reperfusion under cardiopulmonary bypass. All hearts were arrested with 4 degrees C St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution. Myocardial protective effects were assessed by changes in myocardial levels of adenosine triphosphate, electrocardiographic activity, leakage of myocardial enzymes, and myocardial contractility.The adenosine triphosphate content in ischemic myocardium was higher in the preconditioning group than in the control group (p0.05 90 minutes after ischemia), and there was a significant reduction in release of the myocardial-specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase in the preconditioning group. Preconditioning improved the recovery of myocardial contractility (first derivative of left ventricular developed pressure, 1,490 +/- 102 mm Hg/s versus 1,250 +/- 97 mm Hg/s 30 minutes after reperfusion; p0.05), and there was also a protective effect on electrocardiographic activity.Our results suggest that ischemic preconditioning protects the myocardium in humans from the severe ischemia-reperfusion injury produced after prolonged arrest with cold crystalloid cardioplegia.

Applying a proper negative bias-voltage onto the substrate, on which diamond film is deposited by chemical vapor deposition technique, can greatly improve the nucleation density. While nucleation enhancing, both the ion bombardment and electron emission may play an important role separately. However, for the highest nucleation density, both of the two effects must act together.

Poor indoor air quality has been shown to bring a negative influence to students’ learning performance and human health. Most college students in China spend more than 10 hours each day having less...

Survey on smoking habit and other related factors has been carried out among 110,000 persons in urban area and 100,000 persons in suburb and outer suburb area. The degrees of air pollution among three areas are different and the urban area is the one with the heaviest degree and the outer suburb with the lowest. Study on the relationship between smoking, air pollution and lung cancer has been carried out among the residents with the age of 40 years old and over in the three areas. The subjects were followed up for six years in urban area and five years in suburb and outer suburb. The total number of lung cancer death found in this period was 828. Most of these diagnosis were classified as group of high (I or II) degree. For nonsmokers, there were no significant differences of standardized mortality radio (SMR) of lung cancer among three areas. For male smokers, the highest SMR of lung cancer was seen in urban area, the lowest in outer suburb and these differences reached the significant lever. Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with increased risk of lung cancer by comparing the data between smokers and non-smokers in the three areas. Also, it was showed that the combiend effect of smoking with air pollution probably existed. The age-specific mortality rates for lung cancer among non-smokers in Shanghai urban were much higher than those in West Europe and North America, which indicated that risk factors other than smoking may exist.

It is said that human language and conceptual systems are fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Since metaphor is so pervasive, can it have any textual function ? If yes, how? This is a domain in which so far few academic endeavors have been made. The present article sets out to answer the question by a tentative exploration into the textual function of metaphor, that is, how metaphor is exploited in the creation of cohesion and coherence of text. Based on a synthesis of the comparison and interaction theories of metaphor, the article, by examining a host of examples from mainly literary writings, demonstrates metaphor to be an important textual strategy in terms of (1) mapping, (2) substitution, and (3) extension. In view of the omnipresence of metaphor and its distinctive features in the creation of texture, the article argues for the status of metaphor as an important textual strategy in its own right, and suggests that due attention be paid to metaphor in its textual dimension.

Carbon films were deposited by mass-selected ion beam technique with ion energies 50—200eV at a substrate temperature from room temperature to 800℃. For the energies used, smooth diamond-like carbon films were deposited at room temperature. When the substrate temperature was 600℃,rough graphitic films were produced. But highly oriented carbon tubes were observed when the energies were larger than 140eV at 800℃. They were perpendicular to the surface and parallel to each other. Preferred orientation of graphite basic plane was observed by high-resolution electron microscopy. Shallow ion implantation and stress are responsible for this orientation.

By mass-selected low energy ion beam deposition, amorphous carbon film was obtained. X-ray diffraction, Raman and Auger electron spectroscopy depth line shape measurements showed that such carbon films contained diamond particles. The main growth mechanism is subsurface implantation. Furthermore, it was indicated in a different way that ion bombardment played a decisive role in bias enhanced nucleation of chemical vapor deposition diamond.

CeO2 thin film was fabricated by dual ion beam epitaxial technique. The phenomenon of PL violet shift at room temperature was observed, and the distance of shift was about 65 nm. After the analysis of crystal structure and valence in the compound were carried out by XRD and XPS technique, it was concluded that the PL shift was related with valence of cerium ion in the oxides. When the valence of cerium ion varied front tetravalence to trivalence, the PL peak position would move from blue region to violet region and the phenomenon of "violet shift" was observed.

Die Initiierung und Übertragung von elektrischen Signalen spielen eine essentielle Rolle für die normale Herzfunktion. Diese werden von Kardiomyozyten, den funktionellen Bausteinen des Herzens, generiert und von einer zur nächsten Zelle und somit durch das gesamte Herz weitergeleitet. Die derzeitigen Methoden zur Untersuchung von elektrischer Aktivität in Kardiomyozyten und des gesamten Herzens über Elektroden und optische Kartierung beinhalten verschiedene Vor- und Nachteile. Beispielsweise liefern Aufnahmen mittels Mikroelektroden direkte und vertrauensvolle Einblicke über Änderungen von Stromfluss und Membranpotenzial von vereinzelten Zellen. Allerdings ist das experimentelle Vorgehen umständlich und invasiv, welches wiederholte Aufnahmen derselben Zelle zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten verhindert. Optische Kartierungen mittels Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen weisen dahingegen eine höhere räumlich-zeitliche Auflösung auf. Jedoch sind diese Farbstoffe, obwohl nicht-invasiv, im Allgemeinen toxisch; zudem kann die Verteilung der Farbstoffe aufgrund der komplexen Gewebestruktur inhomogen ausfallen. Darüber hinaus stellen wiederholte, simultane Aufnahmen zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten von vitalen Zellen bzw. Geweben eine technische Herausforderung dar, so dass Studien in vivo und über einen langen Zeitraum stark limitiert sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Hypothese untersucht, dass das spannungssensitive fluoreszierende Protein VSFP2.3 zur Visualisierung von kardialer, elektrischer Erregung anwendbar ist. Über optogenetische Markierungen mittels VSFP2.3 sollen die obengenannten Defizite umgangen werden. VSFP2.3 kann in definierten Zelltypen stabil exprimiert werden, indem zellspezifische Promotorelemente verwendet werden, wobei das Protein permanent funktional bleibt. Dies kombiniert mit Bildgebung über Hochgeschwindigkeits- und hochsensitive Kameras wird longitudinale, nicht-invasive Studien ermöglichen. Zunächst wurde ein transgenes Mausmodell mit stabiler VSFP2.3-Expression unter der Kontrolle des kardial-spezifischen α-Myosin Heavy Chain (αMHC) Promotors etabliert. Das Transgen beeinträchtigte weder die Myokardstruktur noch die kardiale Funktion. Isolierte adulte Kardiomyozyten aus αMHCVSFP2.3-Mäuse wiesen eine deutliche Membranmarkierung auf. Elektrische Aktivitäten dieser Zellen und vom gesamten Herzen konnten zeitlich und räumlich hochaufgelöst optisch erfasst werden. Anschließend wurden doppelt-transgene induzierte pluripotente Stammzell-Linien (iPSC) generiert, die sowohl für das Neomycin-Resistenzgen (neoR) als auch für VSFP2.3 unter der Kontrolle des αMHC-Promotors kodierten: neoRVSFP-iPSC. Diese konnten erfolgreich zu spontan kontrahierenden Kardiomyozyten differenziert werden. Auch hier konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass sich VSFP2.3 in Herzmuskelzellen zur optischen Analyse der elektrischen Funktion eignet. Aus VSFP2.3 exprimierenden Herzmuskelzellen konnten schließlich spontan kontrahierende EHM (Engineered Heart Muscle) entwickelt werden. Auch in den EHMs konnten Fluoreszenzsignale erfolgreich aufgezeichnet werden. Zusammenfassend demonstriert die vorliegende Arbeit erstmalig die Anwendung eines genetisch kodierten Spannungssensors im Säugerherzen. Damit wird die nicht-invasive Beurteilung der elektrischen Aktivität in Herzmuskelzellen in vitro und in vivo mit hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung auch im longitudinalen Experiment möglich., The initiation and propagation of electrical signals play a pivotal role in normal cardiac function. These are carried out by cardiomyocytes, the building blocks of the heart, which generate and conduct electrical signal from one cell to another, throughout the whole heart. The techniques used for investigating electrical activities in cardiomyocytes and hearts, such as applying electrodes and optical mapping, possess different advantages and disadvantages. Microelectrode recordings, for example, provide direct and faithful insight into changes in the current and membrane potential from single cardiomyocytes. The experimental procedure, however, is laborious and invasive, which prevents repeated recordings on the same cells at different time points. Optical mapping using flourescent dyes offers a non-invasive technique with higher spatial-temporal resolution. However, the fluorescent dyes used are usually toxic, and the distribution of the dyes could be inhomogeneous due to the complex tissue structure. Moreover, repeated and simultaneous recordings at different time points in living cell/tissue are most challenging. Thus, in vivo and long-term applications are limited in the abovementioned set up. In this study, the hypothesis that a voltage sensitive fluorescent protein (VSFP2.3) is applicable for the visualization of cardiac excitability was tested. Optogenetic labeling with VSFP2.3 may overcome some of the aforementioned shortcomings. VSFP2.3 can be stably expressed in defined cell types by using cell type specific promoter elements, making it functional throughout lifetime. Combined with high speed and highly sensitive cameras, chronic studies in a noninvasive manner are feasible. Firstly, a transgenic mouse model stably expressing VSFP2.3 under the control of the cardiac specific alpha myosin heavy chain promoter (αMHC) was established. The transgene did not impair myocardial structure and cardiac function. Adult cardiomyocytes isolated from these transgenic mice showed clear membrane labeling of VSFP2.3. The electrical activities from single VSFP2.3 cardiomyocytes and whole hearts were optically recorded with high sensitive cameras and photomultipliers and validated the use of this approach. Secondly, double transgenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines carrying both neomycin resistant gene (neoR) and VSFP2.3 under the control of αMHC promoter were generated. NeoRVSFP iPSCs were differentiated into spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes. Changes in fluorescent signals were recorded from beating cardiomyocytes indicating the function of the protein. Engineered heart muscles (EHMs) generated from neoRVSFP iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes contracted spontaneously and responded to increasing extracellular calcium concentrations with an increase in force development. Fluorescent signals within EHMs were acquired successfully. Collectively, this study demonstrated for the first time that a genetically encoded voltage sensor expressed in the mammalian heart can serve as a means to precisely assess cardiomyocyte excitability.