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Background Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by abnormal brain discharges. In recent years, genome-wide expression studies (GES) have been conducted using human patient samples and experimental models of epilepsy. Numerous molecular targets for epileptogenesis and treatment have been identified. However, there is still an urgent need to identify new biomarkers for epilepsy. Methods We performed a meta-analysis and convergence analysis of GES available from human samples and mouse and rat models to identify differentially expressed genes. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes was performed using Sangerbox 3.0. Protein–protein interaction networks were mapped using STRING and subsequently visualized using Cytoscape. Disease gene–drug interactions were explored using the Comparative Toxicology Database and the Drug Gene Interaction Database. Results The ten most highly differentially expressed genes were, LRRTM1, STX1A, SNAP25, SYNPR, STXBP1, NRXN1, CPLX1, SYT4, SYT13 and GABRG2, which were supported by multi-lineage genomic evidence. A functional enrichment analysis identified several important classifications, including regulation of neuronal differentiation and regulation of vesicle-mediated transport. Potential druggable genes were also identified (e.g., LRRTM1, GABRG2, CYP4X1, CHGB and TMEM130). Conclusions We performed a meta-analysis and convergence analysis of GES from human samples and multiple animal models of epileptogenesis by integrating the results of several studies. We identified the top ten candidate genes and pathways for epileptogenesis. Among them, LRRTM1 and GABRG2 have been validated to have high druggable value. The other eight genes require further study to explore their potential as therapeutic targets in medial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.

To accelerate global green and low-carbon development, China has proposed a “double carbon” target. It is particularly important to explore the carbon reduction effects of e-commerce transformation in cities to achieve sustainable development. Based on the quasi-natural experiment of the National E-Commerce Demonstration City (NEDC) pilot, 263 cities from 2008 to 2017 were selected as samples, and the propensity score matching difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) method was used to investigate the influence of NEDCs on urban carbon emissions in China and its underlying mechanism. The results show that NEDCs can significantly reduce urban carbon emissions; the carbon emission level of pilot cities was reduced by 9.45%. After passing a series of robustness tests, this conclusion remains valid. The policy effects of NEDCs on carbon emissions are heterogeneous across different regions and types of cities, with the policy effect being more significant in central and western cities and in resource-based cities. Further mechanism analysis shows that the NEDC policy reduces urban carbon emissions mainly through two channels, namely, green technology innovation and industrial structure upgrading. This study provides important policy implications for the implementation of e-commerce demonstration city construction according to local conditions and the realization of urban sustainable development under the double carbon goal.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major challenge to global health security. Early identification of MDR-TB patients increases the likelihood of treatment success and interrupts transmission. We aimed to develop a predictive model for MDR to cavitary pulmonary TB using CT radiomics features.This retrospective study included 257 consecutive patients with proven active cavitary TB (training cohort: 187 patients from Beijing Chest Hospital; testing cohort: 70 patients from Infectious Disease Hospital of Heilongjiang Province). Radiomics features were extracted from the segmented cavitation. A radiomics model was constructed to predict MDR using a random forest classifier. Meaningful clinical characteristics and subjective CT findings comprised the clinical model. The radiomics and clinical models were combined to create a combined model. ROC curves were used to validate the capability of the models in the training and testing cohorts.Twenty-one radiomics features were selected as optimal predictors to build the model for predicting MDR-TB. The AUCs of the radiomics model were significantly higher than those of the clinical model in either the training cohort (0.844 versus 0.589, p0.05) or the testing cohort (0.829 versus 0.500, p0.05). The AUCs of the radiomics model were slightly lower than those of the combined model in the training cohort (0.844 versus 0.881, p0.05) and testing cohort (0.829 versus 0.834, p0.05), but there was no significant difference.The radiomics model has the potential to predict MDR in cavitary TB patients and thus has the potential to be a diagnostic tool.• This is the first study to build and validate models that distinguish MDR-TB from DS-TB with clinical and radiomics features based on cavitation. • The radiomics model demonstrated good performance and might potentially aid in prior TB characterisation treatment. • This noninvasive and convenient technique can be used as a diagnosis tool into routine clinical practice.

In this paper, we handle a remote robot system with force feedback in which a user can operate a remote industrial robot by using a haptic interface device to assess influences of weight change on human perception of weight by Quality of Experience (QoE) assessment. In our assessment, when we change the weight hung from the industrial robot arm, each subject perceives the weight through the haptic interface device, and then the subject answers whether the weight has been changed. The results of the assessment show that subjects hardly feel a change in weight of less than or equal to about 10 gf.

In this paper, the CHAMP satellite data from the last decade are used to map the lithospheric magnetic field in continental China at altitudes of 300 and 400 km using the spline function model technique. The results show that our model has higher amplitude than the spherical harmonic magnetic field model MF7. The resulting lithospheric anomaly distribution of continental China agrees with the geotectonic structure and crustal thermal structure. The magnetic anomaly distribution clearly indicates extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau towards the northeast and northwest directions. Northward movement is impeded by the relative rigid Tarim Basin featured with positive magnetic anomalies. The positive magnetic anomalies in Tarim basin extend to the northern Tibetan Plateau, suggesting that the southern part of Tarim Basin underthrusted the northern Tibetan Plateau.

A Curie surface indicates the distribution of the thermal fields underground, providing a clear marker for the thermodynamic effect in the crust and mantle. In this paper, based on a geomagnetic field model (NGDC-720) and aeromagnetic data, we use power spectrum analysis of magnetic anomalies to estimate the Curie surface in Yunnan Province, China, and its adjacent areas. By combining the distribution of the Curie surface with regional heat flow, the geothermal gradient, crustal wave velocity ratio anomalies, high-conductivity layer anomalies, and the Moho surface, we reveal the connection between the undulation of the magnetic basement and the crustal structures. The results indicate that the uplift and depression of the Curie surface in the research area are distinct. The Curie surface is approximately inversely correlated to the surface heat flow. The Lijiang-Jianchuan-Baoshan-Tengchong and Jianchuan- Chuxiong- Kunming-Yuxi zones are two Curie surface uplift zones, and their crust-mantle heat flows are relatively high. The Curie surface uplift zone along the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault and Red River fault is consistent with the heading direction of the fault zone and is partially in agreement with the eastward mass flow of the Tibetan Plateau. The Curie surface uplift zone is consistent with the high wave velocity ratio and high-conductivity layer anomaly region of the crust. The depth of the Curie surface is less than the depth of the Moho surface.

Traditionally, experience ratemaking is in principle based on the idea of Buhlmann’s credibility theory that, except for net premiums, was rarely applied to other premium calculation principles. This article uses Buhlmann’s credibility procedure to estimate moment-generating functions (MGFs) of risks and then deduces estimates of moments of those risks. For the premium calculation principles that can be expressed as functions of certain moments or more directly of the MGFs, this article develops a new type of experience ratemaking methods by means of the estimated MGFs and discusses their consistency and asymptotic normality. Numerical simulation shows that, under the Esscher and exponential premium principles, the new credibility estimates are better than existing credibilityestimates in the literature.

This article presents a new credibility estimation of the probability distributions of risks under Bayes settings in a completely nonparametric framework. In contrast to the Ferguson's Bayesian nonparametric method, it does not need to specify a mathematical form of the prior distribution (such as a Dirichlet process). We then show the applications of the method in general insurance premium pricing, a procedure commonly known as experience rating, which utilizes the insured's claim experience to calculate a proper premium under a given premium principle (referred to as a risk measure). As this method estimates the probability distributions of losses, not just the means and variances, it provides a unified nonparametric framework to experience rating for arbitrary premium principles. This encompasses the advantages of the well-known Buhlmann's and Ferguson's approaches, while it overcomes their drawbacks. We first establish a linear Bayes method and prove its strong consistency in nonparametric settings th...

In the hierarchical random effect linear model, the Bayes estimator of random parameter are not only dependent on specific prior distribution but also it is difficult to calculate in most cases. This paper derives the distributed-free optimal linear estimator of random parameters in the model by means of the credibility theory method. The estimators the authors derive can be applied in more extensive practical scenarios since they are only dependent on the first two moments of prior parameter rather than on specific prior distribution. Finally, the results are compared with some classical models and a numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the estimators.

In this paper, the Potsdam model POMME-6.2 is used to investigate the distributions of crustal magnetic anomalies and Curie surface in Southeast Tibet. The Curie surface is compared with the regional heat flow, Bouguer anomaly, Moho depth, and seismicity. The results show that the magnetic anomalies and Curie surface are both consistent with the geological structure. Sichuan Basin exhibits a high positive anomaly, while orogenic belts such as the Longmenshan, northwestern Sichuan, and western Yunnan, exhibit weak positive or negative anomalies. The distribution of magnetic anomaly confirms that escape flow from east Tibet branches into northeastward part and southward part on west Sichuan Basin, due to resistance by the rigid basin. The depth of Curie surface ranges from 20 to 34 km. The Curie surface beneath the Longmenshan, Xiaojiang and Lijiang–Xiaojinhe faults is shallow, with the uplift strike consistent with the faults. The Curie surface beneath Sichuan Basin and the central Bayan Har massif is deep, with sheet-like depressions. Strong earthquakes primarily occurred in the areas with the uplift of Curie surface. The heat flow values near Tengchong, Lijiang, Dali and Kunming are high and the Curie surface there is shallow.

In this paper, data of gravimetry, aeromagnetic survey, and surface heat flow are utilized in a combined manner to investigate the crustal thickness, Curie surface, and lithospheric thermal state beneath the Junggar Basin and adjacent Mountain Ranges. The Moho depth, Curie depth, and thermal lithospheric thickness are found to be 38–52 km, 32–50 km, and 120–260 km, respectively. The Moho and Curie surface present a rough inverse correspondence between each other. In the Tianshan and Altai Mountain Ranges, Moho interface is deep but Curie surface is shallow. In the Junggar Basin, Turpan Basin, and Yili Basin, the situation is in reverse. The uppermost mantle in the Central Depression and Eastern Uplift of the Junggar Basin, the Turpan Basin, the Yili Basin, as well as the north-west area off Fuhai is investigated to have been magnetized. The aeromagnetic anomalies and the Curie surface in the Junggar Basin surprisingly reveal that the northward subduction of the north Tarim block/slab under the Junggar Basin accompanied by the uplift of the Tianshan Mountain Range. Also, in response to the northward movement, the rigid Central Depression of the Junggar Basin extruded from its east and west sides. The westward extrusion is manifested by the West Uplift of the western Junggar Mountain Range.

The generalized weighted premium includes many classical premium principles. Most important of all, some of them have positive safe-loading. Some work had been done previously, the credibility premium derived under this premium principle cannot be applied to practice directly due to the difficulties of calculation and the estimation of structure parameters. In this article, we consider a new form of credibility estimator under the generalized weighted premium principle. In addition, the consistency of the estimator is shown and the comparisons were analyzed with previous results in the simulations. The results show that this “new” estimator is better than existed estimators under mean square error sense. Finally, the structure parameters in credibility factor were estimated in the models of multitude contracts.

The strong interaction between the eastward flow escaping from Tibet and the rigid Sichuan Basin resulted in the rise of the Longmenshan. However, the detailed dynamics in the mantle remains controversial. In this study, the structure of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath eastern Tibet and Sichuan Basin is investigated using 5080 receiver functions from 51 broadband stations. The depth of the 410 km discontinuity is close to the global average, except for the Longmenshan where the 410 and 660-km discontinuities are found to be depressed by up to 10–25 km and 5–10 km, respectively. The observed simultaneous depressions of the 410 and 660-km discontinuities distributed along the LMS, together with proofs from tomography and regional tectonics, suggest that asthenospheric flow sinks into the MTZ, resulting in a high velocity zone, as well as variation in the MTZ thickness. The depressions are not from the traditional Clapeyron slopes or temperature variation. Also, the depression of the 410 km discontinuity and the dehydration of wadsleyite are syngenetic, both of which originate from the dry mantle flow traveling across the old 410 km interface.

Convergence between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate has resulted in the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and understanding the associated dynamical processes requires investigation of the structures of the crust and the lithosphere of the Tibetan Plateau. Yunnan is located in the southwest edge of the plateau and adjacent to Myanmar to the west. Previous observations have confirmed that there is a sharp transition in mantle anisotropy in this area, as well as clockwise rotations of the surface velocity, surface strain, and fault orientation. We use S receiver functions from 54 permanent broad-band stations to investigate the structures of the crust and the lithosphere beneath Yunnan. The depth of the Moho is found to range from 36 to 40 km beneath southern Yunnan and from 55 to 60 km beneath northwestern Yunnan, with a dramatic variation across latitude 25–26°N. The depth of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) ranges from 180 km to less than 70 km, also varying abruptly across latitude 25–26°N, which is consistent with the sudden change of the fast S-wave direction (from NW–SE to E–W across 26–28°N). In the north of the transition belt, the lithosphere is driven by asthenospheric flow from Tibet, and the crust and the upper mantle are mechanically coupled and moving southward. Because the northeastward movement of the crust in the Burma micro-plate is absorbed by the right-lateral Sagaing Fault, the crust in Yunnan keeps the original southward movement. However, in the south of the transition belt, the northeastward mantle flow from Myanmar and the southward mantle flow from Tibet interact and evolve into an eastward flow (by momentum conservation) as shown by the structure of the LAB. This resulting mantle flow has a direction different from that of the crustal movement. It is concluded that the Sagaing Fault causes the west boundary condition of the crust to be different from that of the lithospheric mantle, thus leading to crust–mantle decoupling in Yunnan.

The relation curve between the apparent velocity of S wave and the filter-parameter is obtained by low-pass filtering the radial and vertical receiver function, then it is transformed into the S velocity structure beneath the station with empirical formula; moreover, the S velocity structure will be regarded as initial model for receiver function inversion. The numerical simulation indicated that the inversion processes would approach quickly to the true model once the initial S velocity can supply the effective constraint to inversion, even if the depth of Moho is not accurate. In addition, for the same initial S structure, the inversion results also approach to the true model quickly, even adding 10% of random noises to the “observed” receiver function, and 5% of positive and negative perturbation to the velocity ratio (corresponding to the Poisson's ratio of 0.27 and 0.23) respectively. We processed the teleseismic receiver function recorded by Baoshan station. The result from our method is similar to that of sounding section. These confirmed that the inversion processes of receiver function are not sensitive to the initial P velocity if the initial S wave velocity can provide the effective constraint information.

A phase-matched filtering technique is applied to extract fundamental mode signals from Rayleigh waves recorded at 62 digital seismic stations in the Yunnan and Sichuan regions. We use the fundamental mode of vibrations at two stations that are located on the same great circle as the focus to calculate an inter-station attenuation coefficient of the Rayleigh wave with periods between 0. 0 and 80.64 s, and invert for the inter-station S-wave Q-factor (Qβ) at depths of 0–200 km. The results indicate that Qβ in Yunnan is 20–140, presenting a low Qβ background with apparent lateral variation. Taking the Honghe Fault as the boundary, Qβ of the crust is only 20 on the west side, extending to a depth of 120 km. The distribution of Qβ is consistent with large-scale Cenozoic volcanic and intrusive rocks in western Yunnan, implying that the crust and mantle are in the thermally active state. In the eastern Yunnan Block, east of the Xiaojiang Fault, Qβ in the upper 120 km is 140 in the south but only 20 in the north. Additionally, around the Dukou-Chuxiong in the mid-Yunnan Block, Qβ in the lithosphere is relatively high at 60–100, corresponding to a stiff crust. This is because the suture between the Indian and Eurasian plates reversed the tension in the rifting stage into the compression of orogenesis, leading to the closure of a gap in the crust. After some time, interstitial fluids gradually disappeared, resulting in a high velocity layer in the crust and low heat flow on the surface. The Yunnan region consists of an obvious block of elevated Qβ, distributed within the low background, consistent with the distribution of heat-flow values on the surface. The Honghe and Xiaojiang faults are tectonic boundaries in addition to being boundaries between regions of high and low crustal Qβ. The low Qβ is probably the result of crustal rupture and disturbance caused by strong earthquakes and the upwelling of hot substances along the deep fault zones.

SUMMARY Crustal thickness and Poisson’s ratio are two key parameters for investigating tectonic setting and evolution. The H-k technique has become popular to determinate their values in recent years.However,ifacomplexstructureexistsinthecrust,thereverberatedphasesfromdifferent depths may interfere with each other, resulting in reduction or even absence of the PpPs phase from the Moho, such that the H-k algorithm may not reveal unambiguous estimates of these two parameters. In this paper, the H-k technique is applied to process a synthetic receiver function for a test case, the result of which is compared with that from direct picking of the time delays of the converted and reverberated phases. Then we process the observational data recorded at two stations in eastern Tibet, determine the crustal thickness and the velocity ratio using the two methods, compare the result with that obtained by Xu et al .a t the same location, and analyse the potential causes for discrepancy as well as the reliability of the two methods. Finally, the crustal thickness and the Poisson’s ratio in eastern Tibet and Sichuan Basin are determined from the receiver functions recorded at 51 broad-band stations, using the two different methods. The results indicate that the crustal thickness from the time delays is thicker than that from the H-k algorithm near the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, and the crustal Poisson’s ratio in the rigid Sichuan Basin from the time delays ranges from 0.26 to 0.28, which are more reasonable than that from the H-k (0.28 to 0.34). Additionally, the Poisson’s ratio under the faults from the time delays is found to be higher than those on the two sides, which is consistent with the tectonic background and previous study.

A technique of phase-matched filter is applied to extract the fundamental Rayleigh surface waves from 47 seismic events recorded at 65 digital seismic stations deployed in Yunnan and its adjacent region. The phase velocity dispersion between two stations located at the same great circle with the epicenter in the period range 10 to 80 s is computed by the inter-station Green's function. The dispersions within 152 pairs of the stations are extracted from 2000 waveforms, and then the S-wave velocity structure down to a depth of 200 km is obtained by inversion. Our results reveal an overall trend of crustal thickness variation beneath Yunnan from north to south, decreasing gradually from 60 km to 30 km. The Moho has uplift and depression locally, featuring one uplift and two depressions. Additionally, the lithosphere structure varies significantly across the Red-river fault. Beneath the Baoshan, Wanding, Cangyuan and Simao areas that belong geologically to the Yunnan-Myanmar-Thailand block, there exists a low-velocity zone extending from depth 70 km to 120 km. In contrast, on the east side of the fault, the Central-Yunnan block has only a small low-velocity zone in the upper mantle beneath the Kangdian palaeo-uplift, and the S-wave velocity for most of the area ranges from 4.4 to 4.6 km/s.

In almost all credibility models considered previously, the claims are assumed to be independent over risks. However, from the practical point of view, it is not always the case, and hence, in this article, we investigate the credibility premiums when risks are allowed to be generally dependent. Firstly, we re-build the credibility estimators for Buhlmann and Buhlmann–Straub credibility models under general dependence structure over risks. The methods are then extended to the regression credibility models.

In almost all credibility estimators considered previously, the claims are assumed to be independent over risks. However, from practical point of view, this paper investigates the credibility premium when risks are dependent on each other. The authors build the Buhlmann’s credibility models to account for an equal correlation structure over risks, and parameter estimations are also considered. Some desired results are derived.

In classical Buhlmann credibility models, claims are assumed to be independent between different risks. In many practical situations, however, this assumption may be violated because there are situations that could drive possible relationship among the insured individuals. This paper aims to extend the Buhlmann and Buhlmann–Straub credibility models to account for a special type of dependence between risks induced by common stochastic effects. By means of the projection method, the corresponding credibility premiums are obtained, which generalize some well known existing results in credibility theory.

In the classical credibility theory, almost all the credibility premium models are built on the basis of pure premium. However, the insurance practice demands that the premium must have a positive safety loading. In this paper, we consider the premium principle induced by a generalized loss function that can provide the premium principle with\ a positive safety loading. Under this generalized loss function, we derive its Bayes premium and two types of credibility premiums. Both credibility premiums are approximately convex combinations of the collective premium and some functions of the historical claims; while in a first case the function is linear in the historical claims and the corresponding credibility premium is not consistency, in the other one the function is taken as an empirical version of the individual premium and the corresponding credibility premium converges to the individual premium.