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The West Africa Ebola epidemic stimulated rapid implementation of Ebola vaccine trials in the 3 highly affected countries. In Sierra Leone, we studied the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Ebola vaccine (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) safety and efficacy. The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine against Ebola (STRIVE) was a randomized, unblinded Phase 2/3 trial with phased vaccine introduction, no placebo, and concurrent evaluation of vaccine safety and efficacy. Healthcare and frontline response workers in 5 districts were randomized to immediate or deferred (18-24 weeks later) vaccination and followed for 6 months postvaccination. We enrolled 8651 participants from April through August 2015; 7998 were vaccinated. No participants developed Ebola virus disease so an efficacy assessment was not possible. Overall, 132 (1.5%) participants experienced serious adverse events (SAEs); none were vaccine-related. In a detailed safety substudy (N = 436), vaccinated participants reported significantly more systemic adverse events (AEs) within 7 days than unvaccinated participants including fever higher than 38°C (20.5% vs 3.9%), headache (71.2% vs 22.1%), fatigue (50.7% vs 10.4%), and joint pain (31.7% vs 6.5%); most AEs were mild to moderate severity and resolved within 5 days. During days 5-28, vaccinated participants more commonly reported joint pain (17.0% vs 4.8%) and rash (7.8% vs 1.7%) (P

Key processes in nanostructured dye-sensitized solar cells occur at material interfaces containing, for example, oxides, dye molecules, and hole conductors. A detailed understanding of interfacial properties is therefore important for new developments and device optimization. The implementation of X-ray-based spectroscopic methods for atomic-level understanding of such properties is reviewed. Specifically, the use of the chemical and element sensitivity of photoelectron spectroscopy, hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy for investigating interfacial molecular and electronic properties are described; examples include energy matching, binding configurations, and molecular orbital composition. Finally, results from the complete oxide/dye/hole-conductor systems are shown and demonstrate how the assembly itself can affect the molecular and electronic structure of the materials. Core of the matter: Key processes in nanostructured dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) occur at material interfaces containing, for example, oxides, dye molecules, and hole conductors (see picture). The implementation of X-ray-based spectroscopic methods for atomic-level understanding of such properties is reviewed. Examples include energy matching, binding configurations, and molecular orbital composition.