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Актуальность. Многолетний опыт работ по направленному бурению позволил выявить сложные горно-геологические условия, в которых использование отклонителей приводит к снижению результативности искривления и авариям. Так, например, раскрепление отклонителей непрерывного действия в твердых, очень твердых и абразивных горных породах, когда диаметр скважины имеет минимальную разработанность по диаметру, приводит к заклиниванию породоразрушающего инструмента. В этом случае повысить эффективность работы отклонителей сложно в связи с отсутствием специальных технических средств и эффективных технологий искривления скважин, что делает проблему снижения эффективности работы отклонителей актуальной и требующей решения. Цель: поиск и анализ причин заклинивания отклонителей ассиметричного и комбинированного типов при постановке и раскреплении в скважинах, пробуренных в твердых горных породах, разработка конструкции алмазного бурового долота со специальной схемой расположения бокового и торцевого вооружения и оценка влияния эксцентриситета режущей части бурового инструмента на эффективность проработки ствола скважины по диаметру. Объект: эксцентриситет режущей части бурового инструмента. Методы: сбор, анализ и обобщение данных из литературных источников, аналитическое исследование и экспериментальные опытные работы. Результаты. Описаны причины, вызывающие заклинивание отклонителя в скважине, представлены существующие технологии, позволяющие решить проблему заклинивания долота при раскреплении отклонителя, разработана конструкция алмазного бурового долота со специальной схемой размещения торцевого и бокового вооружения и описан принцип работы, проведена оценка влияния эксцентриситета режущей части на процесс проработки скважины по диаметру, и установлен факт повышения фрезерующей способности долота. The relevance. Many years of experience in directional drilling has made it possible to identify complex mining and geological conditions in which the use of deflectors leads to decrease in the effectiveness of the curvature and accidents. So, for example, the fastening of continuous deflectors in hard, very hard and abrasive rocks, when the borehole diameter has minimum development along the borehole diameter, leads to jamming of the rock cutting tool. In this case, it is difficult to improve the efficiency of diverters due to the lack of special technical means and effective technologies for deviating wells, which makes the problem of reducing the efficiency of diverters relevant and needs to be addressed. The main aim: search for the causes of jamming of asymmetric and combined diverters when setting and breaking out in wells drilled in hard rocks; development of a diamond drill bit design with a special layout of lateral and end cutting structure; assessment of the effect of eccentricity of the cutting part of a drilling tool on the efficiency of drilling a wellbore according to diameter. Object: eccentricity of the cutting part of the drilling tool. Methods: collection, analysis and generalization of the data in literary sources, analytical research and experimental work. Results. The paper describs the causes of the whipstock jamming in the well and introduces the existing technologies that allow solving the given problem. The authors developed a diamond drill bit of special design and described the principle of its operation. The influence of the cutting part eccentricity on drilling the hole in diameter is assessed and the fact of increasing the milling ability is established.

Актуальность. Из всех известных способов проходки скважин алмазное бурение отличается высокой частотой вращения инструмента на больших глубинах. Такие условия разрушения горной породы требуют особого контроля параметров процесса бурения и их корректировки в случае нарушения баланса системы реализуемых сил. Все параметры процесса бурения в определенной степени взаимосвязаны. Для достижения наибольшей эффективности работы алмазного породоразрушающего инструмента требуется оптимальный механизм его эксплуатации. Анализ ситуации и подбор нужных показателей режима бурения алмазным инструментом довольно трудоемкая работа, которую в производственных условиях необходимо осуществлять непрерывно онлайн, поэтому актуальной является задача разработки автоматизированной системы управления процессом алмазного бурения с целью рациональной организации использования дорогостоящего алмазного инструмента. Автоматизация управления бурением осуществима путем применения современных технологий компьютерного программирования, алгоритм которого должен учитывать все требования оптимизации взаимозависимых параметров процесса бурения. Целью исследования является разработка алгоритма управления системой алмазного бурения для дальнейшего внедрения его в программное обеспечение. Объекты: процесс алмазного бурения скважин, технико-экономические показатели бурения и параметры, оказывающие влияние на результаты бурения. Методы: аналитический метод, метод полного факторного эксперимента, метод моделирования. Результаты. Основными параметрами, влияющими на итоги проводимых буровых работ, являются механическая скорость бурения, ресурс инструмента и мощность, затрачиваемая на разрушение горной породы. Использование в качестве критерия оптимальности величины углубления за оборот позволяет обеспечить приемлемую скорость бурения и низкие затраты мощности при сохранении высокого ресурса инструмента. Процесс управления алмазным бурением заключается в анализе изменения в конкретный момент времени механической скорости бурения и мощности, на основании которого принимается решение о корректировке величины частоты вращения и осевой нагрузки. Разработан алгоритм управления системой алмазного бурения, который может быть реализован доступным языком программирования. The relevance. Diamond drilling is characterized by high rotational speed of the tool at great depths. Such conditions of rock destruction require special control of drilling parameters and their correction. All drilling parameters are interrelated. To achieve the most efficient operation of a diamond rock cutting tool, an optimal mechanism for its operation is required. Analysis of the situation and selection of the required parameters of the drilling mode with diamond tools is the laborious work. This must be done continuously online. The urgent task is the development of the automated control system for diamond drilling in order to rationalize the use of diamond tools. This is possible with the use of modern computer programming technologies. Software algorithm must take into account all the requirements for optimizing the interdependent drilling parameters. The main aim of the research is to develop a control algorithm for a diamond drilling system for its further implementation into software. Objects: diamond drilling, technical and economic indicators of drilling and parameters affecting the results of drilling. Methods: analytical method, full factorial experiment method, modeling method. Results. The main parameters affecting the results of drilling operations are ROP, tool life and power spent on rock destruction. The deepening per revolution as an optimality criterion makes it possible to ensure an acceptable drilling speed and low power consumption while maintaining a high resource of the tool. The control process for diamond drilling consists in analyzing the change at a specific point in time in ROP and power. After the analysis, a decision is made to correct the value of the speed and axial load. A control algorithm for the diamond drilling system was developed. The algorithm can be implemented in an accessible programming language.

Актуальность. На результаты бурения влияет то, на сколько эффективно работает породоразрушающий инструмент на забое. Показатели механической скорости бурения, качества сооружения скважины и отбора проб тесно связаны с соответствием выбранного бурового инструмента и технологии его применения физико-механическим свойствам горных пород, слагающих вскрываемый геологический разрез. При неизменной технологии рост сопротивления со стороны забоя влечёт изменение интенсивности углубления скважины. Сведения о коэффициенте сопротивления позволяют правильно управлять процессом и своевременно регулировать характер воздействия бурового инструмента на разрушаемую зону. Цель. Для контроля силового контакта резцов бурового инструмента с забоем скважины необходимо иметь методический аппарат, позволяющий определять механизм разрушения породы с учетом сил сопротивления. Целью работы является развитие методики изучения механизма разрушения породы алмазным резцом. Объект: процесс разрушения горной породы мелким алмазным резцом. Методы: метод полного факторного эксперимента, метод научного познания, аналитические исследования, анализ. В статье приведена методика исследования сопротивления горной породы разрушению алмазным резцом, основанная на применении метода полного факторного эксперимента с получением математических моделей факторов и их графической интерпретации, в частности зависимости углубления за один оборот от режимов бурения, на основании которых определяется коэффициент сопротивления в конкретный момент времени. Результаты. Путем математической обработки ранее полученных экспериментальных данных установлена взаимосвязь коэффициента сопротивления с такими показателями, как механическая скорость бурения, величина углубления за оборот, частота вращения инструмента. Представлен аналитическое исследование возможности регулирования режимов бурения с целью достижения наибольшего эффекта разрушения горной породы путем оценки коэффициента сопротивления как функции интенсивности разрушения или углубления за один оборот. Выведена и доказана правомерность выражения зависимости коэффициента сопротивления от глубины внедрения резца в породу, числа резцов рабочего торца бурового инструмента и их размера, глубины формируемой борозды разрушения, коэффициента трения резца о горную породу и динамической составляющей работы бурового инструмента. Relevance. The drilling results are influenced by the effectiveness of the rock cutting tool operation at the bottom of the well. The indicators of the mechanical drilling speed, the quality of well construction and sampling are closely related to the correspondence of the selected rock cutting tool and technology of its application to the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks that make up the geological section being opened. With the technology unchanged, the increase in resistance from the bottom hole leads to a change in the intensity of the well deepening. Information about the resistance coefficient allows you to correctly control the process and timely adjust the nature of the impact of the drilling tool on the bottomhole. The purpose of research is to control the power contact of the drilling tool cutters with the bottom of the well; it is necessary to have a methodological apparatus that allows determining the mechanism of rock destruction taking into account the resistance forces. Objects: rock breaking. Methods: experimental, full factorial experiment method, analytical research, analysis. The article presents a method for studying the resistance of rocks to destruction with a diamond cutter, based on the use of the method of a full factorial experiment with obtaining mathematical models of factors and their graphic interpretation, in particular the dependence of deepening in one revolution on drilling modes on the basis of which the resistance coefficient when drilling at a particular moment is determined. Results. Based on the analytical study of the results obtained, the dependence of the tangential force on the axial force, rock properties, and the friction coefficient was determined. The paper presents the analytical research of the possibility of regulating drilling modes in order to achieve the greatest effect from drilling by assessing the drag coefficient as a function of the intensity of destruction or deepening in one revolution. The authors have derived and proved the validity of expression of the drag coefficient dependence on the cutter penetration depth into the rock, the number of cutters at the end of the drilling tool and their size, the depth of the formed fracture groove, the cutter friction coefficient on the rock and the dynamic component of the drilling tool operation.

Актуальность. К проектированию современного породоразрушающего инструмента выдвигаются высокие требования. Востребованным является буровой инструмент, за счет конструкции которого решается большая часть задач бурения: соблюдение запроектированной траектории ствола скважины, высокие скорость проходки и ресурс, эффективное разрушение горной породы, качество отбора керна и так далее. Зачастую, решая путем изменения конструктивных элементов инструмента одну проблему, разработчики не учитывают другую, которая может оказаться не менее значимой. Так, разработка импрегнированной коронки с эксцентриситетом режущей части торца матрицы позволила значительно уменьшить интенсивность естественного искривления, которое особо актуально при бурении в анизотропных горных породах. Однако изменение конструкции коронки повлекло за собой снижение ресурса инструмента. На необходимость комплексного, системного подхода к исследованию механизма работы бурового инструмента авторами указывалось неоднократно. В связи с этим, учитывая преимущество полученной конструкции в области стабилизации направления ствола скважины, актуальным является исследование причин скорого износа таких коронок. Основной причиной износа алмазного инструмента является перегрев и зашламование режущей части, поэтому при конструировании любого алмазного породоразрушающего инструмента необходимо дополнительно исследовать гидродинамические процессы, протекающие при его работе на забое скважины. Цель: определение особенностей течения жидкости в пределах импрегнированного породоразрушающего инструмента, выделение основных причин износа матрицы, связанных с гидродинамикой на забое, а также конструктивные решения намеченных проблем. Объекты: процесс гидродинамики бурения импрегнированным породоразрушающим инструментом. Методы: компьютерное моделирование, аналитические исследования, анализ. Результаты. Изменение конструкции торца матрицы импрегнированной коронки в сторону смещения равномерности размещения секторов приводит к неравномерному распределению очистного агента в рабочей зоне инструмента. Как следствие, наиболее зашламованные сектора хуже омываются жидкостью и быстрее изнашиваются. Для реализации поставленной задачи - эксцентриситета режущей части торца матрицы с высоким ресурсом, предложены варианты конструктивного исполнения торца импрегнированной коронки. Relevance. High requirements are put forward for the design of modern rock-cutting tools. A drilling tool is in demand, due to the design of which most of the drilling tasks: compliance with the projected trajectory of the wellbore, high drilling speed and resource of the drilling tool, effective destruction of rock, quality of core selection, etc. are solved. Often, when solving one problem by changing the structural elements of the tool, developers do not take into account another one, which may be no less significant. Thus, the development of a diamond tool with the eccentricity of the cutting part of the matrix end has significantly reduced the intensity of natural curvature of wells, which is especially important when drilling in anisotropic rocks. However, the change in the design of the diamond tool resulted in a reduction in the tool's life. The authors have repeatedly pointed out the need for a comprehensive approach to the study of the mechanism of the drilling tool operation. In this regard, given the advantage of the resulting design in the field of regulating the well curvature, it is relevant to study the causes of rapid wear of such a drilling tool. The main reason for wear of a diamond tool is overheating and sludge bounding of the cutting part, so when designing any diamond drilling tool, it is necessary to further investigate the hydrodynamic processes occurring during its operation at the bottom of the well. The purpose of research is to determine the characteristics of the drilling mud flow within the diamond tool, to identify the main causes of matrix wear associated with hydrodynamics at the bottom, as well as design solutions to the problems identified. Objects: hydrodynamics of drilling with an impregnated drilling tool. Methods: computer modeling, analytical research, analysis. Result. Changing the design of the end face of the diamond tool matrix in the direction of shifting the uniformity of the placement of sectors leads to an uneven distribution of drilling mud in the area of operation of the tool. As a result, the most sludge bound sectors are less well cleaned with drilling mud and wear out faster. To implement the task - the eccentricity of the cutting part with a high resource, the variants of the design of the end face of the impregnated crown are proposed.

Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters are used widely for mining and drilling in soft to medium hard rock formations. During drilling in very hard and strong rock formations, the rapid wear of the polycrystalline diamond layer results in a low service life of drilling bits. To improve the performance of PDC cutters, we adopted a high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) sintering method (5.5–6.0 GPa and 1350–1500 °C) in the current research by adding a certain amount of graphene to raw materials, and we successfully prepared a new type of high-performance diamond composite PDC-G (graphene was added to PDC). We investigated the microstructure, residual stress, hardness, wear resistance, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of the as-synthesized PDC-G. Compared with PDC without graphene, the hardness and wear resistance of PDC-G with 0.1 wt% graphene addition were enhanced by 75% and 33%, respectively. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of PDC prepared by graphene strengthening was improved 42-fold. The strengthening mechanism of PDC-G mainly occurred as a result of the lubricating effect of graphene between diamond particles; hence, a more dense and uniform structure was formed in the polycrystalline diamond layer after HTHP sintering.

Under the background of Emerging Engineering Education construction in China, the necessity of integrating modern information technology into the Landscape Architecture teaching is analyzed in view of the demand for integrated Emerging Engineering talents, the characteristics of Landscape Architecture teaching and some bottleneck problems. Emerging Engineering Education has the characteristics of interaction and integration, cultivating outstanding engineering talents who are all-side and innovative, How to integrate mobile Internet, big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, virtual reality and other modern information technologies with Landscape Architecture teaching is discussed. Obvious effect has been obtained by researching, a new blended teaching model has been constructed, a feasible path for the transformation and upgrading of Landscape Architecture has been provided. Which provides a useful reference for the reform of Landscape Architecture education paradigm in China.

Impregnated diamond bits (IDB) are one of the main rotary drilling tools used for hard rock drilling. In the process of using IDB to drill, the friction and heat generation with the rock formation are important factors which will affect the drilling efficiency. These two factors may reduce the technical and economic indicators of drilling and cause “burning” accidents. In order to improve the drilling efficiency of the diamond bit, the bit structure was reasonably designed to ensure that the bit had a good cooling and chip removal ability during the drilling process. The bottom flow field and temperature field of IDB were investigated by combining numerical simulation with experimental study. The results showed that, for the IDB with 4 water ways, on the side of the water way with the same rotating direction of the bit, the velocity was faster, and the maximum velocity reached 23.65 m/s. At the contact surface between the bit and rock, the temperature reached the highest level of 210 ℃ and dropped rapidly from bottom to top until it was close to the temperature of the flushing fluid. The increase of the number of water ways led to a small flow rate of drilling fluid at a single water way, which reduced the heat conduction efficiency and resulted in poor cooling effect and serious bit wear.

The ecological environment and natural resources in the eastern mountainous areas of Jilin Province have special and obvious advantages. From the “Rural Revitalization” strategy proposed by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China to the “rural complex” proposed in the No.1 document, this paper analyses the development model and policy in domestic and international area, combined with the regional characteristics of the eastern mountainous areas in Jilin Province and the advantages of rural complex development. In order to provide reference for similar projects, the planning principles and main contents of rural complex construction in this area are discussed.

Metal matrix-impregnated diamond composites are widely used for fabricating diamond tools. In order to meet the actual engineering challenges, researchers have made many efforts to seek effective methods to enhance the performance of conventional metal matrices. In this work, tungsten carbide (WC) nanoparticles were introduced into WC-Bronze-Ni-Mn matrix with and without diamond grits for improving the performance of conventional impregnated diamond composites. The influence of WC nanoparticles on the microstructure, densification, hardness, bending strength and wear resistance of matrix and diamond composites were investigated. The results showed that the bending strength of matrix increased up to approximately 20% upon nano-WC addition, while densification and hardness fluctuate slightly. The grinding ratio of diamond composites increased significantly by about 100% due to nano-WC addition. The strengthening mechanism was proposed according to experimental results. The diamond composites with 2.8 wt% nano-WC addition exhibited the best overall properties, thus having potential to apply to further diamond tools.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) reinforced 7075 Al matrix composites were fabricated by electrostatic self-assembly and powder metallurgy. 7075 Al powders were surface modified by introducing a cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) membrane on the surface, which was able to form a strong bonding with graphene oxide (GO) through electrostatic interaction. During the vacuum sintering process, CTAB was effectively removed and GO was thermally reduced into rGO. Morphologies of GO nanosheets, GO/7075 Al powders, microstructures, and tensile fractographs of the composites were observed. The effect of rGO content on mechanical properties of rGO/7075 Al composites was investigated. The results show that a good bonding between rGO and matrix is achieved. With the rGO content increasing, the hardness increases gradually, while the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength initially increase and later decrease. The improvement in strength of rGO/7075 Al composites was attributed to stress transfer and dislocation strengthening. With rGO content reaching 0.50 wt %, the excessive addition of rGO gave rise to a weakening in the enhancement of the tensile properties due to the increasing amounts of brittle Al4C3 and cracks.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a rapidly developing clinical treatment modality involving a light-activatable photosensitizer, tissue oxygen and light of an appropriate wavelength to generate cytotoxic reactive molecular species - primarily singlet oxygen (1O2). Singlet oxygen readily reacts with surrounding biomolecules leading to different biological effects and subsequent therapeutic outcomes. Over the last decades, many standard PDT treatments have been approved worldwide to treat different medical conditions ranging from a variety of cancer conditions to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Meanwhile, many active clinical trials and pre-clinical studies are underway for other clinical indications. The therapeutic outcomes of PDT are difficult to predict reliably even with many years of research. The fundamental cause for this is the inherent complexity of PDT mechanisms. As PDT involves three main components, the outcomes of PDT are determined by the combination of all components. Each component varies temporally and spatially during PDT, and the variations are mutually dependent on each other. Moreover, components such as the photosensitizer can have great variations in their initial distribution among patients even before PDT treatment. Given this, no well accepted standard PDT dose metric method has been recognized in clinics, although different approaches including explicit, implicit and direct dosimetry have been studied. To tackle the inherently complicated PDT mechanism in order to provide insights into PDT and PDT dosimetry, a theoretical one-dimensional model for aminolevulinic acid (ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-PDT of human skin was developed and is presented in this thesis. The model incorporates major photophysical and photochemical reactions in PDT, and calculated temporal and spatial distributions of PDT components as well as the detectable emission signals including both sensitizer fluorescence and singlet oxygen luminescence (SOL) using typical clinical conditions. Since singlet oxygen is considered to cause PDT outcomes, the correlations of different PDT dose metrics to average reacted (1O2) "dose" and "dose" at different depths were examined and compared for a wide range of varied treatment conditions. The dose metrics included absolute fluorescence bleaching metric (AFBM), fractional fluorescence bleaching metric (FFBM) and cumulative singlet oxygen luminescence (CSOL), and the varied treatment conditions took into account different treatment irradiances and wavelengths, varied initial sensitizer concentration and distribution, and a wide range of optical properties of tissue. These investigations and comparisons provide information about the complicated dynamic process of PDT such as the induction of tissue hypoxia, photosensitizer photobleaching and possible PDT-induced vascular responses. It was also found that the CSOL is the most robust and could serve as a gold standard for the testing of other techniques. In addition to these theoretical studies, recent progress on the assessment of a novel, more efficient superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) for singlet oxygen luminescence detection will be introduced and the current photomultiplier tubes (PMT) system will be briefly described as well. The author participated in the experimental assessments of the SNSPD and analyzed the results shown in this thesis. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)