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Several publications and even commercial products showcasing the application of optical fibers for textile goods abound in literature. Optical fibers can be employed as sensors by making use of physical principles to sense strain, temperature, and other quantities by tailoring the fiber such that the quantity to be measured alters the intensity, phase, polarisation, and wavelength of light within the fiber. However, a paper directed at the development of textile based applications or smart garments using optical fibers is lacking. This review seeks to serve as apt reference material for the development of optical fiber based textile sensors or smart garments with a focus on the application of plastic optical fibers (POFs). Highlighted are the salient material properties of POFs and their importance in delivering satisfactory sensing results. Special treatment has also been given to their proposed feasibility for embedment within weft knitted structures.

BACKGROUND: Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most frequent benign tumor of infancy which impacts the psychological status of parents of affected children. Parental psychological status has a significant effect on the therapeutic effect and long-term prognosis of IH children. However, no standard questionnaires had been established previously to assess the psychological status of Chinese parents of children with IH. METHODS: This study prospectively developed and validated a psychological status instrument for the assessment of parents of patients with IH and to identify clinical features with effects on the psychological status. A total of 350 parents completed the 35-item Psychologic Status Questionnaire for parents of Infantile Hemangiomas (IH-PSQ) and provided demographic information. The IH-PSQ was refined via item analysis, validity analysis (including exploratory factor analysis and criterion-related validity) and reliability analysis (including internal consistency reliability, split half reliability, and test-retest reliability). RESULTS: The dimensionality of the items was evaluated using factor analysis, with results suggesting 5 factors: anxiety, depression, psychological imbalance, disease shame, and disease fear. The final instrument consists of 4 scales with a total of 23 items. Construct validity was demonstrated and IH-PSQ showed good internal coherence (Cronbach’s α: 0.957), good split half reliability (0.971), and good test-retest reliability (correlation coefficient: 0.967). The correlation coefficient between the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) of children with IH was 0.874 and 0.754, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis found that some characteristics will affect the score of IH-PSQ. CONCLUSIONS: The IH-PSQ contains 5 dimensions and 23 entries, and with good reliability and validity, can objectively and effectively evaluate the psychological status of IH parents. Certain clinical characteristics of IH families, including parents’ own factors (including their monthly income and cultural level) and disease-related factors of affected children (including the duration of illness, tumor size, with or without complications, single or multiple, whether being treated or not), were associated with a greater impact on IH-PSQ.

AIM: The application of robotic-assisted laparoscopy in pediatric surgery.MATERIALS AND METHOD: We used robotic-assisted laparoscopy to perform cholecystectomy and total splenectomy in a 12-year-old girl suffering from complications of chronic anemia due to hereditary spherocytosis. This report has been approved by our hospital Ethical Committee and we got a consent statement from her mother. Patient confidentiality has been respected and the intention of this work is mainly for scientific consideration.RESULTS: We successfully removed the gallbladder and spleen with accessories using a robotic system. This intervention was safe and less risky for our patient. She improved rapidly and has been discharged after 11 days. The total length of hospital stay was 25 days. The first post-operative visit has been planned after 3 weeks. CONCLUSION: Robotic-assisted laparoscopy is giving another issue to perform major surgeries in children. Such surgeries have since been considered more invasive with conventional laparoscopy.

The fusion (F) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are viral entry proteins and are recognized as the major virulence determinants. Previously, a lentogenic NDV virus (CE16) was derived from a mesogenic strain (CI10) through sequential passages in chick embryos. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that the two homologous strains shared the same F protein but differed in HN with two amino acid (aa) substitutions (A215G and T430A). To elucidate the molecular reasons for virulence attenuation, two original plasmids (HN-CI10 and HN-CE16) and two single-point mutants (G215A and A430T) reverse-mutated from HN-CE16 were constructed to analyse the known biological functions of HN. The results showed that the A430T substitution significantly weakened the haemadsorption (HAd) activity, increased the neuraminidase (NA) activity, improved the fusion-promoting activity, and enhanced the cleavage-promoting activity of HN-CE16. However, G215A failed to induce obvious functional changes. Therefore, the aa residue HN430 may play a key role in determining virulence. To test this hypothesis, further studies on A430T were conducted through reverse genetics using an infectious cDNA clone. At the viral level, the A430T-mutated virus showed dramatic promotion of viral plaque formation, propagation, and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates a new virulence site associated with HN protein functions, viral propagation, and pathogenicity. All these findings could lay a foundation for illuminating the molecular mechanism of NDV virulence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13567-021-01019-4.

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent avian avulavirus 1, is a serious poultry disease and a major threat for the poultry industry. Vaccination is the most effective way to control the disease. However, there are still ND outbreaks occurring all around the world despite large-scale immunization, which suggests current vaccination programmes need to be improved for better prevention. Since the efficiency of vaccine is easily affected by the quality of antigens, the interference of maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) and the immunization programme, this review focuses on directions to improve viral thermal stability, circumvent MDA interference and antigenotype match between vaccine and wild strains with a view to increasing the efficiency of ND vaccination.

Additional file 1. Primers used for the construction of F and HN.

Additional file 2. Primers used for the construction of CE16 helper plasmids.

Additional file 3. Primers used during full-length cDNA synthesis.

Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus) is a commercially important marine finfish in China.The growth rate of Japanese flounder is significantly faster in females than in males.Effective methods for gynogenetic inducement in this species are important for all-female population construction.Meiogynogenesis was induced in Japanese flounder(P.olivaceus) by using UV irradiated sperm of red sea bream(Pagrus major).The sperm of red sea bream exhibited a significant Hertwig effect after irradiating by UV.The embryo had the lowest hatching rate(2.0% ± 0.1%) when UV dosage was 3.4 mJ/cm2,and recovered with the increase of UV dosage.It reached the highest hatching rate(57.7% ± 3.1%) when UV dosage was 73 mJ/ cm2,and ploidy analysis by flow cytometer showed that the embryos were all haploids.After a series of tests for initiation and duration at water temperature of(0 ± 0.5) ℃,the best parameters for meiogynogenesis inducing in Japanese flounder were determined that cold shock begun at 3 min after insemination and continued for 45 min.The fertilization rate and hatching rate at this scenario were 80.7% ± 1.1% and 57.3% ± 2.3%,respectively,which were significantly higher than all the other treatment groups(P 0.05).Fries of gynogenesis were confirmed to be diploids via flow cytometer.Further analysis of RAPD analysis showed that genetic material of red sea bream sperm was destroyed after UV irradiation and was not transmitted to progenies.This study provided an effective method to induce meiogynogenesis for all female population construction in Japanese flounder.

In this study reproduction by meiotic gynogenetic diploids and mitotic gynogenetic doubled haploids were carried out in Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,by the same fertilized eggs from one female.The process of meiotic diploids and mitotic diploids produced involves two steps.First,the DNA of the sperm is fragmented by UV irradiation.Next,the meiotic diploids are made by prevention of the extrusion of the secondary polocyte and the haploid embryo is made diploid by inhibition of the first cell division.This is typically done by a cold and pressure shock administered around the time of the prophase of the second meiotic and first mitotic division,respectively.All the while normal diploids with Japanese flounder sperm were also produced as controls.Normal diploids and two gynogenetic diploids were analyzed by unilocus 10 microsatellites loci.The result showed the parental genotypes were found to be heterozygous at 7 loci and heterozygous at 3 loci.6 genotypes were found in normal diploid,alleles were random combination from the parents and the types enriched.Genetic similarity indexes were 0.976 6 and 0.959 5 between female and progenies and among progeny individuals,respectively,which approached that of the inbred line.Two genotypes were found to be completely homozygous in mitotic gynogenetic double haploid.Genetic similarity indexes were 0.806 2 and 0.742 5 between female and progenies and among progeny individuals.Furthermore,mitotic gynogenetic doubled haploids were fully homozygous.Meiotic gynogenetic diploids with a high degree of genetic similarity were suitable for fixing traits of female.Mitotic gynogenetic doubled haploids with high homogeneity were suitable as clonal founders.Differently from meiotic gynogenesis diploidization is based on a prekaryogamic oocyte manipulation,in mitotic gynogenesis it is actually a postkaryogamic zygotic manipulation.The resulting mitotic gynogenetic double haploids are all homozygous but not clonal because they do not necessarily share the same alleles owing to variable chromosome segregation and genetic recombination during maternal gametogenesis.Each of them,however,can be a clonal founder capable of giving rise to an isoallelic clone,if reproduced gynogenetically.Although mitotic gynogenesis can achieve homozygote according one generation,but the survival rate of process in induction,incubation and maturation is relatively low,the establishment of clone is extremely difficult.Thus,scholars have proposed to improve the genetic similarity and fix the good traits of female with successive meiosis-induced methods.In view of distinct genetic characteristics in both diploids,as long as the successful induction,it can play an important role in fixing characters of female and clone production.Both kinds of gynogenesis can become high quality breeding materials or improved strains.

In this article,106 microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genotype of sixty-two mitotic gynogenetic doubled haploids of Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus.Measurement results of body length and height were got by directly measuring skeleton during the process of X-ray imaging.Correlation and regression analysis of the body weight,length and height were conducted by utilizing SPSS 13.0 soft-ware.Least square method was used to analyze the effects of these 106 microsatellites on body weight,length and height of these 62 doubled haploids.Results revealed that 17 microsatellites were discovered to be very significantly related to body weight,length and height.During these 17 markers,Poli2042TUF,Poli1980TUF,Poli2045TUF,Poli2039TUF,Poli34TUF,PoGT17,HLJYP45,HLJYP81 had a significant impact on body length(P0.05),Poli102TUF,Poli136TUF,Poli62MHFS,6-G3 had a significant impact on body height(P0.05),Poli72HFSM、Poli106TUF had a significant impact on body weight and height(P0.05),Poli2023TUF,Poli1013TUF had a significant impact on body length and height(P0.05),Po-li162TUF had a significant impact on body weight,length and height(P0.05).These microsatellite markers had an advantageous effect on growth traits and these loci could be used as the reference markers for marker-assisted breeding of Japanese flounder.

Objective: Newcastle disease (ND) is the major viral infection of poultry inducing high morbidity, mortality, and significant economic impacts on the poultry industry. ND is caused by virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (aPMV-1) which have the capacity to spread over long distances by animal and human movements. All strains of aPMV-1 belong to a single serotype and current vaccines have been used worldwide for a long time and demonstrated their efficacy in terms of clinical protection. Up to date vaccines have been made of old genotypes that emerged several decades ago. However, recent studies have shown that the virus has undergone significant evolution which has led to the progressive emergence of new genotypes with potential antigenic drifts. The recently described genotype XI in Madagascar contains original amino acid substitutions on F and HN proteins, some of them clustered in the head of the proteins, presumably exposed to the host immune system, suggesting that these substitutions may account for antigenic drifts. Indeed, we showed in vivo, under controlled conditions, that current vaccines conferred clinical protection against both the homologous genotype and genotype XI, but were unable to prevent virus shedding of heterologous genotype. Our objective was to produce genotype adapted vaccines, using reverse genetics to replace the F and HN of a live attenuated old-genotype virus (the genotype II Lasota strain) by the corresponding proteins of the more recent Madagascar genotype XI. This chimeric genotype XI-II will be characterized in vivo and evaluated in immunization/challenge trials. Methods: NDV minigenomes expressing eGFP under two promoters (pT7 polymerase and pCMV) have been constructed and compared in vitro. Subsequently, segments of the full genome of the genotype XI MG-725 strain and LaSota strain have been generated by reverse transcription, cloned and assembled under the control of CMV promoter. Rescue of the virus is done by co-transfection of the full length genome and plasmids expressing NP, P and L proteins in BHK21 cells. Results: The expression of the NP, P and L proteins of NDV MG725-08 strain has been confirmed on BHK 21 and by conventional RT- PCR on mRNA with specific NP, P and L primers. Then, the NDV rescue system has been validated using eGFP minigenomes in antisens position to demonstrate the function of the NDV ribonucleoprotein. These results have been confirmed by extraction of mRNA and RTqPCR or RT-PCR with specific eGFP primers. The NDV rescue system is now available to rescue the virus from an assembled full genome of NDV. Two genomes have been assembled from eight cloned segments and will be shortly rescued. Conclusion: Full length genome of NDV MG725_08 strain is now available and the NDV rescue system is available in vitro. The rescue of the LaSota strain will be achieved soon and the corresponding infectious clones characterized in vitro and in vivo on embryonnated SPF chicken eggs. The next step will be to replace the F and HN protein of the LaSota strain (live attenuated vaccine strain) by the corresponding proteins of the MG725-08 strain (the more recent genotype XI with a modification of the F protein to introduce an avirulent cleavage site) and to evaluate the protection and viral shedding in chicken experiments.