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Very thin free-flowing liquid sheets are promising targets for high-repetition-rate laser-ion acceleration. In this work, we report the generation of micrometer-thin free-flowing liquid sheets from the collision of two liquid jets, and study the vibration and jitter in their surface normal direction. The dependence of their motion amplitudes on the generation parameters is studied in detail. The origins of the vibration and jitter are discussed. Our results indicate that when the generation parameters are optimized, the motion amplitudes in the stable region can be stabilized below 3.7 {\mu}m to meet the stringent requirement of sheet position stability for a tight-focusing setup in laser-ion acceleration experiments., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, Original Reasearch

The long-tailed recognition (LTR) is the task of learning high-performance classifiers given extremely imbalanced training samples between categories. Most of the existing works address the problem by either enhancing the features of tail classes or re-balancing the classifiers to reduce the inductive bias. In this paper, we try to look into the root cause of the LTR task, i.e., training samples for each class are greatly imbalanced, and propose a straightforward solution. We split the categories into three groups, i.e., many, medium and few, according to the number of training images. The three groups of categories are separately predicted to reduce the difficulty for classification. This idea naturally arises a new problem of how to assign a given sample to the right class groups? We introduce a mutual exclusive modulator which can estimate the probability of an image belonging to each group. Particularly, the modulator consists of a light-weight module and learned with a mutual exclusive objective. Hence, the output probabilities of the modulator encode the data volume clues of the training dataset. They are further utilized as prior information to guide the prediction of the classifier. We conduct extensive experiments on multiple datasets, e.g., ImageNet-LT, Place-LT and iNaturalist 2018 to evaluate the proposed approach. Our method achieves competitive performance compared to the state-of-the-art benchmarks.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global crisis. Although many people recover from COVID-19 infection, they are likely to develop persistent symptoms similar to those of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) after discharge. Those constellations of symptoms persist for months after infection, called Long COVID, which may lead to considerable financial burden and healthcare challenges. However, the mechanisms underlying Long COVID and ME/CFS remain unclear.MethodsWe collected the genes associated with Long COVID and ME/CFS in databases by restricted screening conditions and clinical sample datasets with limited filters. The common genes for Long COVID and ME/CFS were finally obtained by taking the intersection. We performed several advanced bioinformatics analyses based on common genes, including gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses, protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis, transcription factor (TF)–gene interaction network analysis, transcription factor–miRNA co-regulatory network analysis, and candidate drug analysis prediction.ResultsWe found nine common genes between Long COVID and ME/CFS and gained a piece of detailed information on their biological functions and signaling pathways through enrichment analysis. Five hub proteins (IL-6, IL-1B, CD8A, TP53, and CXCL8) were collected by the PPI network. The TF–gene and TF–miRNA coregulatory networks were demonstrated by NetworkAnalyst. In the end, 10 potential chemical compounds were predicted.ConclusionThis study revealed common gene interaction networks of Long COVID and ME/CFS and predicted potential therapeutic drugs for clinical practice. Our findings help to identify the potential biological mechanism between Long COVID and ME/CFS. However, more laboratory and multicenter evidence is required to explore greater mechanistic insight before clinical application in the future.

Forest disturbance monitoring can provide scientific data for the decision making and management of nature reserves. LandTrendr algorithm has been applied to identify forest disturbances on a long-time scale through appropriate segmentation and linear fitting. In this study, 23 nature reserves were detected using LandTrendr during 1987–2020, and the vegetation loss was quantified by years and pixel numbers. The results illustrated that (1) most disturbances occurred in the 1990s and early 21st century. (2) From the spatial distribution of forest loss, the area of forest vegetation disturbance in the coastal zone was larger than the protected area in the internal Hainan Island, the area disturbed in the coastal zone protected area was 97.12 km2, and the area disturbed in the internal area of Hainan Island protected area was 63.02 km2. (3) In terms of different levels of nature reserves, the disturbed area of national nature reserves was 28.39 km2 and the total disturbed area of provincial nature reserves was 131.75 km2. (4) In terms of different types of nature reserves, forest ecological nature reserves had the largest disturbed area of 102.96 km2, followed by marine coastal nature reserves with a disturbed area of 36.99 km2, wildlife nature reserves with a disturbed area of 10.22 km2, and wild plant nature reserves with the smallest disturbed area of 9.96 km2. The results are hoped to provide scientific support and data for the management and planning of nature reserves in Hainan Island.

Additional file 2. Table S1. Feeding intolerance score. Table S2. Recruitment of patients. Table S3. Proportion of patients receiving enteral and/or parenteral nutrition. Table S4. Proportion of patients receiving enteral nutrition. Table S5. Proportion of patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Table S6. Proportion of enteral nutrition delivered energy in daily energy delivery. Table S7. Target-reaching rate in fed patients from day1 to day7 after enrollment. Table S8. Protein intake from day1 to day7 after enrollment. Table S9. Organ failure-related outcomes. Figure S1. Proportion of enteral nutrition delivered energy in daily energy delivery within the first seven days after enrollment. Figure S2. Target-reaching (more than 70% of the estimated energy target) rate in fed patients for energy delivery from day1 to day7 after enrollment. Figure S3. Daily protein intake from day1 to day7 after enrollment.

Additional file 3. Continued Table 1. Baseline ICU and Patient-Level Characteristics..

Additional file 1. Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan.

Sludge dewatering is an important step for wastewater treatment. Composite degradable flocculant (CDF) was prepared by cationic polyacrylamide (PAM) grafting onto modified starch with a novel initiator, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The microstructure of flocculated sludge was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The study investigated the properties of CDF compared to PAM, which showed that the prepared CDF exhibited a highly effective flocculation on sludge dewatering, a higher transmittance and chemical oxygen demand removal rate, and a lower value of effluent ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. The fermentation process was also analyzed by testing the performance of dewatered sludge (temperature, pH, ammonia nitrogen, E4/E6 (humic acid absorbance at 465 nm (E4) and 665 nm (E6))). The dehydrated sludge with CDF could be easily compressed into cakes by belt-filter for easy transportation and storage. With the continuous addition of CDF and PAM, the corresponding index of capillary suction time (CST) increased. Moreover, the total value of CST with CDF was low, showing a good dewaterability. In addition, the sludge index of pumping time and moisture content with CDF were low in contrast with PAM. Fermentation experiments demonstrated that sludge with CDF had a comparatively high temperature and low value of E4/E6. Such novel CDF shows enormous potential in wastewater treatment and sludge fermentation.

Found in biomolecules, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, amide-containing molecules are ubiquitous in nature, and their derivatization represents a significant methodological goal in fluorine chemistry. Trifluoromethyl amides have emerged as important functional groups frequently found in pharmaceutical compounds. To date, there is no strategy for synthesizing N-trifluoromethyl amides from abundant organic carboxylic acid derivatives, which are ideal starting materials in amide synthesis. Here, we report the synthesis of N-trifluoromethyl amides from carboxylic acid halides and esters under mild conditions via isothiocyanates in the presence of silver fluoride at room temperature. Through this strategy, isothiocyanates are desulfurized with AgF, and then the formed derivative is acylated to afford N-trifluoromethyl amides, including previously inaccessible structures. This method shows broad scope, provides a platform for rapidly generating N-trifluoromethyl amides by virtue of the diversity and availability of both reaction partners, and should find application in the modification of advanced intermediates.

In this study, we investigated the elastic constants, moduli, hardness, and electronic structures of Ti–Al intermetallic compounds (TiAl, Ti3Al, and TiAl3) using first-principles calculations. The cohesive energy and formation enthalpy of these compounds are negative, which indicates that they are thermodynamically stable. We calculated the elastic constants and moduli using the stress–strain method and Voigt–Reuss–Hill approximation, respectively. We evaluated the mechanical anisotropy of these compounds using the anisotropic index and found that the results are in good agreement with other experimental and theoretical data. We evaluated the chemical bonding of these compounds by calculating their density of states, the results of which revealed that the bonding behavior of all Ti–Al intermetallic compounds involved a mixture of metallic and covalent bonds. We also estimated the Debye temperature and sound velocities of these Ti–Al intermetallic compounds.

The partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique is a fairly suitable scheme to mitigate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem inherent in 5G multicarrier systems, especially considering a high-order QAM modulation design. However, the high computational complexity level and the speed of the convergence for optimizing the phases of the transmitting signal restrict this technique in practical applications. In this paper, a low-complexity frequency-domain-evaluated PTS (F-PTS) based on a spacing multiobjective (SMO) processing algorithm is proposed to reduce the PAPR values. The PAPR performance are accurately predicted in terms of modifying relative dispersion in the frequency domain. As a result, the complexity of searching the optimal phase factors and IFFT computing is simplified. Moreover, a frequency-domain- and time-domain-evaluating PTS (FTD-PTS) is employed to search the optimal solution with a reasonable complexity. Simulation results verify that the operation rate of F-PTS is significantly improved after transferring the exhaustive search strategy of PTS into the SMO algorithm, and the F-PTS PAPR reduction performance is just 0.3 dB away from theoretical optimal performance. The FTD-PTS spends an acceptable operation rate to obtain optimal PAPR reduction performance, which subtracts 0.5 and 0.6 dB more than PSO-PTS and conventional PTS at CCDF=10−3, respectively.

Seventeen trilobite species belonging to 16 genera and 13 families are systematically documented from the Houping Formation (upper Dapingian-lower Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician) at the Datangkou and Dacao sections, Chengkou, northern Chongqing. Of these, a new species, Mioptychopyge chengkouensis sp. nov., is established and described. New morphological information is provided for previously known species on the basis of new specimens. Two trilobite associations based on faunal composition and dominant forms are distinguished from the Houping Formation, in ascending order, the Agerina Association (from the lower and middle members) and the Nileus-Illaenus Association (from the upper member). The Agerina Association lived in an inner shelf margin environment with carbonate substrate above storm wave base (Nileus-Illaenus Association developed in a shallow outer shelf environment below storm wave base (>70 m deep), indicating a rise of relative sea level corresponding to the early Darriwilian transgression. The cluster and nonmetric multidimensional scaling analyses of the trilobites in the formation show that the fauna had a strong endemicity to South China and a close biogeographic connection with east Peri-Gondwana, especially Tarim, Annamia and central Iran.LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E4E6AD0B-417F-4522-83E3-4DC44B647760

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Supplemental Material for Epidemiology of Childhood Trauma and Analysis of Influencing Factors in Psychiatric Disorders Among Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study by Jianbo Liu, Xiujin Lin,Yanmei Shen, Yuanyue Zhou, Yuqiong He, Tiantian Meng, Xilong Cui, Bo Xiao, Jianping Lu, Xiangyang Zhang and Xuerong Luo, in Journal of Interpersonal Violence

The research project focuses on the study of monsoon precipitating cloud systems from various CMIP (Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project) climate models. Firstly, fifteen different climate models from the IPCC database have been used as the original dataset. Then, the cross-analysis among those model results was examined to lay the foundation for observational data analyses. After that, the precipitation changes under different climate change scenarios (such as, 20th century actual atmospheric condition and future climate under double CO2 concentration) have been analyzed, respectively. Finally, we are trying to figure out certain regions where the disagreements among models are extraordinarily large during the summer monsoon seasons.

As one of the most obvious atmospheric components, clouds exert fundamental impacts on the global hydrologic cycle, condensing water vapor and forming precipitation when incorporated with aerosols *^. One of the most important final products-precipitation, however, has been poorly parameterized by the modeling community due to traditional instrumental limitations +. In the project, the researcher is trying to characterize global precipitation patterns using data from the NASA satellite Cloudsat. Moreover, the researcher has decided to eliminate the "possible rain" situations, while including only the "certain rain" and the "certain snow" situations for quality purposes. The researcher finds that the precipitation frequency is consistent with our long-time believed results, while the precipitation intensity is, more or less, contradicting to our conventions. In order to analyze the unusual precipitation intensity over the tropics, two regions of equal size are pick out, and their precipitation probability density functions are given and compared. As a result, the researcher concludes that the precipitation of high intensity (usually in tropics) is severely underestimated by the Cloud Profiling Radar on Cloudsat because of wavelength constraints.

Both high-level and high-resolution feature representations are of great importance in various visual understanding tasks. To acquire high-resolution feature maps with high-level semantic information, one common strategy is to adopt dilated convolutions in the backbone networks to extract high-resolution feature maps, such as the dilatedFCN-based methods for semantic segmentation. However, due to many convolution operations are conducted on the high-resolution feature maps, such methods have large computational complexity and memory consumption. In this paper, we propose one novel holistically-guided decoder which is introduced to obtain the high-resolution semantic-rich feature maps via the multi-scale features from the encoder. The decoding is achieved via novel holistic codeword generation and codeword assembly operations, which take advantages of both the high-level and low-level features from the encoder features. With the proposed holistically-guided decoder, we implement the EfficientFCN architecture for semantic segmentation and HGD-FPN for object detection and instance segmentation. The EfficientFCN achieves comparable or even better performance than state-of-the-art methods with only 1/3 of their computational costs for semantic segmentation on PASCAL Context, PASCAL VOC, ADE20K datasets. Meanwhile, the proposed HGD-FPN achieves $>2\%$ higher mean Average Precision (mAP) when integrated into several object detection frameworks with ResNet-50 encoding backbones., arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2008.10487

We report the experimental results of simultaneous measurements on the electron and X-ray spectra from near-critical-density (NCD) double-layer targets irradiated by relativistic femtosecond pulses at the intensity of 5E19 W/cm^2. The dependence of the electron and X-ray spectra on the density and thickness of the NCD layer was studied. For the optimal targets, electrons with temperature of 5.5 MeV and X-rays with critical energy of 5 keV were obtained. 2D particle-in-cell simulations based on the experimental parameters confirm the electrons are accelerated in the plasma channel through direct laser acceleration, resulting in temperature significantly higher than the pondermotive temperature. Bright X-rays are generated from betatron emission and Thomson backscattering before the electrons leave the double-layer targets.

Fresh fruit juice has a short storage period and it usually needs to be concentrated for shelf-life extension. Evaporation of fruit juice is an attractive method and vertical tube falling film evaporator is one of good choice. The main problem in the design of the evaporator is the reliable estimation of the heat transfer coefficient for all effects. In this paper, the effects of feed flow rate, evaporation temperature, temperature difference, and juice soluble solid content on heat transfer coefficient of a vertical falling film evaporator were investigated. The Bayesian treed Gaussian process model was used to identify the key variables affecting the heat transfer coefficient, which showed that evaporation temperature had the greatest influence on the sensitivity of heat transfer coefficient. It also demonstrated that complex interactions existed between the four operating parameters had a significant effect on the overall heat transfer coefficient.

Dependency parsing is one of the basic research of natural language processing. In recent years, transition-based and graph-based methods have been used widely, but there are still some problems such as feature limitation and high time complexity. In this paper, we proposed a new method named Leaf Detection based Dependency Parsing (LD-Parser), which is a bottom-up framework to detect leaf nodes of the dependency parsing tree. We use LSTM to construct a classifier to generate labels for each word and then remove the leaf nodes that are adjacent to their corresponding parents. Besides, an attention mechanism is introduced to sum the children of nodes as an extra feature according to the attention weight. We make experiments on Universal Dependencies in several languages. Experiments show that the LD-Parser with Attention performs better than transition-based and graph-based methods in dependency parsing tasks for short sentences.

The ultrasonic evaporator is a new type of evaporation equipment which uses ultrasonic technology to assist evaporation of liquid materials. Due to the lack of mechanism of ultrasonic technology to enhance the heat transfer in evaporation process, there are few reports on the use of ultrasonic evaporator in industrial production. The tap water was selected as experimental material and the heat transfer performance of ultrasonic evaporator was studied. It could be obtained from the single factor analysis that the heat transfer coefficient increased first and then decreased with the increase of ultrasonic power density. The increase of heat transfer due to the increase of temperature difference is basically stable at 20 %. When the ultrasonic wave acts on evaporator, the heat transfer coefficient would increase about 17.06 %–29.85 %. According to the orthogonal test and analysis of variance, it can be obtained that the influence of temperature difference on heat transfer coefficient is the largest, the second is feed flow rate, and evaporation time has the least influence.

It has been proven that surfactants used in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil have great application potential. In this study, the effects of five surfactants (SDBS, Tween80, Tween60, rhamnolipid and TRS-1) on leaching of petroleum hydrocarbons from soil were investigated through orthogonal experiments, and petroleum hydrocarbon components were analyzed by GC/MS. The effects of surfactants on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon were analyzed by the changes of microbial growth curve and surface hydrophobicity. The results showed that surfactant type, temperature and surfactant concentration had significant effects on the removal rate of petroleum hydrocarbon. Tween80, rhamnolipid and TRS-1 have good bio-friendliness and a high removal rate of petroleum hydrocarbons (up to 65%), suitable for the restoration of the soil used in the experiment And Surfactants exhibited a higher removal rate for small molecules and petroleum hydrocarbons with odd carbon atoms. Surfactants have a certain modification effect on the surface of relatively hydrophilic bacteria under the initial conditions, making their surface properties develop in the direction of enhanced hydrophobicity, and the hydrophobicity has increased from less than 20% to about 40%.

We report a positioning method for transparent targets with an accuracy of \SI{2}{\mu m} for a compact laser proton accelerator. The positioning system consists of two light-emitting diodes (LED), a long working distance objective and two charge coupled devices (CCD) for illumination, imaging and detection, respectively. We developed a defocusing method making transparent targets visible as phase objects and applied it to our system. Precise positioning of transparent targets can be realized by means of minimizing the image contrast of the phase objects. Fast positioning based on the relationship between the radius of spherical aberration ring and defocusing distance is also realized. Laser proton acceleration experiments have been performed to demonstrate the reliability of this positioning system., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

The composition dependence of glass forming ability in the ternary Al-Cu-Y system is predicted by thermodynamic calculations based on the Miedema’s model and Alonso’s method. By comparing the relative energetic status of the amorphous phase versus the solid solution phase, a hexagonal composition region that energetically favoring the metallic glass formation is predicted. The glass formation driving force and crystallization resistance are further calculated and the composition of Al72Cu10Y18 is pinpointed with the largest glass forming ability in the Al-Cu-Y system. The calculation results are well supported by the experimental observations reported in the literature.

Stromatolites just after the end-Permian extinction are exceptionally well developed in the Chongyang area of Hubei Province, South China. The stromatolites include endolithic coccoidal microbes and exhibit three growth forms: columnar-layered, pseudo-columnar, and columnar, each located in different stratigraphic horizons. The columnar type is the most conspicuous and provides key information on the mode of their construction. In this paper, we describe the mega- to microscopic features of these stromatolites together with interpretations of their construction. The columnar type typically comprises alternations of lighter and darker laminae with intercalations of dense micritic laminae. The lighter laminae are composed of fine to coarse calcite cement and fine dolomite, whereas the darker laminae are composed of micrite and microspar. Endolithic coccoids are sporadic in these laminae. In contrast, the dense micritic laminae consist of micrite with abundant endolithic coccoids, accentuating the laminae of stromatolites. The columnar stromatolites were formed under deteriorating conditions after the end-Permian mass extinction as follows: (1) the alternating development of lighter and darker laminae due to the colonization of different microbial communities in lower-energy, shallow- to deep-subtidal settings; (2) carbonate precipitation within each microbial community through microbial metabolic activity and degradation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), leading to the alternations of lighter and darker laminae; (3) episodic interruption of the growth of the lighter and darker laminae by endolithic coccoidal activity; and (4) high levels of endolithic activity, accompanied by the precipitation of carbonate within boreholes to produce the dense micritic laminae. In contrast, the columnar-layered and pseudo-columnar types comprise alternations of lighter and darker laminae, composed mainly of fine to coarse calcite cement, fine dolomite, micrite, peloids, and microspar with sporadic endolithic coccoids. The dense micritic laminae are absent or rare in these stromatolites. These types were essentially produced by the repetition of processes (1) and (2) documented in the columnar type. The finely alternating laminae of these stromatolites are therefore the product of the repeated initiation and cessation of growth of relevant microbial communities in response to changing environmental conditions. The stromatolites were formed immediately after the end-Permian extinction and persisted intermittently throughout the Early Triassic. The Chongyang stromatolites are undoubtedly some of the best-developed stromatolites near the Permian–Triassic boundary and retain a high-resolution record of microbial successions and palaeo-oceanic perturbations immediately following the end-Permian extinction.

In this paper, the heat transfer of pineapple juice was investigated on a new evaporator with ultrasound. The effects of various factors on the heat transfer coefficient were analyzed, including feed rate, evaporating temperature, temperature difference of heat transfer, and juice concentration. The proposals of design and operation for this new evaporation were also discussed.

In this paper, the apple juice was used as the experimental medium, the main factors, such as the evaporating temperature, feed rate, temperature difference of the heat transfer and concentration, were analyzed, the heat transfer of the juice was studied on a heat pipe evaporator, a dynamic model of the apple juice during the constant volume heat process was built up, the heat transfer during evaporation, affected the heat transfer properity in evaporating process were investigated, the experimental relating formula was obtained finally. The above informations could provide some help to design new evaporators and optimize the fruit juice concentrating parameters.

The dengue virus (DENV) is a vital global public health issue. The 2014 dengue epidemic in Guangzhou, China, caused approximately 40,000 cases of infection and five deaths. We carried out a comprehensive investigation aimed at identifying the transmission sources in this dengue epidemic. To analyze the phylogenetics of the 2014 dengue strains, the envelope (E) gene sequences from 17 viral strains isolated from 168 dengue patient serum samples were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed. All 17 strains were serotype I strains, including 8 genotype I and 9 genotype V strains. Additionally, 6 genotype I strains that were probably introduced to China from Thailand before 2009 were widely transmitted in the 2013 and 2014 epidemics, and they continued to circulate until 2015, with one affinis strain being found in Singapore. The other 2 genotype I strains were introduced from the Malaya Peninsula in 2014. The transmission source of the 9 genotype V strains was from Malaysia in 2014. DENVs of different serotypes and genotypes co-circulated in the 2014 dengue outbreak in Guangzhou. Moreover, not only had DENV been imported to Guangzhou, but it had also been gradually exported, as the viruses exhibited an enzootic transmission cycle in Guangzhou.

With the wireless communications growing rapidly, we need great-performance and high-efficiency channel estimation. An estimation method based on the quadri-phase complete complementary sequences (CCs) is proposed for the Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems. A time slot structure that using CCs with optimal periodic autocorrelations as cyclic prefix (CP) and zero padded (ZP) suffix is investigated. With the pilot blocks of CCs, optimal least square (LS) estimation in the minimum mean square error (MMSE) is got. In addition, with the appropriate length CCs, higher accuracy channel estimation will be achieved. To reduce the waste of frequency spectrum that pilot blocks usage, the same blocks would include the training sequences and the data. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the method is available and obtainable.

A collection of numerous crinoid pluricolumnals from the uppermost Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Tibet were derived from one biological species of crinoid. The specimens were collected from well-lithified, bioclastic shelf limestones of the upper part of the Lower Chiatsun Group, Pygodus serra Biozone; coeval rocks of similar lithology outcrop at the summit of Everest. A new crinoid morphospecies, Segmentocolumnus (col.) hanshessi, is tentatively considered a ‘stem-group cladid’, perhaps a dendrocrinid. The proxistele is broad and pentagonal in section with a broad, pentagonal axial canal; the mesistele of similar gross morphology is more slender with a regularly heteromorphic column and a similarly wide axial canal; the dististele is a terminal dendritic radice with a pentastellate axial canal. In the mesistele, the meric sutures correspond to the centres of the sides of the column, but in the dististele they occur in the angles. This range of morphologies would have led to their inclusion in at least two morphogenera if they had not been closely associated; as they belong to a single biological species, they have been ‘lumped’ together herein. This is a rare contribution to our knowledge of the early crinoids from a region outside Europe and North America. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A continuous Ordovician-Silurian boundary section from the upper Wufeng Formation through the Kuanyinchiao Formation to the lower Lungmachi Formation has been carefully measured and collected at Shuanghe of Changning, southern Sichuan Province. For the first time, the temporal changes of alpha- and beta-diversities of the Hirnantia fauna have been discussed in great detail. The general trend of brachiopod diversity change, increasing upward, is consistent with the regional trend of the Yangtze Platform, which had been controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the sudden drop of diversity for a short period in the upper Kuanyinchiao Formation might have been controlled by environmental factors rather than normal faunal turnover. Synecological analysis using numerical methods recognizes two brachiopod-dominated associations of the Hirnantia fauna, the Dalmanella-Kinnella Association and the Mirorthis Association, both living in an offshore, deeper water environment corresponding to BA3-upper BA4, particularly lower BA3.

The technology of computer vision is used in the training of military shooting. In order to overcome the limitation of the bullet holes recognition using Video Image Analysis that exists over-detection or leak-detection, this paper adopts the support vector machine algorithm and convolutional neural network to extract and recognize Bullet Holes in the digital video and compares their performance. It extracts HOG characteristics of bullet holes and train SVM classifier quickly, though the target is under outdoor environment. Experiments show that support vector machine algorithm used in this paper realize a fast and efficient extraction and recognition of bullet holes, improving the efficiency of shooting training.

The temporal distribution of the diagnostic biofabrics in the Lower and Middle Ordovician in North China distinctly illustrates that the sedimentary systems on the paleoplate have been changed markedly as consequences of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). The pre-GOBE sedimentary systems deposited in Tremadoc display widespread microbialite and flat-pebble conglomerates, and a less extent of bioturbation. Through the transitional period of early Floian, the sedimentary systems in the rest of the Early and Mid- Ordovician change to GOBE type and are characterized by intensive bioturbation and vanishing flat-pebble conglomerates and subtidal microbial sediments. The irreversible changes in sedimentary systems in North China are linked to the GOBE, which conduced the increase in infaunal tiering, the expansion of infaunal ecospace, and the appearance of new burrowers related to the development of the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna during the Ordovician biodiversification. Thus, changes in sedimentary systems during the pivotal period of the GOBE were consequences of a steep diversification of benthic faunas rather than the GOBE's environmental background.

In this paper we give a generation method to extend the known complete complementary sequences. Also we will prove the new sequences to be a complete complementary sequence include: for each shift, the sum of auto-correlation function are equal to zero without zero-phase, and the sum of cross-correlation function of the complete complementary sequences are equal to zero in every shift. Meanwhile, giving the figure of the new sequences to support the result that complete complementary sequence is available for the Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, spread spectrum system and so on. The conclusion implies that maybe the polyphase complete complementary sequences also satisfy the request. So we may open a new direction in polyphase complete complementary sequences.

Polynomial, as one of the most basic mathematical forms, is widely applied to theories and practical engineering. And the effective machinery calculation of polynomial can greatly contribute to the practical uses. Hence, a new approach of polynomial storage, coefficients and index number stored in an array, has been put forward for study. In this article, different methods of three vital calculations have been theoretically deduced, partially verified and realized in program via the new approach previously mentioned, and its detailed steps have been proposed as well to show the advantages of the new storage method.

At present, in mobile business, the secure environment in the terminal of users has not been embedded, many cryptology-based methods can not be directly used to protect the copyright of digital media. Under this situation, a transparent system based on water-mark for digital right management and digital copyright protection is proposed in this paper. The transparent system is called WDRM (watermark-based digital rights management) and transparent to users. Its core is WDRM Agent. In this paper, system inner model and procession are designed in detail at first, including the registration, the downloading, the super distribution, and the cooperation. Because the watermark embedding and the extraction algorithms are the kernel in this architecture, we also discuss how to choose and design the algorithms. Then we establish a package for all algorithms in WDRM Agent.

This paper introduced a novel method for implementing broadcast encryption. Our scheme takes advantages of bilinear map and group characteristic, and shifts most of the storage overhead to the public device instead of storing in the tamper-proof device which is a major problem on current implementation. Furthermore, the broadcast keys in our scheme could be reused periodically resulting in more operational efficiency.

The genus Sphenothallus was erected by Hall (1847, p. 261), who originally considered it a land plant. Sphenothallus was later classified as a marine invertebrate. Moore and Harrington (1956, p. F65) regarded Sphenothallus as a hydrozoan or scyphozoan. Van Iten et al. (1992, p. 139) supported Moore and Harrington's idea, and argued that it displays a close relationship to conularids (also see Li, 2000, p. 91). However, Mason and Yochelson (1985, p. 93–94) suggested that Sphenothallus is an annelid or “worm” (also see Fauchald et al., 1986, p. 64; Feldmann et al., 1986, p. 344–345; Choi, 1990, p. 403; Bartels et al., 1998, p. 114–117). The exact phylogenetic affinity of Sphenothallus is still debated. Sphenothallus has been recognized in Paleozoic rocks ranging from Cambrian to Permian, at numerous localities in the northern and southern hemispheres (Van Iten et al., 1992, p. 136; Neal and Hannibal, 2000, p. 369; Li, 2000, p. 88, 89; Baird and Brett, 2002, p. 208). Up until now, few reports of sphenothallids have been published from the Silurian. Murchison (1839) reported two sphenothallids from the Silurian of Scotland. Billings (1862) described one sphenothallid: Serpulites dissolutus Billings (pl. 1.1, figs. 6, 7) from the Lower Silurian; however, Bolton (1994, p. 4) considered the geological age of specimens, classified as Sphenothallus angustifolius , to be Middle Ordovician. Brood (1988, p. 83) published sphenothallid phosphatic tubes from the Ludlow rocks of Gotland under the generic name Campylites . In China, Sphenothallus has been solely reported from the Cambrian only at two localities: Taijiang, Guizhou (Zhu et al., 2000, p. 229–234) and Nanzheng, Shaanxi (Li, 2000, p. 93). The purpose of the present paper is to describe Sphenothallus angustifolius Hall based on …

The genus Sphenothallus was erected by Hall (1847, p. 261), who originally considered it a land plant. Sphenothallus was later classified as a marine invertebrate. Moore and Harrington (1956, p. F65) regarded Sphenothallus as a hydrozoan or scyphozoan. Van Iten et al. (1992, p. 139) supported Moore and Harrington's idea, and argued that it displays a close relationship to conularids (also see Li, 2000, p. 91). However, Mason and Yochelson (1985, p. 93–94) suggested that Sphenothallus is an annelid or “worm” (also see Fauchald et al., 1986, p. 64; Feldmann et al., 1986, p. 344–345; Choi, 1990, p. 403; Bartels et al., 1998, p. 114–117). The exact phylogenetic affinity of Sphenothallus is still debated.

The solar collectors were exposed to the ambient conditions and left without cleaning for three months in winter in Lanzhou. In this paper, the effect of dust accumulation on the instantaneous efficiency, stagnation temperature and temperature rise of flat plate solar collectors is analyzed. The efficiency of solar collectors with and without dust in steady-state condition is measured following the Chinese National Standard GB/T 4271. Beside this, the stagnation test is carried out. The results show that the optical efficiency decrease of 9.7% and the stagnation temperature decrease of 0.3 °C–7.2 °C over time in a solar collector exposed for three months without cleaning. Furthermore, daily test is conducted. The efficiency, dust shading coefficient, and temperature rise of solar collectors are calculated by using experimental data. In this experiment, the dust shading coefficient changes between 0.83 and 0.94 during the whole day, and it is lower at noon than in the morning and evening hours. The efficiency difference and the temperature rise difference between the solar collectors with and without dust also vary with the dust shading coefficient, the optical efficiency, total solar irradiance, and mass flow rate during the whole day.

To study the effects of glucocorticoid on the IL-13-induced Muc5ac expression in airways of mice, and investigate its role in mucus secretion of airways, 24 pathogen-free BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups. IL-13 group received an nasal instillation of 100 microg of recombinant murine IL-13 solution on days 1, 3 and 5. In dexamethasone group, dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 24 h before and 1 h before the first instillation of IL-13 and on 4 consecutive days (day 0 to day 5, 6 consecutive days in total), while control group was not treated with IL-13 or dexamethasone. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and eosinophils were counted, and expression of Muc5ac mRNA and protein in lungs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology and immunohistochemical assay respectively. Our results showed that the number of mice, with positve Muc5ac protein expression, expression of Muc5ac mRNA and eosinophils in BALF after IL-13 treatment were all significantly higher than that of control group (all P0.01). Despite eosinophils reduced (P0.01), the number of mice with positive Muc5ac protein expression, expression of Muc5ac mRNA afterdexamethasone treatment didn't decreas significantly as compared with that of IL-13 group. It is concluded that IL-13 can up-regulate the expression of Muc5ac mRNA and protein, which may play a pivotal role in the mucus overproduction of airways. Dexamethasone can suppress IL-13-induced eosinophilic infiltration in lung but can't inhibit the mucus overproduction.

The solvable n-Lie algebras are studied, we determined some properties of solvable n-Lie algebras, gave the definition of Borel n-subalgebra, and also got some results about Borel n-subalgebras.

Studied the structure and representations of Lie algebra G(A), given a non-degenerate symmetric invariant bilinear form on G(A), got the classification of the highest (lowest) weight modules on G(A), and determined the maximal proper submodules when the highest (lowest) weight modules are reducible.