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Additional file 4. The sequence variations of positive selection haplotype in clones of high sucrose content (HS) and low sucrose content (LS).

Additional file 1. The amplification of SPSB gene for 18 germplasms, M: markers, the size is 5000bp, 3000bp, 2000bp, 1500bp, 1000bp, 750bp, 500bp, 250bp, 100bp;1: Badila, 2: India1, 3: Guangze bamboo cane, 4: katha, 5: YZ02-588, 6: Dezhe93-88, 7: YZ14-401, 8: YZ14-405, 9: YT00-236, 10: YZ14-407, 11: GT12, 12: YZ94-343, 13: YZ14-402, 14: YZ14-403, 15: YZ14-404, 16: YZ14-406, 17: YZ14-408, 18: ROC22.

BackgroundAlveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare sarcoma that has been shown to be highly effective to antiangiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, but most reported studies about ASPS were concentrated on adult population. In this study, we aimed to describe the clinical features and therapeutic outcomes of ASPS in children.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with ASPS in our institution since Jan 2015. All patients included in this study were pathologically confirmed ASPS and aged under 12 years at the time of initial diagnosis. Demographic characteristics, tumor sizes, primary tumor sites, metastasis, treatments used, therapeutic responses and survivals were evaluated.ResultsWe identified a total of 56 patients to be initially diagnosed as ASPS since Jan 2015. A predisposition of high occurrence in head and neck (32.1%) was observed (versus 41.1% in limbs and 21.4% in trunk). 26 (46.4%) patients developed metastasis at the time of diagnosis or during follow-up. Tumors in tongue, pharynx and larynx had the least likelihood to metastasize (7.7%, PConclusionsASPS exhibits a higher occurrence in head and neck in children. ASPS originating from glossopharyngeal region tends to have a lower metastasis rate. ASPS displays a more indolent growth pattern in children, which makes observation a preferable choice for children with sole pulmonary metastasis. Pediatric ASPS appears to be less effective to targeted therapy and immunotherapy than adults. The treatment of progressive ASPS in children remains challenging.

BACKGROUND: There is increased evidence of first metatarsal hyperpronation in patients with hallux valgus, but its impact on the stability of the first metatarsophalangeal and metatarsosesamoid joints is unknown. A previous biomechanical study showed that an increase in hallucal pronation might lead to medial soft tissue failure of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Conversely, dynamic studies on hallux valgus have shown that the first tarsometatarsal joint moves in supination during weightbearing, and supination was associated with an increase in the intermetatarsal angle (IMA) and hallux valgus angle (HVA). QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Does an increase in first metatarsal pronation cause an increase in hallucal pronation? (2) Can an intrinsic increase in first metatarsal pronation lead to first ray supination during weightbearing? (3) Can a combination of intrinsic first metatarsal hyperpronation and first metatarsophalangeal medial soft tissue failure increase supination of the first ray during weightbearing? (4) Is first ray supination during weightbearing associated with an increase in the IMA and HVA? METHODS: Twelve transtibial, nonpaired cadaver specimens without deformities were used. Each specimen underwent six weightbearing CT scans under different conditions. The first three CT examinations were performed without any osteotomy of the first metatarsal. The first was a simulated nonweightbearing condition. The second was a simulated weightbearing condition. The third was a simulated weightbearing condition with medial soft tissue release. Subsequentially, a 30° pronation osteotomy of the first metatarsal was performed, and the same sequence of weightbearing CT images was obtained. On each weightbearing CT image, the HVA, IMA, sesamoid rotation angle, metatarsal pronation angle (MPA), metatarsosesamoid rotation angle, and hallucal pronation (HP) were measured. Motions were calculated based on the differential values of these angular measurements produced by the six different conditions (weightbearing, medial soft tissue release, 30° pronation osteotomy, and combinations of these conditions). We compared means using a t-test for normally distributed variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for nonnormally distributed variables. Correlations were assessed with Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS: We found that 30° pronation osteotomy of the first metatarsal increased the MPA and HP by 28° ± 4° and 26° ± 6°, respectively, in the nonweightbearing condition. No differences between the increase in MPA and the increase in HP were noted (mean difference 2° [95% CI -1° to 5°]; p = 0.20). Therefore, an increase in first metatarsal pronation caused an increase in hallucal pronation. When a 30° pronation osteotomy of the first metatarsal was performed, the first ray motion during weightbearing went from pronation to supination (4° ± 2° in pronation without osteotomy versus 4° ± 2° in supination after the osteotomy, mean difference 8° [95% CI 6° to 9°]; p < 0.001). Therefore, an intrinsic increase in pronation of the first metatarsal led to a first ray supination motion during weightbearing. When a first metatarsophalangeal medial soft tissue release was performed in addition to the 30° osteotomy of the first metatarsal, the supination motion of the first ray increased (4° ± 2° without medial soft tissue release versus 11° ± 7° after the release, mean difference 8° [95% CI 3° to 12°]; p = 0.003). Therefore, a combination of intrinsic first metatarsal hyperpronation and first metatarsophalangeal medial soft tissue failure increased supination of the first ray during weightbearing. Regarding static angular measurements, the HVA and IMA were not correlated with the MPA (ρ = 0.20; p = 0.09 and ρ = 0.22; p = 0.07, respectively). Regarding motions, as the HVA and IMA increased from nonweightbearing to weightbearing the pronation decreased, with strong correlations (ρ = -0.82; p < 0.001 and ρ = -0.77; p < 0.001, respectively). Therefore, a first ray supination during weightbearing was associated with an increase in the HVA and IMA. CONCLUSION: The combination of first metatarsal intrinsic hyperpronation and first metatarsophalangeal medial soft tissue failure led to a hallux valgus deformity in this cadaveric study. The static measurement of first metatarsal head pronation relative to the ground (MPA) did not reflect the real intrinsic pronation of the first ray, and foot and ankle specialists should be careful when interpreting these measurements. Hallux valgus is a dynamic condition, and the deformity could be more correlated with motions during weightbearing than with plain static measurements. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: First ray supination compensating for first metatarsal intrinsic hyperpronation might be an important factor in the hallux valgus pathogenesis. Further in vivo studies involving nonweightbearing and weightbearing comparative assessments of hallux valgus and controls should be performed to confirm this pathomechanism.

The popularity of encryption method brings a great challenge to malware traffic identification. Traditional classes defined by expert experience are usually classified based on the host behaviors of malware, such as banking malware or ransomware, which are often irrelevant to its communication traffic behaviors. It leads to the fact that the boundaries of traffic feature dataset of different malware classes are fuzzy and make these traditional classes unhelpful for classification based on traffic features. Meanwhile, traditional machine learning-based encrypted malware traffic identification methods, such as using the multi-classification supervised learning model, are inefficient both in model training and detection, and its detection accuracy cannot meet the demand. In this paper, we propose a distance-based method, which utilizes unsupervised learning algorithm Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and ordering points to identify the clustering structure (OPTICS) to calculate the Distance between malwares and make use of the Distance to define the new malware class called FClass. Then, a set of models are trained by XGBoost algorithm to build an identification framework based on the FClass. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated by comparing it with the other four methods. The results show that the proposed distance-based method is more efficient and accurate.

Controlling the generative model to adapt a new domain with limited samples is a difficult challenge and it is receiving increasing attention. Recently, methods based on meta-learning have shown promising results for few-shot domain adaptation. However, meta-learning-based methods usually suffer from the problem of overfitting, which results in a lack of diversity in the generated texts. To avoid this problem, in this study, a novel framework based on reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed. In this framework, to increase the sample utilization of RL and decrease its sample requirement, maximum likelihood estimation learning is incorporated into the RL process. When there are only a few in-domain samples available, experimental results on five target domains in two few-shot configurations show that this framework performs better than baselines.

One hundred and thirteen accessions of exotic sugarcane germplasms consisted of Q,VMC,FR,RB,CP and TCP were investigated in this study.Thirteen agronomic and quality traits including germination,tillering,ratoon germination,stalk height,stem diameter,number of millable stalk,stalk weight,cane yield,brix,sugar content,simple purity,fiber content and sugar yield were observed by principal component analysis and cluster analysis.The result of correlation analysis showed that sugar and cane yield was significantly positively related to height,millable stalks and single stem weight.Sucrose content was significantly positively related with brix and purity.Significant negative correlation was found between millable stalks and diameter.Ratoon sprout was closely linked to rate of germination,tillering percentage,and there was multiple co-linear relation among these traits.The result of principal component analysis on 13 traits showed 5 principal elements,which provided 75.16% cumulative variance.Based on the principal component scores,113 accessions of sugarcane germplasms were grouped into 7 clusters.ClusterⅠwas high in fiber content,low in yield.Cluster Ⅱ was weak in germination and tillering,low in yield.Cluster Ⅲ was strong in ratoon germination,high in cane yield and sugar content.Cluster Ⅳ could be used as parents for energy cane breeding.Cluster Ⅴwas high in cane yield,low in sugar content.Cluster Ⅵ was high in sugar content,low in cane yield.Cluster Ⅶ was high in cane yield,high in sugar content.

Thirty-one cross combinations consisted of thirteen ROC varieties including ROC1,ROC6,ROC8,ROC9,ROC10,ROC11,ROC20,ROC22,ROC23,ROC24,ROC25,ROC26 and ROC28 as female parents were made,and methods of family evaluation and ratooning ability(RA)were combined together for evaluating the ratooning traits of progeny populations under natural drought conditions.The results showed that the progenies were more significantly affected by ratoon crop than plant crop.Moreover,heritability of ratoon crop in cane yield,sugar yield and stalks were higher than that in plant crop,availing to breeding the strong ratoon offspring.Among the thirteen ROC female parents,the general combining ability(GCA)of main traits from ROC25,ROC11 and ROC24 were all higher in plant crop and ratoon crop.Furthermore,values of gca in cane yield,sugar yield and brix of ratoon crop were higher than that of plant crop.Thus these ROC parents could be excellent female parents with drought resistance and strong ratooning traits.The special combining ability(SCA)of main traits in plant crop and ratoon crop of ROC25×Dezhe 93-88 were higher than that of other cross and the ratooning ability of sugar yield and cane yield were 13.7% and 20.4% higher than those in ROC22 respectively.These ROC25×Dezhe 93-88 could be excellent cross for breeding the new varieties which could combat drought and have strong ratoon sugarcane.

A portable small liquefier for natural gas or coal-bed methane liquefaction has been designed and tested. The liquefier is very compact, and the compressor is directly mounted on a trailer. The liquefier is based on a mixed-refrigerant liquefaction cycle with R22 precooling. Most of the components in the liquefier are easily available off-the-shelf refrigeration products. An oil-lubricated single-stage R22 screw compressor is used for the mixed-refrigerant compression. An aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger with four flow passages was designed as the core of the cold box. The liquefier was tested for about 4 months by circulating pure methane as the natural gas resource. A maximum liquefaction capacity of 15,000 Nm3 was achieved with a minimum specific power consumption of about 0.54 kW h/Nm3. This liquefier can be used in various applications such as small natural gas or coalbed methane exploitations, distributed peak-shaving, and boil-off gas reliquefaction. These can also be used as a flexible distributed liquefaction center with a set of small liquefiers.

First of all, a dual mixed-gases Joule–Thomson refrigeration system was designed, constructed and tested in this work. A minimum no-load temperature of −197.7 °C (about 75.5 K) was reached and about 110 W cooling capacities at −174 °C (about 99 K) was obtained with the mixed-gases refrigeration prototype. Secondly, a cryogenic chamber for biomaterials preservation was built and tested with the similar cycle configuration, which has reached the lowest temperature of −192 °C (about 81 K) with an effective preservation volume of 80 L. A relatively fast cooling-down rate for this cryogenic chamber was obtained. Specifically, it took 2.5 h to reach −180 °C, and about 5 h to reach −190 °C. The cryogenic chamber shows a good perspective as a substitute for traditionally used liquid nitrogen preservation vessels.