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Knowledge Graph (KG) completion is the problem of extending an incomplete KG with missing facts. A key feature of Machine Learning approaches for KG completion is their ability to learn inference patterns, so that the predicted facts are the results of applying these patterns to the KG. Standard completion benchmarks, however, are not well-suited for evaluating models' abilities to learn patterns, because the training and test sets of these benchmarks are a random split of a given KG and hence do not capture the causality of inference patterns. We propose a novel approach for designing KG completion benchmarks based on the following principles: there is a set of logical rules so that the missing facts are the results of the rules' application; the training set includes both premises matching rule antecedents and the corresponding conclusions; the test set consists of the results of applying the rules to the training set; the negative examples are designed to discourage the models from learning rules not entailed by the rule set. We use our methodology to generate several benchmarks and evaluate a wide range of existing KG completion systems. Our results provide novel insights on the ability of existing models to induce inference patterns from incomplete KGs., Comment: Accepted by the 20th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR 2023)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has resulted in many deaths throughout the world. It is vital to identify the novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets to assist with the subsequent diagnosis and treatment plan to mitigate the expansion of COVID‐19. Since angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)‐positive cells are hosts for COVID‐19, we focussed on this cell type to explore the underlying mechanisms of COVID‐19. In this study, we identified that ACE2‐positive cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with COVID‐19 belong to bronchial epithelial cells. Comparing with patients of COVID‐19 showing severe symptoms, the antigen processing and presentation pathway was increased and 12 typical genes, HLA‐DRB5, HLA‐DRB1, CD74, HLA‐DRA, HLA‐DPA1, HLA‐DQA1, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HLA‐DPB1, HLA‐DQB1, HLA‐DQA2, and HLA‐DMA, particularly HLA‐DPB1, were obviously up‐regulated in ACE2‐positive bronchial epithelial cells of patients with mild disease. We further discovered SDCBP was positively correlated with above 12 genes particularly with HLA‐DPB1 in ACE2‐positive bronchial epithelial cells of COVID‐19 patients. Moreover, SDCBP may increase the immune infiltration of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells in different lung carcinoma. Moreover, we found the expression of SDCBP was positively correlated with the expression of antigen processing and presentation genes in post‐mortem lung biopsies tissues, which is consistent with previous discoveries. These results suggest that SDCBP has good potential to be further developed as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target in the treatment of COVID‐19.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study. Table S2. Primers used in this study. Table S3. The properties of iBsu1103V2 model. Table S4. GDLS predicted knockout targets. Table S5. The specific reactions catalyzed by the enzymes encoded by drm and fbaA. Table S6. The metabolic fluxes of biomass and IMP by different methods. Figure S1. The metabolic pathway for purine synthesis. Figure S2. Inosine and hypoxanthine accumulation of engineered strains PN05, PN05-s0, PN05-s1 and PN05-s2. Figure S3. Cell growth of strains PN14, PN15 and PN16 during shake-flask cultivation. Figure S4. Cell growth of engineered strains PN16-p and PN18. Figure S5. Cell growth of engineered strains PN18, PN19 and PN20. Figure S6. Cell growth of engineered strain PN20 with different concentrations of xylose. Figure S7. Cell growth, residual glucose and inosine production of engineered strain PN20 in a 5-L fermenter. Figure S8. Cell growth, residual glucose and inosine production of engineered strain PN20 in minimum medium (MM).

There are debates on whether the implementation of the Belt and Road (BR) initiative could significantly increase CO2 emissions in participating countries. Nevertheless, the policy effect of the BR initiative on both consumption- and production-based CO2 emissions has not been fully explored. In this study, we quantified the consumption- and production-based CO2 emissions in BR countries with a multiregional input–output model. Then, a difference-in-differences (DID) model was used to identify the CO2 emissions caused by the BR initiative. Results showed that the production-based CO2 emissions (20.77 Gt) were 11 percent higher than the consumption-based CO2 emissions (18.71 Gt) in BR countries. The BR initiative had a significant, positive effect on per-capita consumption-based CO2 emissions (p value < 0.1), with an average increase of 0.51 t/cap/year, but had no significant effect on per-capita production-based CO2 emissions (p value > 0.1). These results imply that the BR initiative promoted regional consumption to achieve common prosperity and boosted green transformation of regional economy. Moreover, non-BR countries that have consumed CO2-embedded products should take responsibility for the CO2 emitted in BR countries. Participants should give priority to strengthening the cooperation based on their country’s infrastructure conditions rather than the proximity to China. These findings clarify the policy effect of the BR initiative and distinguish the CO2 emission responsibility from both consumption- and production-based perspectives.

A signal amplification strategy based on the horseradish peroxidase catalyzed polymerization of dopamine on a polymeric ion-selective membrane surface is proposed for the sensitive chronopotentiometric detection of an aptamer–target binding event.

This paper analyzes the limitations of the Apriori algorithm for mining frequent itemsets with low time and space efficiency, and proposes a frequent itemset mining algorithm for matrix, itemset count and item index list. It only needs to scan the database once. According to the prior nature of frequent itemsets, the size of the data scan is reduced by compressing the matrix, and then the bitwise and operation is performed on the compressed matrix row vectors. The itemset count and prefix index list are used to generate frequent itemsets. No candidate set is generated during the mining process. This algorithm improves the efficiency of the original algorithm.

Calcium is closely related to the oceanic biosphere and carbonate system. Potentiometry based on a calcium-selective electrode (Ca-ISE) represents a promising tool for detection of calcium ion activities in seawater. This technique, however, generally is limited by the low sensitivity for the inherent Nernstian response (i.e. ca 30 mV/dec). A current pulse based ion-selective electrode with enhanced sensitivity for chronopotentiometric measurements of calcium in seawater is proposed. The Ca2+-selective membrane containing lipophilic salt ETH 500 instead of traditional ion-exchanger is galvanostatically controlled. An applied constant cathodic current pulse can leads to the extraction of the calcium ions into the membrane to produce a chronopotential response, which shows a stable and reproducible super-Nernstian response in a narrow calcium activity range. The super-Nernstian region of the electrode depends on not only the the magnitude and duration of the applied current pulse but also the interfering ions. Under optimal conditions, the proposed Ca-ISE exhibits a super-Nernstian response between the calcium concentrations of 10−2.5–10−1.5 M with a slope of ca 80 mV/dec. The current pulse based Ca-ISE has been applied to determination of calcium in seawater with satisfactory results.

Conventional potentiometric ion sensors that rely on a specific ion carrier in a polymeric membrane can hardly achieve multianalyte detection. Inspired by the remarkable ability of built-in logic gate sensors for multianalyte detection, herein we report a potentiometric aptasensing platform based on a G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme and logic gate operations for determination of two analytes using a single membrane electrode. A bifunctional probe with two aptamer units and a signal reporter oligonucleotide with a DNAzyme sequence are assembled on the magnetic beads to form a DNA hybrid structure. The "OR" and "INHIBIT" logic functions can be performed by using the two aptamers and their targets as inputs, and using the chronopotentiometric response based on the G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme-H2O2-mediated oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine as output. Kanamycin and oxytetracycline, as commonly used antibiotics, have been employed as the models and successfully measured.

Genus Homalota Mannerheim, 1830 Type species: Aleochara plana Gyllenhal, 1810. Diagnosis: Homalota is distinguished by the following combination of characters: 1) body strongly to moderately flattened dorsoventrally, parallel-sided; 2) head almost as wide as pronotum; 3) eye moderate in siZe, slightly protruding outwards; 4) infraorbital carina well developed, complete; 5) labial palpus with two palpomeres, ligula bifid in apical half; 6) scutellum posteromedially round; 7) tarsal formula 4-4-5, the first metatarsomere elongate or usually shorter (Yang, 1982); 8) mesocoXae narrowly separated, isthmus present, less than about half of mesocoXae length; 9) posterior margin of tergite VIII with processes in males (most species) or in both seXes (some species) (Kim & Ahn, 2014)., Published as part of Cao, Dandan, Wei, Jianrong, Liu, Shuwen, Zhao, Zhengping, Wang, Liping & Ji, Baozhong, 2018, A new species of Homalota Mannerheim, 1830 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Nanjing, China, pp. 327-332 in Zootaxa 4444 (3) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4444.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1309723, {"references":["Mannerheim CG (1830) Precis d'un nouvel arrangement de la famille des brachelytres, de l'ordre des insectes coleopteres. Privately published, St. Petersbourg, 87 pp.","Gyllenhal, L. (1810) Insecta Suecica descripta. Classis I. Coleoptera sive Eleuterata. Tomi I. Pars II. L. J. Leverentz, Scaris, 660 pp.","Yang, J. K. (1982) The key to the genera of Staphylinidae in India Burma. Natural Enemies of Insects, 4, 61 - 72. [in Chinese]","Kim, Y. H. & Ahn, K. J. (2014) Taxonomy of the genus Homalota Mannerheim in Korea (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). ZooKeys, 447, 109 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 447.7728"]}

Cao, Dandan, Wei, Jianrong, Liu, Shuwen, Zhao, Zhengping, Wang, Liping, Ji, Baozhong (2018): A new species of Homalota Mannerheim, 1830 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Nanjing, China. Zootaxa 4444 (3): 327-332, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4444.3.7

Homalota nanjingensis Cao, Ji & Liu, sp. nov. Type locality: China, Jangsu rpovince, Nanjing Zijin Mountain. Type materials: HOLOTYPE &male;: China, Jiangsu province, Nanjing Zijin Mountain National Forest Park, 15 August 2013, coll. S. W. Liu & D. D. Cao. PARATYPES: 3&female;, China, Jiangsu province, Nanjing, 8 July 2013, coll. Z. P. Zhao & D. D. Cao. 4&male;, China, Jiangsu province, Nanjing, 12 September 2013, coll. L. P. Wang & D. D. Cao. All type specimens are deposited in the Insect Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China. Description: Body length about 1.5–2.0 mm. Body strongly flattened dorsoventrally, parallel-sided; slightly pubescent; yellowish brown, head, elytra, and abdominal tergite VI dark brown (Fig. 1). Head: Subquadrate (HL = 0.29± 0.02 mm; HW = 0.27± 0.01 mm; HW/HL = 1.11); eyes moderate in siZe, and slightly protruding outwards (Fig. 2), between ommatidia with sparse setae; antenna with 11 segments, 1–3 elongate, 4–10 transverse, moniliform (Fig. 3). Mouthparts: Labrum transverse, with 8 pairs of macrosetae symmetrically arranged on the two sides of longitudinal midline.α-sensillum with a setose process, c- and γ-minute and conical, &epsi; with a short setose process, distinctly shorter than α (Fig. 4); the molar region of the mandibles dorsal surface with small denticles, right mandible with small median tooth, prostheca well developed (Fig.5); labial palpi with sparse setae, labium with ligula moderate in length and bifid at half, a little shorter than labial palpomere 1, labial palpomere 1 longer than 2, two medial setae present on prementum, contiguous, side by side, median field of prementum narrow and with pseudopores, mentum slightly marginated in anterior margin (Fig. 6); maXillary palpomere 2 and 3 dilated distally, 4 without small spines at apeX (Fig. 7-8). Thorax: Pronotum transverse, about 1.29 times wider than long (PW = 0.35± 0.01 mm; PL = 0.27± 0.01 mm; PW/PL = 1.29), posterior margin straight. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum, postero-laterally slightly sinuate. Elytra (Fig. 10) longer than wide (EL = 0.34± 0.02 mm; EW = 0.18± 0.03 mm; EL/EW = 1.91), slightly longer than pronotum (EL/PL = 1.35), hind wings developed, 1-1.5 times than body length. Scutellum postero-medially round. MesocoXae narrowly separated (Fig. 9). Tarsomere 1 as long as 2 in front and middle leg, but longer than 2 in hind legs. Empodial setae present. Abdomen: Tergites III-?transversely impressed, with clear basal transverse lines; behind them uniformly covered with dense setae. Female: Posterior margin of female tergite VIII slightly sunk in middle part (Fig. 11); sternite? (Fig. 12) broadly rounded apically. Spermatheca simple and elongate, spermathecal tube slightly curved (Fig. 13). Male: Posterior margin of male tergite VIII with twao long and acute lateral processes, median area with 4 short and broad processes (Fig. 14); sternite VIII narrowly protruding medially (Fig. 15); aedeagus (Fig. 16) median lobe elongate, bulbous at base, apical process slightly longer than basal bulb (Fig. 17), flagellum well sclerotiZed and short (Fig. 19); the apical lobe of parameres long and nearly fusiform, the middle part dilated (Fig. 18), with two setae per paramere (Fig. 20), and approXimately equal in length. Habitat and distribution: The specimens were collected in Nanjing Zijin Mountain National Forest Park (Nanjing, China). We found this new species under bark of dead pine trees (P. massoniana) that had been killed by nematode B. xylophilus, but we did not find this new species beneath the bark of completely rotten timber. Larvae of H. nanjingensis usually occurred between May and August. In contrast, based on three years of the investigation (2011-2013), adults were found throughout the year, indicating that H. nanjingensis may overwinter as adults. With the secondary invasion of other insects (e.g. Scolytidae and Cerambycidae) and microorganisms, the number of staphylinid species increased correspondingly. There was a spatial-temporal niche overlap between Staphylinidae (H. nanjingensis was the dominant species) and wood borer pests (Cao et al. 2013b), but whether H. nanjingensis interacts with these wood borers remains unknown. In addition, feeding habits of Aleocharinae beetles are compleXed (Cao et al. 2013a), research on biology and behavior of H. nanjingensis will be continued. Etymology: In our study, all samples of this species were collected from the Zijin Mountain National Forest Park, in the east of Nanjing City. The specific name is derived from the name of the type locality, Nanjing. Comparative remarks: Kim and Ahn (2014) revised the Korean species of Homalota, and provided detailed descriptions of five species and a key. Homalota nanjingensis can be distinguished from all species known in China by the following combination of characters: body strongly flattened dorsoventrally, parallel-sided, slightly pubescent; head slightly narrower than pronotum, posterior margin of pronotum relatively straight; male tergite? with two elongate lateral teeth, and with two setae per paramere. The key of species recorded in China was enclosed (AppendiX 1).

Field investigation combined with detailed petrographic observation indicate that abundant oil, gas, and solid bitumen inclusions were entrapped in veins and cements of sedimentary rocks in the Dabashan foreland, which were used to reconstruct the oil and gas migration history in the context of tectonic evolution. Three stages of veins were recognized and related to the collision between the North China block and the Yangtze block during the Indosinian orogeny from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (D1), the southwest thrusting of the Qinling erogenic belt towards the Sichuan basin during the Yanshanian orogeny from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (D2), and extensional tectonics during Late Cretaceous to Paleogene (D3), respectively. The occurrences of hydrocarbon inclusions in these veins and their homogenization temperatures suggest that oil was generated in the early stage of tectonic evolution, and gas was generated later, whereas solid bitumen was the result of pyrolysis of previously accumulated hydrocarbons. Three stages of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions were also identified in cements of carbonates and sandstones of gas beds in the Dabashan foreland belt and the Dabashan foreland depression (northeastern Sichuan basin), which recorded oil/gas formation, migration, accumulation and destruction of paleo-reservoirs during the D2. Isotopic analysis of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions contained in vein minerals shows that δ13C1 of gas in fluid inclusions ranges from –17.0‰ to –30.4‰ (PDB) and δD from –107.7‰ to –156.7‰ (SMOW), which indicates that the gas captured in the veins was migrated natural gas which may be correlated with gas from the gas-fields in northern Sichuan basin. Organic geochemical comparison between bitumen and potential source rocks indicates that the Lower Cambrian black shale and the Lower Permian black limestone were the most possible source rocks of the bitumen. Combined with tectonic evolution history of the Dabashan foreland, the results of this study suggest that oil was generated from the Paleozoic source rocks in the Dabashan area under normal burial thermal conditions before Indosinian tectonics and accumulated to form paleo-reservoirs during Indosinian collision between the North China block and the Yangtz block. The paleo-reservoirs were destroyed during the Yanshanian tectonic movement when the Dabashan foreland was formed. At the same time, oil in the paleo-reservoirs in the Dabashan foreland depression was pyrolyzed to transform to dry gas and the residues became solid bitumen.

The Mayuan stratabound Pb-Zn deposit in Nanzheng, Shaanxi Province, is located in the northern margin of the Yangtze Plate, in the southern margin of the Beiba Arch. The orebodies are stratiform and hosted in breciated dolostone of the Sinian Dengying Formation. The ore minerals are primarily sphalerite and galena, and the gangue minerals comprise of dolomite, quartz, barite, calcite and solid bitumen. Fluid inclusions from ore-stage quartz and calcite have homogenization tempreatures from 98 to 337°C and salinities from 7.7 wt% to 22.2 wt% (NaCl equiv.). The vapor phase of the inclusions is mainly composed of CH4 with minor CO2 and H2S. The δDfluid values of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite display a range from –68‰ to –113‰ (SMOW), and the δ18Ofluid values calculated from δ18Oquartz and δ18Ocalcite values range from 4.5‰ to 16.7‰ (SMOW). These data suggest that the ore-forming fluids may have been derived from evaporitic sea water that had reacted with organic matter. The δ13CCH4 values of CH4 in fluid inclusions range from –37.2‰ to –21.0‰ (PDB), suggesting that the CH4 in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from organic matter. This, together with the abundance of solid bitumen in the ores, suggest that organic matter played an important role in mineralization, and that the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) was the main mechanism of sulfide precipitation. The Mayuan Pb-Zn deposit is a carbonate-hosted epigenetic deposit that may be classified as a Mississippi Valley type (MVT) deposit.

In this era characterized by rapid improvements in the quality of living, people are eager to seek better medical services. However, the medical resource shortage threatens people's daily lives and has become an important factor causing dissatisfaction. Furthermore, as a sub-branch of artificial intelligence, computational intelligence is widely used to solve real-world problems like resource allocation. This paper proposes a medical resource allocation model based on mass customization, considering parameters such as doctors' professional level, patient preferences, and the medical station distribution. This model aims at optimizing and balancing the uneven distribution of medical resources by taking into account the patient requirements and medical costs. Moreover, a genetic algorithm is applied to improve the computational efficiency of the proposed method. The results show that the medical resource allocation model based on mass customization can lead to a higher profit. Suggestions are also discussed for sustainable development in medical service based on mass customization.

The main purpose of nature language processing is to process, understand, and apply all kinds of human beings' languages in written or oral forms. In recent years, “Bullet Screen”, which allows viewers to post bullet-like, real-time comments on screen during their watching films, is an emerging craze in online video sites, especially in China and Japan, mainly popular among young people for their social interactivities. Meanwhile, since “Bullet Screen” can be regarded as a novel type of natural language, processing, restoring, and organizing them play an important role in providing retrieval platforms for users so as to help them find out highlights from oceans of videos. Taking Bilibili, a Chinese video website, as example, this paper comes up with a new algorithm called Integrated Sort for “Bullet Screen” (ISB) base on BM25 in order to put “Bullet Screen” processing into practice. Empirical study shows that ISB based on BM25 can anatomize “Bullet Screen” language and mine more details about audio as well as video information. Besides, an interactive platform about “Bullet Screen” could enormously refine viewers' lives of entertainments.

In recent years, the construction of subway projects has flourished, and the flow of personnel in underground structures such as subway stations has also increased. Once earthquakes occur, they will bring a series of unpredictable and malignant effects to the country. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the subway stations, etc. Research on earthquake resistance of underground structures. According to the research on the earthquake damage that has occurred, it is found that the underground structure damage such as the subway station is caused by the liquefaction caused by the earthquake. Based on the powerful functions of ABAQUS in solving nonlinear problems, this project establishes a two-dimensional liquefiable field-metro station finite element analysis model. The subway station form mainly adopts the commonly used two-story double-span island metro station structure. Based on the open secondary development port of ABAQUS embeds a sand constitutive subroutine that can describe the nonlinear characteristics of sand liquefaction dynamics, which provides a reference for a certain degree of reference for the difference of seismic response of metro stations in the future.

Xiba granitic pluton is located in South Qinling tectonic domain of the Qinling orogenic belt and consists mainly of granodiorite and monzogranite with significant number of microgranular quartz dioritic enclaves. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb isotopic dating reveals that the quartz dioritic enclaves formed at 214±3 Ma, which is similar to the age of their host monzogranite (218±1 Ma). The granitoids belong to high-K calc-alkaline series, and are characterized by enriched LILEs relative to HFSEs with negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, and right-declined REE patterns with (La/Yb) N ratios ranging from 15.83 to 26.47 and δEu values from 0.78 to 1.22 (mean= 0.97). Most of these samples from Xiba granitic pluton exhibit eNd(t) values of 8.79 to 5.38, depleted mantle Nd model ages (T DM ) between 1.1 Ga and 1.7 Ga, and initial Sr isotopic ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i from 0.7061 to 0.7082, indicating a possible Meso-to Paleoproterozoic lower crust source region, with exception of samples XB01-2-1 and XB10-1 displaying higher ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i values of 0.779 and 0.735, respectively, which suggests a contamination of the upper crustal materials. Quartz dioritic enclaves are interpreted as the result of rapid crystallization fractionation during the parent magmatic emplacement, as evidenced by similar age, texture, geochemical, and Sr-Nd isotopic features with their host rocks. Characteristics of the petrological and geochemical data reveal that the parent magma of Xiba granitoids was produced by a magma mingling process. The upwelling asthenosphere caused a high heat flow and the mafic magma was underplated into the bottom of the lower continent crust, which caused the partial melting of the lower continent crustal materials. This geodynamic process generated the mixing parent magma between mafic magma from depleted mantle and felsic magma derived from the lower continent crust. Integrated petrogenesis and tectonic discrimination with regional tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, it is suggested that the granitoids are most likely products in a post-collision tectonic setting.

The middle segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) consists mainly of metamorphosed Archean Dantazi Complex, Paleoproterozoic Hongqiyingzi Complex and unmetamorphosed gabbro-anorthosite-meta-alkaline granite, as well as metamorphosed Late Paleozoic mafic to granitoid rocks in the Damiao-Changshaoying area. The ~2.49 Ga Dantazi Complex comprises dioritic-trondhjemitic-granodoritic-monzogranitic gneisses metamorphosed in amphibolite to granulite facies. Petrochemical characteristics reveal that most of the rocks belong to a medium- to high-potassium calc-alkaline series, and display Mg # less than 40, right-declined REE patterns with no to obviously positive Eu anomalies, evidently negative Th, Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies in primitive mantle- normalized spider diagrams, eNd(t)=+0.65 to −0.03, and depleted mantle model ages TDM=2.78−2.71 Ga. Study in petrogenesis indicates that the rocks were formed from magmatic mixing between mafic magma from the depleted mantle and granitoid magma from partial melting of recycled crustal mafic rocks in a continental margin setting. The 2.44−2.41 Ga Hongqiyingzi Complex is dominated by metamorphic mafic-granodioritic-monzogranitic gneisses, displaying similar petrochemical features to the Dantazi Complex, namely medium to high potassium calc-alkaline series, and the mafic rocks show evident change in LILEs, negative Th, Nb, Ta, Zr anomalies and positive P anomalies. And the other granitiod samples also exhibit negative Th, Nb, Ta, P and Ti anomalies. All rocks in the Hongqiyingzi Complex show right-declined REE patterns without Eu anomaly. The metamorphic mafic rocks with eNd(t) = −1.64 may not be an identical magmatic evolution series with granitoids that have eNd(t) values of +3.19 to +1.94 and TDM ages of 2.55−2.52 Ga. These granitic rocks originated from hybrid between mafic magma from the depleted mantle and magma from partial melting of juvenile crustal mafic rocks in an island arc setting. All the ~311 Ma Late Paleozoic metamorphic mafic rocks and related granitic rocks show a medium-potassium calc-alkaline magmatic evolution series, characterized by high Mg # , obviously negative Th, Nb, Ta anomalies and positive Sr anomalies, from no to strongly negative Ti anomalies and flat REE patterns with eNd(t) = +8.42, implying that the mafic magma was derived from the depleted mantle. However the other granitic rocks are characterized by right-declined REE patterns with no to evidently positive Eu anomalies, significantly low eNd(t) = −13.37 to −14.04, and TDM=1.97−1.96 Ga, revealing that the granitoid magma was derived from hybrid between mafic magma that came from ~311 Ma depleted mantle and granitoid magma from Archean to Early Paleoproterozoic ancient crustal recycling. The geochemistry and Nd isotopic characteristics as well as the above geological and geochronological results indicate that the middle segment of the northern margin of the NCC mainly experienced four crustal growth episodes from Archean to Late Paleozoic, which were dominated by three continental marginal arc accretions (~2.49, ~2.44 and 311 Ma), except the 1.76−1.68 Ga episode related to post-collisional extension, revealing that the crustal accretion of this segment was chiefly generated from arc accretion and amalgamation to the NCC continental block.

The Wutai Complex associated with the adjacent Fuping and Hengshan Complexes represents the best and classical cross-section in the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen, generally divided into Eastern and Western Blocks. Unconformably overlying the Wutai and Fuping Complexes is the Hutuo Group considered as the youngest lithostratigraphic unit in the region and important both for interpreting Precambrian history as well as the overall evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. Lack of knowledge about provenance of the sedimentary rocks in this group has hindered understanding of the depositional environments and tectonic significance. LA-ICP-MS was applied to obtain U-Pb zircon ages for the granitic pebbles, the lowest lithostratigraphic rock of the Hutuo Group, which, combined with previous lithostratigraphic, geochronological, structural and metamorphic data, provides new constraints on the sedimentary provenance and tectonic evolution of the region. The sequence of the Hutuo Group ranges upward from lower basal conglomerates and volcaniclastic rocks (Doucun Subgroup), through clastic sediments, slates, dolomites and marbles (Dongye Subgroup), to sandstones and conglomerates at the top (Guojiazhai Subgroup). Zircons from granitic pebbles preserved in the Doucun Subgroup basal conglomerates give weighted mean 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ages between 2517 Ma and 2566 Ma, which are the same as those for the late Archean Wutai Granitoids, indicating that the pebbles were derived from the Wutai granitic intrusions (2566-2515 Ma). Based on the new data and previous studies, combined with an igneous zircon crystallization age of 2087±9 Ma obtained for volcanics in the Hutuo Group, the Hutuo Group was deposited in a subduction-related retro-arc foreland basin environment that developed behind the Wutai arc during the eastward-directed subduction of the Western Block beneath the western margin of the Eastern Block. This basin underwent long-lived sedimentation and finally closed during the ~1850 Ma collisional event that resulted in the final amalgamation of the North China Craton.

The kinematic vorticity number and strain of the mylonitic zone related to the detachment fault increase from ESE to WNW along the moving direction of the upper plate of the Xiaoqinling metamorphic core complex (XMCC) and the geometry of quartz c-axis fabrics changes progressively from crossed girdles to single girdles in the same direction. Therefore, pure shear is dominant in the ESE part of the XMCC while simple shear becomes increasingly important towards WNW. However, the shear type does not change with the strain across the shear zone, thus the variation of shear type is of significance in indicating the formation mechanism. The granitic plutons within the XMCC came from the deep source and their emplacement was an active and forceful upwelling prior to the detachment faulting. The PTt path demonstrates that magmatism is an important cause for the formation of the XMCC. The formation mechanism of the XMCC is supposed to be active plutonism and passive detachment. Crustal thickening and magmatic doming caused necking extension with pure shear, and magmatic heating and doming resulted in detachment extension with simple shear and formed the XMCC.

In this paper we report geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic data for a late Archean gneissic granitic pluton (Hengling pluton), an early Paleoproterozoic complex (Xipan complex) and a late Paleoproterozoic granitic pluton (Yunzhongshan granites) from the Luliang-Wutai terrain, North China, to trace the source of these late Archean-Paleoproterozoic granitoids and, particularly, to understand the nature and mechanism of continental growth at that time. The Hengling granitic gneisses (ca. 2.51 Ga) are characterized by high Na2O and LILEs, TTG-like REE patterns (highly depleted HREE and minor Eu anomalies) and moderately depleted Nd-Sr isotopic compositions (∍Nd(t) =1.2-2.7, ISr=0.7015-0.7019), and were considered as being products of arc magmatism that was developed upon the North China craton. The Xipan complex (ca. 2.2 Ga) contain gabbroic diorite and monzonite, mostly being Na2O-rich, highly fractionated REE patterns and isotopically enriched (∍Nd(t) =−1.5 to −4.1, ISr=0.7038-0.706). The gabbroic diorites probably originated from melting of an enriched mantle source, but significantly contaminated by lower crustal material, and the monzonites probably represent a product of a mixture between the gabbroic dioritic magma and granitic melts of crustal origin. The Yunzhongshan post-collisional granitoids (ca. 1.8 Ga) are characterized by high-K affinity and highly-enriched and homogeneous Nd isotopic compositions (∍Nd(t) = −4.9 to −5.7), although they split into two groups in terms of REE patterns: one group showing elevated HREE (and Sc, Y and Zr) with significant negative Eu anomalies and the other showing highly depleted HREE and, to a lesser extent, mid-REE with negligible Eu anomalies. These granites are genetically related to a process of extensional collapse of a thickened orogen. They formed through magma mixing between mantle-derived basaltic magmas and crust-derived granitic melts, followed by significant fractionation of ferromagnesian phases (like hornblende and Cpx) and feldspar and accessory zircons. Some Yunzhongshan granites show very old Nd model ages (2.9-3.0 Ga), suggesting the existence of continental crust older than 2.7 Ga, which is supported by our zircon Hf isotopic data for these granites.

A mass of granitoid and dioritic intrusions are distributed in the southern Yidun Arc, among which the representative Indosinian intrusions include the Dongco and Maxionggou granitoid intrusions in Daocheng County and hypabyssal intrusions intruding into arc volcanic rocks near the Xiangcheng town. The Dongco and Maxionggou granitoid intrusions consist mainly of porphyraceous monzogranites, megacryst monzogranites and aplite granites. The Xiangcheng hypabyssal intrusions are composed dominantly of dioritic porphyries. SHRIMP zircon ages of 224±3 Ma and 222±3 Ma have been obtained for the Dongco granitoid intrusion and the Xiangcheng dioritic porphyries, respectively. The Xiongcheng dioritic porphyries show a calc-alkaline geochemical feature, and are characterized by higher Sr/Y ratios, depletive Nb, Ta, P and Ti, enriched LILEs, and lower ɛNd (t) (= −3.27), suggesting that they might be derived from mantle source magmas that were obviously contaminated by continent crustal materials. However, the Dongco and Maxionggou granitoids belong to high-potassium calcalkaline series with a per-metaluminous feature, and are characterized by higher CaO/(σFeO+MgO) and Al2O3/(σFeO+ MgO) ratios, lower (La/Yb)n and Sr/Y ratios, depletive Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti, enriched LILEs, and very low ɛNd (t) (= −8.10), indicating that the granitoids might be derived from partial melting of continental crust materials mainly of graywacke. Petrogenesis of Dongco and Maxionggou granitoids implies that there was an oceanic crust between the Zongza continental block (ZCB) and western margin of the Yangtze Craton (WMYZC). And the oceanic crust slab subducted westward during the Indosinian Epoch, producing an Andes-type continent marginal arc and a back-arc basin at the WMSCC. Then the oceanic basin closed and a sinistrally lateral collision occurred at ca. 224 Ma-222 Ma between the ZCB and the WMYZC, causing partial melting of sediments in the back-arc basin to generate granitoid magmas of the Dongco and Maxionggou intrusions

The Guandishan granitoids consist mainly of various granitoid intrusions with different scales, including the Huijiazhuang intrusion, Shizhuang intrusion and Hengjian intrusion, which were formed between 1906 Ma and 1848 Ma. On the basis of geological and petrological characteristics, these granitoids can be classified into two groups: the earlier gneissic granodiorites and monzogranites, and the later massive leuco-monzogranites. Their geochemical and Nd isotopic features indicate that they could be derived from complicated partial melting of supracrustal rocks with an affinity of continental arc materials, such as sandy shale and pelite, and with garnet, pyroxene, hornblende and plagioclase as residual phases. Biotite, feldspar and other minerals were most likely fractionated during the magma evolution. Their source may have an affinity with continental arcs, and the granitoids could be derived from the main syn-collisional to late-orogenic tectonic environment, which may be related to the final amalgamation between the Eastern and Western continental blocks in the North China Craton.

The Longquanguan shear zone is an important structural belt in the North China Craton, separating the underlying Fuping complex from the overlying Wutai complex. This shear zone has experienced three episodes of deformation: the first and main episode is a ductile top-to-ESE shear along the gently northwest-west dipping foliations, while the other two episodes are later collapse sliding. Prolonged granites parallel to the shear foliations make one of the main compositions of the Longquanguan shear zone. These granites experienced deformation to form mylonitic rocks when they emplaced during the first episode of deformation. Structural characters of the granites and their contacts to the country rocks indicate that these granites possibly resulted from in-situ partial remelting by shearing, i.e., they are syn-deformational granites. Monazites in these mylonitic granites are magmatic minerals and their crystallization ages may represent ages of the magmatic events, and also the ages for the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone. Monazite electronic microprobe dating were carried on two samples of granite, which gives multiple peak ages, among which 1,846 Ma and 1,877 Ma are the main peak ages for the two samples. These ages represent the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone, which is consistent with the main regional geological event at about 1,850 Ma caused by the collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks in North China. The good match between the monazite ages and the corresponding regional tectono-thermal events shows the feasibility and reliability of monazite electronic microprobe dating.

Paleoproterozoic potassic granitoids in the southern Sushui Complex from the Zhongtiao Mountains yielded SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of 1968-1944 Ma. Lithologically, the potassic granitoid series consists chiefly of monzodiorite, quartz monzonite and syenogranite. Their trace elements and Sm-Nd isotope characteristics indicate that they were derived from partial melting of Archean TTG rocks in an overthickened continental crust. Petrogenesis of this potassic granitoid series implies a collisional environment within the Trans-North China Orogen in the Paleoproterozoic, which supports a tectonic model of Eastern and Western Continental Blocks being amalgamated in the Paleoproterozoic.

There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and other important mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110°C to 280°C) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early Himalayan (58 to 67 Ma). The salinity of ore-forming fluids is surprisingly low (1.6% to 18.0 wt% (NaCl)eq). Affected by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the mantle is disturbed under the Lanping Basin. The large-scale mineralization is closely linked with the geodynamics of the crust movement, the mantle and mantle-flux upwelling and igneous activity. Giant mineral deposits and their geodynamic setting are unique in the Lanping Basin.

Neoarchean metamorphic mafic rocks in the lower and the middle Wutai Complex mainly comprise metamorphic gabbros, amphibolites and chlorite schists. They can be subdivided into three groups according to chondrite normalized REE patterns. Rocks in Group #1 are characterized by nearly flat REE patterns (Lan/Ybn=0.86−1.3), the lowest total REEs (29−52 ppm), and weak negative to positive Eu anomalies (Eun/Eun * =0.84−1.02), nearly flat primitive mantle normalized patterns and strong negative Zr(Hf) anomalies. Their geochemical characteristics in REEs and trace elements are similar to those of ocean plateau tholeiite, which imply that this group of rocks can represent remnants of Archean oceanic crust derived from a mantle plume. Rocks in Group #2 are characterized by moderate total REEs (34−116 ppm), LREE-enriched (Lan/Ybn=1.76−4.34) chondrite normalized REE patterns with weak Eu anomalies (Eun/Eun * =0.76−1.16), and negative Nb, Ta, Zr(Hf), Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized spider diagram. The REE and trace element characteristics indicate that they represent arc magmas originating from a sub-arc mantle wedge metasomatized by slab- derived fluids. Rocks in Group #3 are characterized by the highest total REEs (61−192 ppm), the strongest LREEs enrichment (Lan/Ybn=7.12−16) with slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eun/ Eun * =0.81−0.95) in the chondrite normalized diagram. In the primitive mantle normalized diagram, these rocks are characterized by large negative anomalies in Nb, Ta, Ti, negative to no Zr anomalies. They represent arc magmas originating from a sub-arc mantle wedge enriched in slab-derived melts. The three groups of rocks imply that the formation of the Neoarchean Wutai Complex is related to mantle plumes and island-arc interaction.

Henglingguan and Beiyu metamorphic granitoids, distributed in the northwest of the Zhongtiaoshan Precambrian complex, comprise trondhjemites and calc-alkaline monzogranites, displaying intrusive contacts with the Archean Zhaizi TTG gneisses. And the Beiyu metamorphic granitoids consist mainly of trondhjemites, distributed at the core of the Hujiayu anticline fold, New SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating data show that the weighted mean 207Pb/Z06Pb ages are 2435.9 Ma and 2477 Ma for the Henglingguan metamorphic calc-alkaline monzogranites and Beiyu metamorphic trondhjemites, respectively, and reveal -2600 Ma inherited core in magmatic zircons. Whole-rock geochemical data indicate that all the Henglingguan and Beiyu metamorphic trondhjemites and calc- alkaline monzogranites belong to the metaluminous medium- and high-potassium calc-alkaline series. These rocks are characterized by relatively high total alkali contents (Na20+K20, up to 9.08%), depleted Nb, Ta, P and Ti, and right-declined REE patterns with moderate to high LREEdHREEs fractionation (the mean ratio of (LalYb), = 25). The Henglingguan and Beiyu metamorphic trondhjemites display negative Rb, Th and K anomalies in the multi-element spider diagrams normalized by primitive mantle. Sm-Nd isotopic data reveal that these granitoids have initial cNa(t) =-1.2 to +2.4 and Nd depleted mantle model ages of TMD= 2622 Ma-2939 Ma. All these geochemical features indicate that these granitoids were formed in an continent-marginal arc, and the trondhjemites mainly originated from partial melting of juvenile basaltic materials and, howbeit, the Henglingguan metamorphic calc-alkaline monzogranites derived from recycling of materials in the ancient crust under a continent-marginal arc. The granitic magma underwent contamination and fractional crystallization during their formation. Key word: Henglingguan and Beiyu granitoids, SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, Sm-Nd isotopes, continent-marginal arc, Shanxi

The tonalite-trondhjermite-granodiorite (TTG) rocks in Sushui Complex of Zhongtiao Black can be divided into two series according to their zircon U-Pb ages and geochemical characteristics one is subduction-related (SR) and the other collision-related (CR). The SR TTG rocks, together with other Late Archean island arc magmatism, were developed as a result of oceanic subduction between the Eastern and Western black in Late Archean; while the CR TTG rocks formed in a thickened crustal environment. which was responding to the collision between the Eastern and Western blocks in Paleoproterozoic. All these features support a model that the Zhongtiao Block is a part of the Trans-North China Orogen in the middle of North China Craton. * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40420120135)

Luyashan charnockite pluton mainly consists of monzonite, adamellite, charnockite and syenogranite, which are characterized by the enrich of TiO2, P2O5, K2O, Zr, Nb, Y, Pb, La, Ce, Ba and a higher K2O/Na2O and depletion of MgO, CaO, Mg#, Th, U and lower Sr Ba and Rb Ba. The negative correlations between Zr, Nb, Ce and SiO2 are distinct from I-type granites. Isotopically Luyashan charnockite plutons are relatively uniform in Nd isotope, displaying initialϵNd (t) (−5.93 to −6.97) and Nd depleted mantle model ages (2.67 Ga to 2.78 Ga). These features indicate that Luyashan charnockitic magma derived from pre-existing late Archean crustal sources and the partial melting of mafic granulites probably under exceptionally high temperature with CO2-rich fluid. The garnet is a main residual phase during the partial melting. The original dry charnockitic magma experienced crystal fractionation of pyroxene, plagioclase, apatite, and ilmenite during early crystallization. The geochemical evidence suggests tha...

The mafic granulites in Dinggye, as various scale lense-shaped enclaves within the high Himalayan crystalline rock series, occur along mylonitic foliations at the junction between the Southern Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) and the Xainza-Dinggye normal fault system. The main lithological assemblage comprises garnet plagioclase pyroxenite, garnet two-pyroxene granulite, pyroxene garnet amphibolite and so on. The detailed petrological analyses show that these mafic granulites underwent at least four-stage metamorphic evolution. The first metamor-phic stage, the garnet+clinopyroxene+quart mineral assemblage (M1) was probably formed un-der eclogite facies, the second stage, the plagioclase+clinopyroxene symplectite mineral as-semblage (M2) was produced under high-pressure granulite facies by the early decompressive breakdown of M1 mineral assemblage, the third stage, the plagioclase+clinopyroxene+ hypersthene symplectite mineral assemblage (M3) was formed at granulite facies by the late period decompressive breakdown of M1 and M2 mineral assemblages and the final stage, pla-gioclase+hornblende mineral assemblage (M4) was formed by hydrolysis of earlier mineral as-semblages during late uplifting. The detailed mineral composition analyses suggest that garnets and clinopyroxenes within M1 and M2 mineral assemblages display similar compositions to the equivalents in the B and C types of eclogites, whereas the M3 clinopyroxenes are akin to these of the same kind of minerals in the granulite. These mineral chemistry features and P-T es-timates calculated by mineral thermometers and barometers indicate that the early stage relic porphyroblasts (M1) could be formed at the eclogite facies, the early decompressive breakdown (M2) occurred at the high-pressures granulite facies of 1.35―1.48 GPa and 625―675℃, the M3 mineral assemblage recorded the granulite facies of 0.7―0.95 GPa and 775―900℃ and M4 plagioglase+hornblende retrograde mineral assemblage was produced under the amphibolite facies metamorphism with pressure of 0.4 to 0.75 GPa and temperature at between 660 and 700℃. These construct P-T paths from crustal subduction overthickening to tectonic uplift tectonothermal evolution. The mineral chemical characteristics and P-T condition at every metamorphic stage of these granulites indicate that these rocks experienced the eclogite facies metamorphism during the early stage. Subsequently, these mafic granulites underwent the three-stage exhumation of the eclogite facies tectonic uplift, isostatic uplift related to the trans-formation from eclogite/high-pressure granulite to granulite facies and extensional uplift.

Metapelites from the Mesoproterozoic Xingxingxia group in the Eastern Segment of the Central Tianshan, Northwestern China, were analyzed for major and trace elements, including rare earth elements. Compared with post-Archean shales, the metapelites are enriched in Sr, Hf and Zr. The other elements are similar to the compositions of the Phanerozoic North American Shale Composite and the Post-Archean Australian average Shale (PAAS). The characteristics of Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 , Cr/Zr, Cr/Th, Th/Sc and high Zr concentration suggest that these pelites could be derived from a significant proportion of felsic and a few proportion of participation of mafic materials in nature. These rocks display highly fractionated REE patterns, and average (La/Yb) n = 18.6. Several samples have slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.7―0.84) in comparison with PAAS (Eu/Eu* = 0.65), indicating contribution from young immature materials. The low K 2 O/Al 2 O 3 values of these metapelites suggest that their source materials could contain minimal alkali feldspar. In the A-CN-K triangular diagram, the sample data array intersects the feldspar join, indicating that the source had a plagioclase: K-feldspar ratio of approximately 5:1, representing weathered products from components that could approximately correspond to granodiorites and tonalites. The low Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and high Index of Compositional Variability (ICV) values suggest low degrees of weathering of the source and low compositional maturity of the sediments, respectively. The geochemical characteristics of the metapelites from the Xingxingxia group also demonstrate that these sediments were deposited in a back-arc background within a continental-arc system.

Veins and clasts of pseudotachylyte developed in the microbreccias of the detachment fault along the boundary of the Xiaoqinling metamorphic core complex. The Raman spectral analysis shows that there are three kinds of textures in the matrices of the pseudotachylyte, i.e. ultracataclastic fine-grained texture, cryptocrystalline texture and both of them with minute quantity of glass. The three different textures are the results of different degrees of ultracataclasis. This demonstrates that ultracataclasis-comminution-melting is the genetic mechanism of the pseudotachylytes in the Xiaoqinling detachment fault and the ultracataclasis-comminution dominates in their formation.

The mafic dykes are composed of a series of northwest-trending diabase in Kuokesu of the Kuruktag region, Xinjiang. Four whole-rock samples of the mafic dykes in the region give an 40Ar / 36Ar-40K/ 36Ar isochron age of 282 Ma with the initial 40Ar/ 36Ar = 507. The characteristics of the major, trace and rare earth elements of the dyke rocks indicate that they belong to the calc-alkaline series and were emplaced in extensional structures at an intermediate depth of the crust. This shows that there was a large-scale extension in the Permian Period, which might be associated with the post-collisional extension of the ancient Tianshan Mountains.

Genus Placusa Erichson, 1837 Type species: Placusa pumilio Erichson 1837 Diagnosis. This genus is distinguished by the following combination of characters: 1) tarsal formula 4 - 4-5, metatarsus with basal segment elongate and at least as long as the two following segments combined (Ashe 1991, Klimaszewski 2001); 2) pronotum transverse, from one-half to two-thirds broader than long, base arcuate, pubescence usually short and dense, directed approximately straight posteriad, sometimes obliquely laterad, particularly near the posterior part of the median line and the base of the disc (Klimaszewski 2001); 3) antenna with last segment flattened, broad moderately elongate (Klimaszewski 2001); 4) procoxal cavities open behind; mesosternum short, projecting to a maximum of half the mesocoxal length, narrowly triangular and pointed; mesocoxae in contact medially (Klimaszewski 2001); 5) the labral chaetotaxy with the number of setae arranged in a pattern (Ashe 1991); 6) mandible with dorsal molar area modified to transverse rows of large teeth and with defined distribution of dorsal sensory pores (Ashe 1991); 7) maxillary palpi 4 -segmented, basal segment small, apical segment narrowly elongate and about half the length of the preapical segment (Ashe 1991); 8) labial palpi 2 -segmented and very short (Ashe 1991); 9) ligula short, broadly rounded (Ashe 1991); 10) labium with lateral pseudopores and prementum reduced (Ashe 1991); 11) male tergite 8 with a variable number of small to large spines-dents (Johnson 1968, Klimaszewski 2001); 12) median lobe of aedeagus with narrowly elongate, appendage-like structure, rather loosely connected to the anterior bulbus between bases of parameres (Klimaszewski 2001); 13) flagellum long and multiply coiled basally (Tachyporoides group) or short and inconspicuous (Canadensis group) (Klimaszewski 2001); 14) spermatheca simple, capsule small and approximately spherical, duct sinuate and sometimes with irregular posterior coils (Klimaszewski 2001)., Published as part of Gao, Jiangyong, Ji, Baozhong & Liu, Shuwen, 2011, A new species of Placusa Erichson (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) from China, pp. 43-51 in Zootaxa 3094 on page 44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279084, {"references":["Ashe, J. S. (1991) The systematic position of Placusa Erichson and Euvira Sharp: the tribe Placusini described (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Systematic Entomology, 16, 383 - 400.","Klimaszewski, J., Pelletier, G., Germain, C., Hebert, C. (2001) Diversity of Placusa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) in Canada, with descriptions of two new species. The Canadian Entomolo gist, 133, 1 - 47.","Johnson, C. (1968) Notes on the genus Placusa Erichson (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), with a key to the Nordic species. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift, 15, 90 - 92."]}

Placusa pinearum Gao, Ji, Liu, sp. nov. Type material. HOLOTYPE (3): China, Jiangsu province, Jurong, 15 May 2008, coll. B.Z. Ji & J.Y. Gao. PARATYPES: 1 ��, China, Anhui province, Quanjiao, 2 May 2011, coll. J.Y. Gao; 23, China, Jiangsu province, Lishui, 12 June 2008, coll. J.Y. Gao; 1 ��, China, Jiangsu province, Lishui, 12 June 2008, coll. J.Y. Gao. All type specimens are deposited at the Insect Museum of Nanjing Forestry University in China. Description. Body Average body length 2.2 mm (n= 41), bicolor with head, pronotum, abdomen dark black and elytra bronze yellow, antenna and legs light yellow (fig. 1). Head wider than long (HW= 0.31mm; HL= 0.23mm; HW/HL= 1.35; n= 41) with an obvious neck (fig. 1); e ye large nearly occupying most of the visible lateral region of head, diameter of an ommatidium 7 um, ommatidiums with sparse setae; antenna with 11 segments, 1���3 elongate, 4���10 transverse, moniliform, usually less than twice as wide as long, and the last segment somewhat clavate (fig. 14). Mouthparts Labrum transverse, with 18 setae symmetrically arranged on the two sides of longitudinal midline of labrum (fig. 17); the molar region of the dorsal surface of the mandibles with 6 rows of large teeth-like denticles (fig. 12); two-segmented labial palpi with sparse setae; ligula large broadly rounded and with small sensory pores on its surface (fig. 18); maxillary palpi with 4 -segfmented (fig. 13), apical segment with a few sensory pores. Pronotum wider than long (PW= 0.39mm; PL= 0.26mm; PW/PL= 1.5; n= 41), slightly concave longitudinally; microsetae directed approximately straight posteriad on both sides of the median line of the disc, and 2���3 rows of microsetae directed obliquely laterad near the base of the disc; and posterior margin of pronotum sinuate (fig. 15). Elytra wider than long (EW= 0.48mm; EL= 0.35mm; EW/EL= 1.37; n= 41), and longer than pronotum (EL/ PL= 1.35); posterior margin straight; hind wings developed. Abdomen with clear transverse lines, located between pair of spiracles, on two-thirds of abdominal segments; uniformly covered with dense setae below the transverse line of every tergite, without setae in front of the transverse line of every tergite (fig. 16); and brush-shaped edge on the posterior margin of tergite 7. Male tergite 8 narrowly produced medially and with two lateral teeth (fig. 10); sternite 8 broad and pointed medially (fig. 11); median lobe of aedeagus with enlarged bulbus, tubus slightly curved, apex truncated in lateral view; flagellum long, and coiled about 2 times (fig. 3, 5); ventral process of crista apicalis narrow and pointed apically (fig. 5); paramere as illustrated with 4 macroseatea on apical lobe (figs. 3, 4, 6). Female tergite 8 with one broad median projection and two lateral teeth (fig. 8), sternite 8 broadly rounded apically (fig. 9); spermatheca with small and spherical capsule, and twisted in median portion (fig. 7). Diagnosis. Placusa pinearum may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: male and female tergite 8 with one long median projection and two elongate lateral teeth; flagellum coiled and different in form from the other recorded species; and spermatheca with small and spherical capsule, median portion of spermathecal stem twisted and ��-shaped. Habitat and distribution. The adults of Placusa pinearum were found living in pine shoot tunnels bored by D. rubella (fig. 2). We noted that the species of pine tree in which Placusa pinearum occurred were usually Pinus taeda Linnaeus, P. massoniana Lamb and P. thunbergii Parl, and Placusa pinearum especially preferred to occur in P. t a e d a and P. massoniana (5 to 8 years old). In China, there are 9 species of Placusa reported from Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Guangdong and Hong Kong, but in our study, Placusa pinearum was found in 8 different locations in Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Yunnan (Appendix 2). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the unique habitat, where the type species was collected., Published as part of Gao, Jiangyong, Ji, Baozhong & Liu, Shuwen, 2011, A new species of Placusa Erichson (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) from China, pp. 43-51 in Zootaxa 3094 on pages 44-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279084

From field investigations and inoculations, Dothistroma pini, the pathogen of Dothistroma needle blight was found to overwinter as mycelium and unmaturcd acervuli in infected needles. The conidia were spreaded mainly by rain splash. The disease became widespread by transporting diseased seedlings and scions, conidia spread throughout the growing season, but mainly from May to July. The disease was found in both stand locations in each summer of investigation. The outbreak severity was serious in pure stands of susceptible pine and mixed stands with large components of susceptible pine, but slight in mixed stands of unsusceptible species with small components of susceptible hosts. The disease was less severe in pruned stands than in unpruned stands. The disease was most serious near the infection centre, indoor and outdoor tests, it was shown that Chlorothalonil smoke, Chlorothalonil spray and Thiram and Asomate sprays were effective control fungicides.

The Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO) was a Paleoproterozic continent-continent collisional belt along which the Eastern and Western Blocks amalgamated to form a coherent North China Craton (NCC). Recent geological, structural, geochemical and isotopic data show that the orogen was a continental margin or Japan-type arc along the western margin of the Eastern Block, which was separated from the Western Block by an old ocean, with eastward-directed subduction of the oceanic lithosphere beneath the western margin of the Eastern Block. At 2550-2520 Ma, the deep subduction caused partial melting of the medium-lower crust, producing copious granitoid magma that was intruded into the upper levels of the crust to form granitoid plutons in the low- to medium-grade granite-greenstone terranes. At 2530-2520 Ma, subduction of the oceanic lithosphere caused partial melting of the mantle wedge, which led to underplating of mafic magma in the lower crust and widespread mafic and minor felsic volcanism in the arc, forming part of the greenstone assemblages. Extension driven by widespread mafic to felsic volcanism led to the development of back-arc and/or intra-arc basins in the orogen. At 2520-2475 Ma, the subduction caused further partial melting of the lower crust to form large amounts of tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) magmatism. At this time following further extension of back-arc basins, episodic granitoid magmatism occurred, resulting in the emplacement of 2360 Ma, ∼2250 Ma 2110–21760 Ma and ∼2050 Ma granites in the orogen. Contemporary volcano-sedimentary rocks developed in the back-arc or intra-arc basins. At 2150-1920 Ma, the orogen underwent several extensional events, possibly due to subduction of an oceanic ridge, leading to emplacement of mafic dykes that were subsequently metamorphosed to amphibolites and medium- to high-pressure mafic granulites. At 1880-1820 Ma, the ocean between the Eastern and Western Blocks was completely consumed by subduction, and the closing of the ocean led to the continent-arc-continent collision, which caused large-scale thrusting and isoclinal folds and transported some of the rocks into the lower crustal levels or upper mantle to form granulites or eclogites. Peak metamorphism was followed by exhumation/uplift, resulting in widespread development of asymmetric folds and symplectic textures in the rocks.